• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제24권2호
• /
• pp.189-195
• /
• 2008

We developed emission factors for alternative fuels used in cement industries in Korea and also estimated reduction in emissions of greenhouse gas (GHG) by the use of alternative fuels. Emission factors for GHG of waste tire, waste plastic, waste oil and RDF were estimated to be about 89, 78, 77 and 95 ton $CO_2$/TJ respectively. When compared with previous studies, most of the results showed similar trends. The calorific value estimation and elemental analysis for energy source were implemented in order to estimate the exact emission factors and the reduction of GHG emissions using alternative fuel. In the case of 'A' company, $CO_2$ emission from alternative fuels was about 4% lower than that of bituminous coal only. Also in case of company 'B', $CO_2$ emission from alternative fuels was about 1.4% lower than that of only bituminous coal. In Germany and Japan, alternative fuel is not regarded to be fuel consumption in cement industry. When applying this rule, the emission reductions were about 4.3% for company 'A' and 6.3% for company 'B'. The results of this study may be considered as a useful information for developing strategies in reducing GHG emissions.

• 대기
• /
• 제23권4호
• /
• pp.501-511
• /
• 2013

In this study, we estimate the background concentration of black carbon (BC) mass concentration measured at Gosan Climate Observatory from January 2008 to December 2011 by applying six methods: (1) Mean and Median (2) Trimmed mean method deployed in Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network program (hereafter, IMPROVE method), (3) Concentration-frequency distribution analysis method, (4) Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) method (hereafter, AGAGE method), (5) Kaufman et al. (2001) method (hereafter, Kaufman method), and (6) Airmass sector analysis. The background concentration of BC mass concentrations is estimated to be about 400~900 ng $m^{-3}$, but each method shows a large difference. The estimated background concentration, in general, is arranged in the order of: mean > IMPROVE method > median > Kaufman method > concentration-frequency distribution analysis method > AGAGE method. The background concentration estimated by the airmass sector analysis is found to be about 550 ng $m^{-3}$ which is lower than those estimated by other methods. When we apply the same analytical period (i.e., 4-day and 6-day) to both AGAGE and Kaufman methods, the estimated background concentrations are quite similar. However, further researches on the development of statistical method for estimating background concentration for various gas-phase and particulate pollutants under different environment are needed.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제44권2호
• /
• pp.199-210
• /
• 2022

This study build finite element analysis (FEA) models describing the bending events of coiled tubing (CT) at the wellhead and trips into the hole, accurately provide the state of stress and strain while the CT is in service. The bending moment and axial force history curves are used as loads and boundary conditions in the diametrical growth models to ensure consistency with the actual working conditions in field operations. The simulation diametrical growth results in this study are more accurate and reasonable. Analysis the factors influencing fatigue and diametrical growth shows that the internal pressure has a first-order influence on fatigue, followed by the radius of the guide arch, reel and the CT diameter. As the number of trip cycles increase, fatigue damage, residual stress and strain cumulatively increase, until CT failure occurs. Significant residual stresses remain in the CT cross-section, and the CT exhibits a residual curvature, the initial residual bending configuration of CT under wellbore constraints, after running into the hole, is sinusoidal. The residual stresses and residual bending configuration significantly decrease the buckling load, making the buckling and buckling release of CT in the downhole an elastic-plastic process, exacerbating the helical lockup. The conclusions drawn in this study will improve CT models and contribute to the operational and economic success of CT services.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제44권2호
• /
• pp.271-281
• /
• 2022

This study discusses challenges of running expandable profile liners (EPLs) to isolate trouble zones in directional section of a deep well, and summary the expandable profile liner technology (EPLT) field trial experience. Technically, the trial result reveals that it is feasible to apply the EPLT solving lost-circulation control problem and wellbore instability in the deep directional section. Propose schemes for optimizing the EPLT operation procedure to break through the existing bottleneck of EPLT in the deep directional section. Better-performing transition joints are developed to improve EPL string reliability in high borehole curvature section. High-performing and reliable expanders reduce the number of trips, offer excellent mechanical shaping efficiency, simplify the EPLT operation procedure. Application of the expansion and repair integrated tool could minimize the risk of insufficient expansion and increase the operational length of the EPL string. The new welding process and integrated automatic welding equipment improve the welding quality and EPL string structural integrity. These optimization schemes and recent new advancements in EPLT can bring significant economic benefits and promote the application of EPLT to meet future challenges.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
• /
• 제38권5_3호
• /
• pp.873-885
• /
• 2022

