• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.12-16
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• 2011

Purpose: This study examined the biomechanical stability of four different plating techniques in the experimental model of mandibular subcondyle fracture. Methods: Twenty standardized bovine tibia bone samples ($7{\times}1.5{\times}1.0cm$) were used for this study. Each of the four sets of tibia bone was cut to mimic a perpendicular subcondyle fracture in the center area. The osteotomized tibia bone was fixed using one of four different fixation groups (A,B,C,D). The fixation systems included single 2.0 mm 4 hole mini adaption plate (A), single 2.0 mm 4 hole dynamic compression miniplate (B), double fixation with 2.0 mm 4 hole mini adaption plate (C), double fixation with a 2.0 mm 4 hole mini adaption plate and 2.0 mm 4 hole dynamic compression miniplate (D). A bending force was applied to the experimental model using a pressure machine (858 table top system, $MTS^{(R)}$) until failure occurred. The load for permanent deformation, maximum load of failure were measured in the load displacement curve with the chart recorder. Results: Double fixation with a 2.0 mm 4 hole mini adaption plate and a 2.0 mm 4 hole dynamic compression miniplate (D) applied to the anterior and posterior regions of the subcondyle experimental model showed the highest load to failure. Conclusion: From this study, double fixation with an adaption plate and dynamic compression miniplate fixation technique produced the greatest biomechanical stability. This technique may be considered a useful means of fixation to reduce the postoperative internal maxillary fixation period and achieve early mobility of the jaw.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.137-141
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• 2015

Recently, open reduction and internal fixation has been the treatment of choice for displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures for many orthopaedic surgeons. However controversy still surrounds the optimal treatment with regard to whether displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures should be treated operatively or conservatively. Conservative treatments include use of splint, rest, leg elevation, icing, use of analgesics and early mobilization. Operative treatment is open reduction and internal fixation, performed through an extensile lateral approach with interfragmentary screws and application of a neutralization plate. We reviewed the question of whether operative treatment by open reduction and internal fixation provides a benefit compared with conservative treatment for displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 1990

The activity of symbiotic -fixation and environmental factors of Robinia pseudo-acacia L., bearing root nodules, were quantitatively analyzed during the growing period. Among changes of total nitrogen and phosphorus contents of each organ, leaves showed prominent decreases from the highest quantity of the early growing period to the lowest of the late period. The rhizosphere showed acidic pH and low level of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter contents during the growing period. -fixation activity of nodules initiated from April and showed the maximum value of 190 $\mu$/g DW/hr in late June and than decreased to 50$\mu$M/g DW/hr during the rainy and dry season. Another peak of the activity attained 246$\mu$M/g DW/hr in the late growing stage of September. The maximum value of nitrogen fixation activity was observed at the conditions of pH7, $25\{\circ}C$ of temperature and 20 Kpa of oxygen partial pressure.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.438-446
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• 1994

Eighty-nine patients with mandibular fracture were treated by open reduction and internal fixation using the monocortical titanium miniplate(Leibinger Co.). Postsurgical intermaxillary fixation was carried out for 2 to 18 days according to the patient's status. Seven patients developed infections postoperatively(7.9%). Five patients were favorably treated by incision and drainage and/or saucerization. But two patients were not controlled by early surgical intervention and should have been followed by plate removal, saucerization and secondary reconstruction including the bone graft. This article reports the postoperative infection associated with miniplate fixation of mandibular fractures and discuss the incidence, cause, treatment and prognosis with careful case analyses.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.658-662
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• 2007

The simple and easy treatment with cast or splint has been applied to stabilize long bone fractures in farm animals. Applying cast or splint is relatively easier than surgical fixation and may temporarily stabilize fracture site. However, the internal fixation provides strong stabilization and early recovery of limb function. In this report, we describe six cases of limb fractures in calves repaired by internal fixation. Fracture sites are various and affected ages are between 1 day and several months old. In some cases, patients were treated with cast or splint before admitting to Veterinary Medical Center. In these patients, regardless of initial treatment fractures were not immobilized. Consequently we decided to treat these patients with open reduction and internal fixation. The fracture repair with implants(bone plate, screw, cerclage wire, and intramedullary pin) were effective and satisfactory in calves which had been failed by application of cast. Although the cost of orthopedic treatment in farm animal is one of the most important considerations from the practical point of view, internal fixation has many benefits in newborn and young calves. And simplicity of postoperative management is also practically significant benefit expected from infernal fixation In conclusion, we suggest that internal fixation will produce better result than external coaptation in calve.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.768-772
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• 2014

