• Title/Summary/Keyword: Early modern period under colonial rule

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일제강점기 가정박람회에 나타난 이상주거 (Ideal Housing in the Home Exposition Under the Japanese Colonial Rule)

  • 양세화;류현주;은난순
    • 대한가정학회지
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    • 제47권1호
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    • pp.45-54
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    • 2009
  • The purpose of the study is to examine the characteristics of the ideal housing for the modern family suggested by the Home Exposition (September, 1915) under the Japanese colonial rule in the macroscopic context of social change and the microscopic context of family. Through this research, we expect to have a partial understanding not only of changes in the outward appearance of traditional housing spaces during the civilization period and the early Japanese colonial rule when foreign cultures began to be introduced but also of families'residential lives and the patterns of change in people's consciousness of housing. Major conclusions from the current analysis are as follows. First, there were some changes in family paradigm induced through a home exhibition. Second, the most important factor for an ideal housing was that it must be the source of harmonic and healthy family life. Third, the importance of an appropriate space norm should be emphasized by providing the minimum size of each room. Fourth, the significance of the housing values of the economy, convenience, and hygiene should be emphasized for the ideal housing. Lastly, it was implied that for an ideal housing, the social and psychological aspects of housing must be satisfied along with the physical aspects. The limitation was that the model of ideal family housing presented in the Home Exposition cannot exclude the characteristics of the colonial perspectives in that it was followed by the model for the Japanese families.

변화와 변용으로 본 근대기 서울 남산의 공원 (The Change and Transformation of Namsan(Mt.) Parks in Early Modern Seoul)

  • 박희성
    • 한국조경학회지
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    • 제43권4호
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    • pp.124-139
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    • 2015
  • 남산은 수도 서울의 대표적인 랜드마크로, 여타의 다른 산과 달리 도심의 공원으로 인식되고 있다. 본 연구는 남산이 공원으로 인식되는 시점인 대한제국기와 식민지기를 주요 배경으로 변화와 변용의 과정 및 내용을 살폈다. 남산이 공원이 되고 공원이 다시 종교시설로 변용되는 일련의 과정이, 실은 일본의 도시 식민지화 과정과 식민지적 공간 통치와 연관되어 있음을 밝혔다. 일본이 왜성대공원(矮城臺公園)을 시작으로 경성공원(京城公園), 한양공원(漢陽公園)에 이르기까지 도성 안 남산을 모두 공원화한 것은 한성부에 대한 일본의 세력 확장과 관련한 것으로, 여기서 공원은 일본이 한성부를 점거하는 전략적 도구가 되었다. 그러므로 남산의 공원화는 단순히 위락과 여가시설의 확보가 아니라 공원 조성을 명분으로 한 타자의 공간 점유로 보아야 한다. 이 시기 남산의 공원 가운데 왜성대공원과 한양공원은 각각 경성신사(京城神社)와 조선신궁(朝鮮神宮)으로 변용되는데, 주체와 목적에 따라 그 양상은 점진적이기도 하고 폭력적이기도 하였다. 공원에 일본의 문화가 이식되고 공원이 지배자의 공간으로 치환되는 이러한 사실은 일본이 공원을 이용해 남산을 물리적으로 점거한 것과는 또 다른 공간 지배 양상을 의미한다. 즉 남산의 공원화가 한성부 내 일본의 세력을 확보하기 위한 수단이었다면 이후의 변용은 식민지 지배를 공간의 양태로 보여주는 것이다. 한편 남산은 공원이라 불렸지만 실제로 공원으로 이용된 시간은 매우 짧았다. 그나마 남산이 공원으로 인식될 수 있었던 것은 경성공원 일대의 산림자원 덕분인데, 그 배경에는 신사와 신궁을 위한 신원의 보존과 관리가 있다. 이 또한 식민 공간 통치의 결과로 이해할 수 있다.

