• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.1228-1234
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• 2000

The reported study was conducted on range managed Malpura ewes that were non-breeding empty, were at an advanced stage of pregnancy, and were in early lactation, under a protocol of free grazing with concentrate supplementation at 1.00, 1.25 and 1.50% of their body weight to assess their plane of nutrition and nutrient intake. The biomass yield of pasture plots was 1689, 1820 and 2912 kg/ha in pregnancy, lactation and empty phases, respectively. In addition to natural shrubs and forbs, Cenchrus ciliaris (36.4%) and dead litter (31.6%) were the major component of pasture vegetation during pregnancy. The dead litter disappeared during the lactation and empty phase with a concomitant increase in distribution of Cenchrus ciliaris to 73.0 and 87.2% respectively. The daily dry matter consumption from supplemental concentrate and free grazing was 70.1, 57.3 and 63.5 g/kg $W^{0.75}/d$ with concentrate to roughage ratio of 40:60, 47:53 and 33:67 in pregnancy, lactation and empty phases respectively. Digestibility of DM and OM were similar in the three phases while CP digestibility was higher (p<0.0l) during lactation than other two phases. Digestibility of NDF, ADF and cellulose were higher (p<0.0l) in empty than pregnancy and lactation, while hemicellulose digestibility was similar in lactation and empty and lower in pregnancy phase. The ewes in ~hases of pregnancy, lactation and empty consumed 7.1, 7.7 and 6.1 g DCP and 197.2, 214.6 and 232.5 kcal DE/kg $W^{0.75}/d$ respectively. It is concluded that ewes maintained on semi-arid Cenchrus dominated pasture with concentrate supplementation during pregnancy, lactation and empty phases consumed 45.2, 45.1 and 35.2 g DCP/Mcal ME respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.1323-1331
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• 2020

Objective: Three types of dietary fiber were fed to sows during gestation and lactation stages to monitor their physiological and metabolic adaptations during the pre-partum period and to determine how these effects may influence the lactation period and sow performance. Methods: Soon after breeding, 54 sows were selected and were fed with 20% supplementation as fed of wheat bran (WB), soya hulls (SH), or rice hulls (RH) in diets during gestation and lactation. Sows were weighed, backfat thickness was measured ultrasonically and jugular blood samples were collected from all sows. The litter size was equalized to 10, by fostering piglets from sows on the same treatment. Results: Sows gained 22.0, 21.8, and 25.5 kg of net maternal body weight during gestation (for WB, SH, and RH sows, respectively; p = 0.007). There was no treatment effect on the body weight change during lactation (p = 0.158), however RH sows consumed an average of 133.66 kg of feed, WB sows took 121.29 kg and SH sows took 126.77 kg during lactation (p<0.001). The SH litters gained an average of 59.34 kg of weight during lactation, while other litters gained 51.58 and 49.98 kg (for WB and RH litters, respectively; p<0.001). Exception for aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, measured serum biochemical values were broadly in agreement with earlier reports. Despite the use of additional vegetable oil to balance the energy level, RH sows still had lower concentrations of serum triglycerides in late gestation. Conclusion: Different types of fibrous ingredients in the gestation diet influenced most of the investigated reference values for sows. The values of serum biochemical parameters were generally not affected by fiber type during the lactation stage. The SH supplementation for sows is an effective approach to give heavier litters at birth and weaning and to increase voluntary feed intake in early lactation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.923-930
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• 2009

This study was conducted to compare three models: two random regression models with and without considering heterogeneity in the residual variances and a lactation model (LM) for evaluating the genetic ability of Holstein cows in Korea. Two datasets were prepared for this study. To apply the test-day random regression model, 94,390 test-day records were prepared from 15,263 cows. The second data set consisted of 14,704 lactation records covering milk production over 305 days. Raw milk yield and composition data were collected from 1998 to 2002 by the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation' dairy cattle improvement center by way of its milk testing program, which is nationally based. The pedigree information for this analysis was collected by the Korean Animal Improvement Association. The random regression models (RRMs) are single-trait animal models that consider each lactation record as an independent trait. Estimates of covariance were assumed to be different ones. In order to consider heterogeneity of residual variance in the analysis, test-days were classified into 29 classes. By considering heterogeneity of residual variance, variation for lactation performance in the early lactation classes was higher than during the middle classes and variance was lower in the late lactation classes than in the other two classes. This may be due to feeding management system and physiological properties of Holstein cows in Korea. Over classes e6 to e26 (covering 61 to 270 DIM), there was little change in residual variance, suggesting that a model with homogeneity of variance be used restricting the data to these days only. Estimates of heritability for milk yield ranged from 0.154 to 0.455, for which the estimates were variable depending on different lactation periods. Most of the heritabilities for milk yield using the RRM were higher than in the lactation model, and the estimate of genetic variance of milk yield was lower in the late lactation period than in the early or middle periods.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 2000