전 세계적으로 미세먼지(particulate matter, PM)와 사망률 및 유병률 증가의 관련성이 보고되면서 다양한 연구가 수행되었으며, 우리나라에서는 1990년대 후반을 기점으로 PM에 대한 중요성을 인식하고, PM에 대한 다양한 연구가 수행되었다. 본 연구에서는 '미세먼지' 관련 연구들의 주제를 분류하고, 각 주제별 연구 동향을 확인하기 위해 Research Information Sharing Service (RISS)에 게재된 미세먼지 관련 2,764편의 논문을 대상으로 Latent Dirichlet Allocate (LDA) 분석을 수행하였다. 연구 결과, 총 10개의 주제로 분류하는 것이 가장 적합하였으며, 미세먼지 관련 연구주제는 '미세먼지 저감(Topic 1)', '정부 정책 및 관리(Topic 2)', '미세먼지 특성(Topic 3)', '미세먼지 모델(Topic 4)', '환경교육(Topic 5)', '바이오(Topic 6)', '교통수단(Topic 7)', '황사(Topic 8)', '실내 미세먼지 오염(Topic 9)', '인체 위해성(Topic 10)'의 주제로 분류할 수 있었다. 특히, '정부 정책 및 관리(Topic 2)', '미세먼지 모델(Topic 4)', '환경교육(Topic 5)'. '바이오(Topic 6)' 관련 연구주제들이 시간에 따라 전체 논문에 대한 비율이 증가하는 추세를 보여 성행하는 것을 확인하였다(linear slope>0). 본 연구의 결과는 미세먼지 관련 다양한 분야의 연구자들에게 새로운 문헌 고찰의 방법론을 제시하고, 미세먼지 분야의 역사와 발전에 대한 이해를 제공했음에 의의가 있다.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2003

A precise kinematic orbit determination (P-KOD) procedure for Low Earth Orbiter(LEO) using the GPS ion-free triple differenced carrier phases is presented. Because the triple differenced observables provide only relative information, the first epoch's positions of the orbit should be held fixed. Then, both forward and backward filtering was executed to mitigate the effect of biases of the first epoch's position. p-KOD utilizes the precise GPS orbits and ground stations data from International GPS Service (IGS) so that the only unknown parameters to be solved are positions of the satellite at each epoch. Currently, the 3-D accuracy off-KOD applied to CHAMP (CHAllenging Min-isatellite Payload) shows better than 35 cm compared to the published rapid scientific orbit (RSO) solution from GFZ (GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam). The data screening for cycle slips is a particularly challenging procedure for LEO, which moves very fast in the middle of the ionospheric layer. It was found that data screening using SNR (signal to noise ratio) generates best results based on the residual analysis using RSO. It is expected that much better accuracy are achievable with refined prescreening procedure and optimized geometry of the satellites and ground stations.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.349-356
• /
• 2020

Rock brittleness, which is closely related to the failure modes, plays a significant role in the design and construction of many rock engineering applications. However, the brittle-ductile failure transition is mostly ignored by the current statistical damage constitutive model, which may misestimate the failure strength and failure behaviours of intact rock. In this study, a new statistical damage model considering rock brittleness is proposed for brittle to ductile behaviour of rocks using brittleness index (BI). Firstly, the statistical constitutive damage model is reviewed and a new statistical damage model considering failure mode transition is developed by introducing rock brittleness parameter-BI. Then the corresponding damage distribution parameters, shape parameter m and scale parameter F₀, are expressed in terms of BI. The shape parameter m has a positive relationship with BI while the scale parameter F₀ depends on both BI and ε_e. Finally, the robustness and correctness of the proposed damage model is validated using a set of experimental data with various confining pressure.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제37권3호
• /
• pp.197-211
• /
• 2024

This research studies the effect of geotechnical factors on EPB-TBM performance parameters. The modeling was performed using simple and multivariate linear regression methods, artificial neural networks (ANNs), and Sugeno fuzzy logic (SFL) algorithm. In ANN, 80% of the data were randomly allocated to training and 20% to network testing. Meanwhile, in the SFL algorithm, 75% of the data were used for training and 25% for testing. The coefficient of determination (R²) obtained between the observed and estimated values in this model for the thrust force and cutterhead torque was 0.19 and 0.52, respectively. The results showed that the SFL outperformed the other models in predicting the target parameters. In this method, the R² obtained between observed and predicted values for thrust force and cutterhead torque is 0.73 and 0.63, respectively. The sensitivity analysis results show that the internal friction angle (φ) and standard penetration number (SPT) have the greatest impact on thrust force. Also, earth pressure and overburden thickness have the highest effect on cutterhead torque.

• 천문학회보
• /
• 제40권1호
• /
• pp.90.1-90.1
• /
• 2015

Almost hot-Super Earths ($R_p$~1 to $4R_{earth}$ orbital period < 100 days) are around Sun-like stars. But our solar system does not have hot-Super Earth. Andre et al. 2015 has explained this phenomenon by that Jupiter blocks migration of super earth. We have found a multi-planetary system KOI-94 with exo-Jupiter and hot-Super Earth from NASA exoplanet archive data (http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu). In this study, within multi-planetary systems including hot-Super Earth, we compared those with and without exo-Jupiter using their host star and exoplanet parameters, such as metallicity [Fe/H], $T_{eff}$ and $R_*/R_p$.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• 제37권4호
• /
• pp.271-284
• /
• 2014

The morphology of 26 species of the genus Tripos was studied among a total of 51 species of this genus, which were taken using $20{\mu}m$ net samples from June 2006 to January 2011 at 14 stations around Jeju Island. Of these, 23 species were first described as new records in Korean waters and 3 species were redescribed. Short descriptions and synonyms are given for each species in the present study. The dinoflagellates of family Ceratiaceae include marine and freshwater species, belonged to originally the genus Ceratium. Recently, this genus were divided into a new combination with the genus Tripos, which contains the marine species, and the original genus Ceratium, including the freshwater species. We used the Tripos genus for the marine species in this study as a valid name.