Dress and Ideology during the late $19^{th}$ and early $20^{th}$ centuries Korea, 1876~1945

  • Lee, Min-Jung;Kim, Min-Ja
    • International Journal of Costume and Fashion
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    • 제11권1호
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    • pp.15-33
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    • 2011
  • The late $19^{th}$ and early $20^{th}$ centuries of Korea were the times when the Confucianism (牲理學) ideology was shaken heavily under the influences of modernism and capitalism by Western and Japanese military and political-economic forces. Under such circumstances, alteration of clothing was much influenced by ideologies than changes in social structure or technological advance. In this study, an ideology was defined as "the force which drives people into a particular social order". Ideologies were postulated as an ongoing process of socialization with dialectic features rather than being a static state. Comparative analyses on conflict structures and different clothing patterns symbolizing the ideologies of the Ruling (支配) and the Opposition (對抗) were conducted. Investigating dresses as representations of ideologies is to reconsider the notion of dichotomous confrontation between the conservatives (守舊派) and the progressives (開化派) and a recognition of Koreans' passively accepting modernity during the Japanese occupation. This may also have contributed to enlightening Koreans about modernization. Here are the results. First, the theoretical review found that ideologies were represented by not only symbols of discourse, but also dresses, and that dresses embodied both physical and conceptual systems presenting differences between ideologies and their natures, Second, during the late 19th century Korea, conflict between conservatives' Hanbok (韓服) and progressives' Western suits (洋服) was found. Moderate progressives showed their identity by "Colored Clothing" (深色衣), and radical progressives by black suits with short hair (黑衣斷髮) or by western suits (洋服). The ultimate goal of both parties was a "Modern Nation". With these efforts, pale jade green coats and traditional hats symbolizing the nobleman class was eliminated within 30 years from 1880 to 1910, and then simple robes and short hair emerged. However, the powerful Japanese army had taken over the hegemony of East Asia, and Korea was sharply divided into modernization and pro-Japanese camps. Third, during the time of Japanese colonial rule, the dress codes having set by the modernization policies during the time of enlightenment were abandoned and colonial uniforms for the colonial system was meticulously introduced. During this period, Western or Japanese-style uniforms were the symbol of the ruling ideology. In the mean time, Hanbok, particularly "White Clothing (白衣)", emerged as a representation of the opposition ideology. However, due to Japan's coercive power and strong zeal for "Great orient (大東亞)", white clothing remained as a mere symbol. Meanwhile, Reformists (實力養成論者) movement toward improving quality of life followed a similar path of the Japanese policies and was eventually incorporated into the ruling ideology. Fourth, dresses as representations of ruling ideologies were enforced by organizational powers, such as organizations and laws, and binding policies, and changes in such dresses were more significant when the ruling ideologies were stronger. Clothing of the opposition ideology was expressed as an aggregation of public consciousness. During the period, the subjects of ruling ideology and the objects who were granted modernization benefits were different although their drives for colored clothing with short hair (色衣斷髮) for modernization were similar.

근대부터 건국 초기까지의 의약체계 법령 고찰 - 이원적 의약체계 정립을 중심으로 - (A study on the Laws and Regulations of the Medical and Pharmaceutical System in Korea from the Modern Period to the Early Days of the Republic - Focusing on the Establishment of the Dualistic Medical and Pharmaceutical System -)

  • 엄석기;강봉석;권순조
    • 한국의사학회지
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    • 제26권2호
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    • pp.9-21
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    • 2013
  • Purpose : The purpose of this study was to analyze the history and characteristics of laws and regulations of the medical and pharmaceutical system in Korea-focusing on the Korean (Oriental) medical and pharmaceutical system-from the modern period to the early days of the Republic. We reviewed how traditional notions and categories of Oriental medicine, which were regarded as experiential and conventional, became part of the current dualistic medical and pharmaceutical system, and examined problems and effects during the course of positioning. Methods : We classified the development of the medical and pharmaceutical laws and regulations chronologically, from the Korean Empire to the beginning of the Republic. The abolishment of the traditional medical system that was based on laws and regulations of the Joseon Dynasty, the implementation of dualistic medical system in the Korean Empire, the attempt to demolish Korean (Oriental) medicine under the Japanese colonial rule, and the process of developing a statute-based continental law system were thoroughly reviewed. Results : Although the dualistic medical system was specified in legislation via the enactment of the National Medical Services Law in 1951, we found that it was actually enacted in 1963, when the laws and systems regarding the educational institution of Korean (Oriental) medicine were stably established. Moreover, the dualistic pharmaceutical system was specified in legislation through the partial amendment of the Pharmaceutical Affairs Act in 1994, but we concluded that the actual enactment was rather in 2000, when the first Korean (Oriental) pharmacist was produced. Discussions and conclusions : An effort to establish a dualistic medical system of Korean (Oriental) medicine and Western medicine during the Korean Empire bore fruit a few decades later, after the Republic of Korea was founded. It means the basis for the legal system finally took shape in spite of the numerous attempts during the Japanese colonial era and the beginning of the Republic to abolish Korean (Oriental) medical and pharmaceutical system.