This experiment was conducted to investigate how restricted-lactation and regulation of weaning-time influence the levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in primiparous rats during the suckling period. All the rats were raised in the individual cage from a few days before parturition through the whole suckling period. The restrictedlactation (RL) and weaned (W) groups were subdivided into 5 subgroups as RL0, RL5, RL10, RL15 and RL20 as well as W0, W5, Wl0, W15, and W20 according to the day of onset of suckling only 4 pups in restriction lactation and of suckling no pups in weaned group, respectively, in contrast to suckling 8 pups per litter in normal lactation (NL) group. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The serum IGF- I concentration of NL rats was 750.59$\pm$3.52ng/$m\ell$ on Day 0, which was not changed until Day 15, and then it was increased through the subsequent suckling period to 1690.20$\pm$4.42ng/$m\ell$ on Day 25. 2. The IGF-I concentrations of early restricted lactation (RL0, RL5) were 1395.90$\pm$3.45ng/$m\ell$ and 1351$\pm$3.23ng/$m\ell$ on Day 10, respeotively. It was significantly higher (P＜0.05) than NL group (745.96$\pm$2.24ng/$m\ell$), and then was not different between group from day 15 of lactation. 3. The IGF- I concentration of W-group in the early lactation was higher (P＜0.05) than NL group during the first week of lactation. But it was decreased to the similar concentration as NL group on Day 10. These data show that lactation stimulus may regulate the IGF-I concentration.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.840-847
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• 1997

In order to investigate the protein intake of breast-fed infants, we examined sixty infants during the first 5 months of lactation. Human milk intake infants increased during lactation with the respective values of 525, 671, 734, 744 , 765 and 768g/day t 0.5, 1, 2, 3, , 4 and 5 months postpartum. The average protein contents of human milk showed 1.58, 1.38, 1.23, 1.11, 1.08and 1.07g/100g respectively. The protein intake of boys during the first 5 months of lactation averaged 9.11g/day which was higher than the 7.71g/day average for girls. Body weight of infants at birth was 3337g, which increased significantly during lactation. The protein intake per body weight of breast-fed infants in boys was significantly higher than that in girls(p<0.01). Protein intake of breast-fed infants had survey, a revaluation of the protein intake and recommended dietary allowance of protein during early infancy should be considered.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.351-355
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate reasons for culling of Chungcheong dairy herds and to investigate the relationships between cow parity, interval from calving to culling, or season and culling reasons. Lactation data from 826 cows on 9 dairy farms from 2013 to 2015, including reasons for culling, dates of birth, last calving, and culling, were analyzed. The overall culling rate was 29.8% (246/826), with mammary problems (23.2%) being the most prevalent reason for culling, followed by infertility (14.2%) and downer cow syndrome (11.0%). The culling rate varied among farms (18.8-43.1%, p < 0.05), but was greater in parity $4{\leq}(40.7%)$ than parities 1, 2, or 3 (17.9-23.6%), whereas the rate was less frequent during mid lactation (21.1%) than in early (36.2%) or late (42.7%) lactation. Moreover, the culling rate was greater during summer (35.8%) than other seasons (20.3-23.2%). Mammary problems, downer cow syndrome, and metabolic disorders were the more common reasons for culling during early lactation, whereas infertility was predominant during late lactation. Our data show that the culling rate in Chungcheong dairy herds was associated with cow parity, interval from calving to culling, and season, with the main reasons for the removal of cows from dairy herds being mammary problems, infertility, and downer cow syndrome.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2006