Background To compare clinical and radiographic outcomes between intramedullary nail fixation and percutaneous K-wire fixation for fractures in the distal third portion of the metacarpal bone. Methods A single-institutional retrospective review identified 41 consecutive cases of metacarpal fractures between September 2009 and August 2013. Each of the cases met the inclusion criteria for closed, extra-articular fractures of the distal third of the metacarpal bone. The patients were divided by the method of fixation (intramedullary nailing or K-wire). Outcomes were compared for mean and median total active motion of the digit, radiographic parameters, and period until return to work. Complications and symptoms were determined by a questionnaire. Results During the period under review, 41 patients met the inclusion criteria, and the fractures were managed with either intramedullary nailing (n=19) or percutaneous K-wire fixation (n=22). The mean and median total active range of motion and radiographic healing showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups. No union failures were observed in either group. The mean operation time was shorter by an average of 14 minutes for the percutaneous K-wire fixation group. However, the intramedullary nailing group returned to work earlier by an average of 2.3 weeks. Complications were reported only in the K-wire fixation group. Conclusions Intramedullary nailing fixation is advisable for fractures in the distal third of the metacarpal bone. It provides early recovery of the range of motion, an earlier return to work, and lower complication rates, despite potentially requiring a wire removal procedure at the patient's request.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.170-173
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• 2009

Wiring techniques in the fixation of patellar fracture are commonly used. Rigid fixation is essential for early rehabilitation. Breakages of wires after the fixation of patellar fracture are common with extracapsular migration if not removed for long term. But, we experienced a case of patellar fracture with early breakage of wiring and migration of the broken wire fragment into the popliteal fossa through the popliteal hiatus in 64- year-old man and we successfully treated this case, using both arthroscopic and open procedures. So we report this unusual case with a review of current literatures.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.spc
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• pp.161-164
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• 2011

Nitrogen fixation by legumes can be valuable sources for organic farming. This study was to investigate the effect of different legume mixtures on nitrogen fixation and transfer to grasses on spring paddy field. Three different mixtures were used (rye+hairy vetch, Italian ryegrass+crimson clover, oat+pea) in a randomized complete block design with three replications and sowed in pots with different sowing rate (5:5 rye:hairy vetch,7:3=Italian:crimson, 6:4=oat:pea) on early March. $(^{15}NH_4)SO_4$ solution at. 99.8 atom%$^{15}N$ was applied to the each pot at the rate of 2kg N $ha^{-1}$ on $16^{th}$ April. Forage were harvested at ground level in heading stage and separated into legume and grass. Total N content and $^{15}N$ value were determined using a continuous flow stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry. DM yield of rye+vetch, Italian+crimson and oat+pea were 6,607, 3,213 and 4,312kg/ha, respectively. Proportion of N from fixation was 0.73(rye+vetch), 0.42(Italian+crimson) and 0.93(oat+pea). The percentages of N transfer from legume to grass were from 61% to 24% in different method by treatments and -35% to 21% in isotope dilution method.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.112-118
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• 1997

Tarsometatarsal fracture-dislocation is uncommon but severe lesion. Since this lesion is sometimes difficult to recognize by roentgenography, it is easily overlooked. Three patients were treated with open reduction and internal fixation with 3.5 mm cannulated screw and K-wire, two had treatment with open reduction and internal fixation with 3.5 mm cannulated screw only and two had treatment with dosed reduction and short leg cast only between January 1994 and May 1996. The duration of follow-up ranged from twelve to twenty-nine months after the diagnosis. Results were assessed by a subjective questiormaire, physical examination, and radiographic analysis. Multiple fixation techniques for maintaining the reduction of tarsometatarsl joint have been introduced. We recent]y used the 3.5 mm cannulated screw for internal fixation of the tarso-first and second metatarsal fracture-dislocation. We think cannulated screw fixation has several advantages; 1. The cannulated screw fixation is more rigid than the K-wire fixation. 2. There is an decreased risk of screw breakage with early weight bearing. 3. It is possible to compress the involved joints, if necessary. There were no disability in all patients. One patient who was treated with delayed open reduction and internal fixation with 3.5 mm cannulated screw and K-wire had a radiographic mild degenerative arthritis. And one patient who was treated with dosed reduction and short leg cast had a mild metatarsus adductus. But. these two patients were symptom free. There was no correlation between the severity of the diastasis and the patient s functional result.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.55-57
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• 1979

These studies were undertaken to determine the $CO^2$fixation patterns following the chloroplast development in maize leaves. At the early stage of chloroplast development $^{14}C$ was incorporated into aspartate (41%) and malate (22%) respectively. Whereas the incorporation of $^{14}C$ into malate was higher than that of aspartate as chloroplast developed. Activity of NADPH-dependent malate dehydrogenase was increased throughout chloroplast development, but that of aspartate transaminase was not. Much incorporation of $^{14}C$ into aspartate at the early stage of chloroplast development and into malate at later stage of chloroplast development lead us to conclude that NADPH-dependent malate dehydrogenase activity is closely associated with chloroplast development, but activity of aspartate transaminase is not.