일제강점기 언해한의서 『단방비요경험신편』 연구 (A Study on the Korean Vernacular Script Medical Classic Danbang-Biyo-Gyeongheom-Shinpyeon Written during the Period of the Japanese Occupation)

  • 구현희
    • 한국의사학회지
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    • 제29권1호
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    • pp.89-101
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    • 2016
  • Hae-Yong Shin was a renowned merchant during the transitional period from Korean Imperialism to Japanese Occupation, and devoted his life during the period of Japanese Occupation as a proponent of patriotic enlightenment movement and translator. He also authored many medical and scientific works; in particular, he integrated the modern Western medicine into the Korean herbal medicine in his writings. His early works include New Edition of Natural History (1907), Physiology published in six series in the YaRoe, a magazine for the patriotic enlightenment movement, and the New Edition of Zoology (1908). These writings are assumed to have deepened Shin's knowledge of and insights into human and animal physiologies and anatomies. In the Danbang-Biyo-Gyeongheom-Shinpyeon (1913), he sought to incorporate the aspects of the Western medicine while mainly adopting the approach of the Korean herbal medicine. While keeping the contents and formations of Donguibogam, he recorded many empirical prescriptions and deleted theories incomprehensible for the general population, shamanic prescriptions, and poisonous and deadly ingredients. Its most salient features are the use of the Korean vernacular script for explications and simple ingredients for prescriptions. As medicinal materials, he presented commonly found low-cost native ingredients easily obtainable and affordable for. In the disciplines of childbirth, childbearing, and first aid, he adopted Western medical treatments. Danbangshinpyeon is particularly significant in that it contributed to public health by spreading practical basic medical knowledge in the vernacular script easily applicable at home in difficult situations for obtaining medical services under the Japanese colonial rule.

임적조사사업(林籍調査事業)(1910)에 관한 연구(硏究) (A Study on the Forest Survey Project(1910))

  • 배재수
    • 한국산림과학회지
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    • 제89권2호
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    • pp.260-274
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    • 2000
  • 본 논문에서는 임적조사사업(林籍調査事業)(1910)의 수립 배경, 실시 과정, 결과 및 평가와 이 사업을 바탕으로 만들어진 "한국임야정리(韓國林野整理)에 관한 의견서(意見書)"가 일제의 초기 식민지 임정에 끼친 영향력을 중심으로 살펴보았다. 임적조사사업(林籍調査事業)은 일본인 관료 목내중사랑(木內重四郞)과 재등음작(齋藤音作)의 주도하에 조선의 소유별, 임상별 산림분포를 파악하고자 실행되었다. 그러나 경비부족과 짧은 조사기간으로 인해 조사의 정확도는 매우 낮았다. 특히 북부지방의 많은 촌락공유림(村落共有林)과 특수지역림(特殊地役林)이 임적조사사업(林籍調査事業)의 간략성(簡略性)과 자의성(恣意性)으로 인해 "관리기관이 없는 국유림"으로 편입되었다. 그럼에도 당시 일제는 이 조사결과를 바탕으로 조선의 임야정리에 관한 정책을 수립하였다. 이 정책은 "한국임야정리(韓國林野整理)에 관한 의견서(意見書)"로 종합되었는데, 그 중 임야정리에 관한 제안은 이후 삼림령(森林令)(1911) 및 일련의 임야정리과정을 거치면서 구체적이고 구속력을 더한 식민지 임정으로 현실화되었다. 결론적으로 임적조사사업(林籍調査事業)은 조사의 정확도는 떨어지지만, 일제 강점기 초기 식민지 조선의 임정을 수립하는데 가장 기초적인 자료로서 이용되었고 "한국임야정리(韓國林野整理)에 관한 의견서(意見書)"는 임야정리(林野整理)에 관한 구체적인 방향(方向)과 식민지 임정의 각론(各論)을 수립하는데 결정적인 역할을 한 정책제안서(政策提案書)라고 볼 수 있다.