Milk yield and its quality traits determine the dairy enterprise profitability and sustainability. Milk quality traits including somatic cell counts (SCC) is an upcoming economic challenge for dairy farming community in Korea. This study estimated the effect of parity, stage of lactation (early, mid and late lactation) on SCC, stress (blood cortisol) and immunity (blood IgG, lymphocyte and neutrophil) traits, their heritabilities and genetic correlations between them. SCS and blood neutrophil count were significantly affected by both parity and stage of lactation, however; IgG was affected by only stage of lactation, and blood cortisol and lymphocyte were not affected by both factors. The SCS has shown increasing trend with the parity, however; the difference between first and second parity, second and third parity were not significant. The SCS in early (≤90 days) and late lactation (181≤days) were higher than that of mid lactation (91～180 days). Cortisol concentration in blood was lowest in fourth parity, however; the differences among the first three parties were not significant. The IgG was higher in fourth parity compare with first parity however; all other comparisons were noted non-significant. The IgG concentration was significantly higher in early lactation than those of mid and late lactation. The blood lymphocytes were decreased with increasing parity however the differences beyond second parity were not significant. The neutrophils were increased with the increasing lactation stage however; the difference between early and mid lactation was not significant. Although heritability of SCS was still lower, but it was meaningful value (0.09) and may be considered to improve milk quality. The genetic correlations between SCS and cortisol (-0.96), and lymphocyte (-0.76) were highly negative. Heritability of cortisol was low, however genetic correlations between cortisol and lymphocyte (0.79) was highly positive. IgG with medium heritability was correlated negatively with lymphocyte (-0.88) and neutrophil (-0.98). Lymphocyte was lowly heritable and highly correlated with neutrophil concentration (0.87).This study suggested that cortisol, IgG, lymphocyte and neutrophil being positively genetically correlation with somatic cell score could be used as alternative traits to enhance milk quality in Holstein cattle. Further studies are warranted to estimate genetic relationships between immunological and production traits to increase the genetic merit of Holstein cows for milk yield, to improve animal health and economic viability under intensive management system.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.133-138
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• 1998

Plasma and milk samples of 24 periparturient Holstein cows were collected from 1 week prepartum to 10 week postpartum to measure the effects of parity on mineral status in periparturient cows. Cows were fed mainly mixed ration with the concentrate supplement during the experimental period to meet nutrient requirement of dairy cattle for TDN, protein, and minerals, Plasma Ca of cows decrease as parity increased, but plasma Mg, K, Fe and Zn were lowest in the first lactation cows. Plasma inorganic P, Na, and alkaline phosphatase were not affected by the parity. Plasma Ca, Fe and Zn of cows decreased at parturition, but plasma Mg increase. Plasma Ca of the first, second and third and more lactation cows at parturition were 9.65, 8.96, and 8.92 mg/dl, respectively. Colostral Ca, P, Mg, Na, and Zn were highest in the first lactation cows, although colostrum yield was lower. Milk yield from 1 to 10 weeks postpartum was lowest in the first lactation cows, but mineral concentrations in milk were not affected by the parity.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.281-285
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• 2003

This study was carried out to find out the changes on serum concentrations of estradiol-17$\beta$, progesterone in primiparous Duroc, Landrace and Yorkshire sows weaned at 7 or 21 days. Also, we compared the litter size at birth and weaning among the breeds weaned after lactation for 7 or 21 days. The estradiol-17$\beta$ concentrations among the breeds were 6.9∼8.8 pg/ml and 6.4∼8.8 pg/ml after lactation for 7 or 21 days, respectively. The progesterone concentrations ranged from 0.3 ng/ml to 1.6 ng/ml. Duroc sow showed higher progesterone concentration compared with Landrace and Yorkshire sows weaned after lactation for 7 or 21 days. Also, we found out that litter size at birth and weaning, respectively, did not show any differences between day 7 and day 21 of lactation. From the facts mentioned above, it was suggested that very early weaning systems could work with no apparent adverse effect on prolificacy.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.48-57
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• 1991

The longitudinal changes on human milk volume per day and lactational performance of Korean primiparae(n=9) and multiparae(n=6) from 0.5 month to 5 months after parturition have been studied by test-weighing method. The human milk volume per day tended to increase during lactation. The mean volume to the 3rd month of lactation was 643m1 for primiparae and 654m1 for multiparae, and it was 647 $\pm$ 182m1 for both of them. The mean volume to the 5th month of lactation was 648m1 for primiparae and 668m1 for multiparae, and it was 658$\pm$186$m\ell$ for both of them. The peak volume was observed at the 1st month of lactation in 8 women of 15 lactating women, that is, 53.3% . The high distributions of the individual mean volume to the 5th month were found 550~650$m\ell$(40.0% ) and 650~750$m\ell$(26.7% ). and 13 women of 15 lactating women(86.6% ) were observed below 750m1. The number of feeding per day was 7.7~9.3 to the 5th month and the mean volume per feeding was 65~101$m\ell$. While the former tended to decreased, the latter increased during lactation. The human milk volume was correlated with the peak volume. but not with maternal age. weight before delivery. maternal height and birth weight. As mentioned above, the human milk volume of Koreans was about 658$\pm$ 186$m\ell$ and 86.6% of it was below 750$m\ell$. So the human milk volume, referred to as 800$m\ell$ in recommended dietary allowances for Koreans might be estimated over real amount. It is necessary to study according to regions. socioeconomic levels. maternal nutritional status and the early stage of lactation.