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("황제내경소문(黃帝內經素問)" 중(中) 사혈(瀉血)에 관한 연구(硏究) (A Study on the Blood-Letting Therapy in Elementary Questions)

  • 이준근
    • 대한한의정보학회지
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    • 제14권1호
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    • pp.19-42
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    • 2008
  • Blood-Letting Therapy is a rational and ecological medical treatment by which we can heal most of the diseases by removing the static blood which precipitates in the blood vessel and blocks the flowing of blood. And the static blood is the generic term for the injurious, bad, dead and precipitated blood which is blocked the capillary vessel. The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine says that "the patient is treated with drugs internally and stone acupuncture externally. "In the old texts, the blood-letting therapy is mentioned as blood-letting, network vessel pricking, bloodletting, pricking, and arousing pulses etc and it is noted down as the method of network vessel pricking in 'On the Application of Needles' of Spiritual Pivot. Nine-pricking therapy, twelve-pricking therapy and five-pricking therapy are recorded in the methods of network vessel pricking and among them, the method of squeezing blood after pricking the affected part is explained as the network vessel pricking. There are four methods of network vessel pricking, pricking, picking, cluster needling and scatter-pricking and they are fluidly applied to the various symptoms of diseases. In 'On Discriminative Treating for Patients of Different Regions' in Elementary Questions, Ki-baek emphasizes "most of the local people, there are black in skin and loose in striate, and their diseases are mostly of carbuncle kind. It is suitable to treat the disease with stone therapy to prick with stone, so the stone therapy is transmitted from the east. "And in 'On the Corresponding Relation Between the Eum and Yang of Man and All Things' in Elementary Questions, when the Emperor asked Ki-Back, he answered "sthenia means the sthenia of evil, and deficiency means the deficiency of healthy energy. When the blood is sthenic, the evil should be discharged by pricking when out letting the blood; deficiency of vital energy is the asthenia of channels and network vessels, so the energy should drain from the channel which is not deficient, to replenish. "And in this case we can use the methods of 'Breaking out the static bloods', 'driving out the static bloods', blood-letting'. With this we can infer that the blood-letting therapy is made use of the important medical treatments from the ancient times. Especially in referring to the principles of treatment in The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine, it mostly alluded to acupuncture therapies and only eleven times to medicinal treatments. This is to verify that the blood-letting therapy formed the foundation of the medical art. In Dong's Therapy of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Bloodletting, Dong Kyeong-Chang gave emphasis on the points that there must be extravasated bloods without exception in the serious illnesses which is old, unnatural, accompanying acute pains and so we can revive our body‘s sprit by circulating 'gi' and static blood piled up in the network vessel, regulating the weakness and strength, and controling the disharmony of the internal organs. The blood-letting therapy has effect on the orifice in emergency, such as fore draining, freeing network vessels, harmonizing gi and blood, relieving pain, dispersing swelling and concretion, sedation, resolving toxin as well as strengthening the heart, relieving itching. So it has distinguished effect on all kinds of medical treatment to the modern people. But by the change of social customs and the confucianism of confucius - it is widely spread on the period of North and South Dynasties, 'Wi' and 'Jin' in china and the period of the Three States in korea - The blood-letting therapy which was regarded as the most important medicinal treatment withered rapidly. And Confucius accentuated the importance of our body and all its members, loyalty and filial piety and banned any damage of our body under no circumstances. As a result of it, the therapy of blood-letting had a rapid decrease and barely kept itself in existence in both countries. What is worse, at the period of Japanese colonial rule of korea and our nation's founding of early stage, it has been withered by the high-handed policy to change Oriental Medicine into modern medical science. So the therapy of blood-letting barely kept itself in existence in some Buddhist temples. Another case, it has handed down as a old-fashioned quick fix in folk remedies. But all kinds of the contamination of heavy metals and the misuses of antibiotics are widely spread nowadays, which increased diseases of adult people and incurable diseases as modern society unavoidably made its way into a highly industrial society. To make us more miserable, the western medical science - the antibiotics and surgical operation medical science - already reveals itself into a limit. The necessity of a new medical science which can give a security to the patients who are suffering from the diseases of adult people and the incurable diseases is especially come into the force nowadays. In view of the results after bibliographically studying on the blood-letting Therapy in Elementary Questions of the Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine, the blood-letting therapy has acted for the important Oriental medicinal science and has been clarified the prominent effects on the diseases of adult people and the incurable diseases. So it is regarded as an appropriate thing that we lay out a determined theory of the blood-letting therapy and of course prevent the unwanted side effects from inappropriate medicinal treatments, and make full use of clinic by elevating the curative value and that we win back our self-respect of medical treatment which is dominated from the western medical science and ultimately contribute to national medical welfare.

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