• 대한간호학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.81-115
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• 1992

The problem addressed by this study was to determine the effect of nurse - patient agreement on the means to achieve nursing goals in the early postpartum period of primiparous mothers. It was hypothesized that the experimental treatment would result in hegher self-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance. This purpose was to contribute to the planning of nursing care to enhance self- confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance and to the development of relevant nursing theory. Especially, the early postpartum period is crucial toward in recovery from childbirth and attainment of the maternal role. Maternal role attaintment is a complex social and cognitive process of stimulus -response accomplished by learning. Most women attain the maternal role sucessfully. But, some primiparous mothers experience difficultites in attainment of the maternal role due to lack of experience and knowledge. Self-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance are important factors in attainment and adjustment to the maternal role (Mercer, 1981a, 1981b ; Lederman, Weigarten, and Lederman, 1981 :Bobak and Jensen, 1985). Nursing is defined as behaviors of nurses add patients that attain nursing goals through action, reaction, interaction, and transaction. For attainment of nursing goals, active participating transactions must occur by agreement on the means to achieve those goals through nurse -patient mutual goal setting and establishment of their active relationships(King, 1981, Ha, 1977). Based on King's theory of goal attainment (1981), this stuy was planned as a non-equivalent control group, non -synchronized quasi -experimental design using agreement on the means to achieve nursing goals in early postpartum as the experimental treatment. The data were collected from July 20 to Sep. 1, 1991 by questionnaires with 60 primiparous mothers planing to breast feed after normal deliveries at W hospital in Pusan, Korea. The subjects were divided into a control group(conventional group) -those admitted from July 20 to Aug. 12, and an experimental group(agreement group) - those admitted from Aug. 13 to Sep. 1. The instument for agreement on the means to nursing goals in the early postpartum period included five steps - identification of disturbances of problems through action, reaction, and interaction with primiparous mothers : mutual early postpartal nursing goal setting : exploration of the means to achieve goals ; agreement on the means (self- care, ealry maternal -infant contact, performance of mothering behavior, and communicating about the infant's behavior and health condition) : implementation of the means. This instrument was developed on the basis of King's elements that lead to transactions in nurse-patient interactions. Lederman et al's (1981) scale for Confidence in ability to cope with tasks of motherhood and Lederman et al's(1981) scale for Mother's satisfaction with motherhood and infant care were used to measure self-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance ·with the subjects immediately after admission and on the day of discharge. Self-care performance in the experimental group was measured by self -evaluation tool developed by the investigator from the literature concerned. The tools to measure Pelf-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance, and the tool to measure self-evaluation of self-care performance were tested for internal reliability. Cronbach's Alphas were 0.94, 0.94, and 0.63. The data were analysed by using in S.P.S.S. computerized program and included percentage, x²-test, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson Correlation Coefficient. The conclusions obtained from this study are summerized as follows : 1. The degree of self-confidence in maternal role performance of the total subjects group measured before the experimental treatment was above average with a mean score of 2.77(range 2.14-3.64). Out of 14 items, those with relatively high mean scores were ‘I would like to be a better mother than I am’(3.95), and ‘I have my doubts about whether I am a good mother’(2.87). Those with low mean scores were ‘I know that my baby wants most of the times’(2.28), ‘When the baby cries, I can tell what she /he wants’(2.37), and ‘I have confidence in my ability to care for the baby’(2;50). That is, the self - confidence of Primiparous mothers was considerably high in mothering, but rather low in activities concerning the infant care and understanding of the infant behavior. The degree of satisfaction in maternal role performance of the total subjects group measured before the experimental treatment was high with a mean score of 3.18(range 1.92-3.92). Out of 13 items, those with relatively high mean scores were ‘I am glad 1 had this baby now’(3.75), ‘I play with the baby between feedings when s/he is awake and quiet’(3.67), and ‘I enjoy being a mother’(3.27). Those with low mean scores were ‘I am upset about having too many responsibilities as a mother’(2.78), ‘It bothers me to get up for the baby at night’(2.82), and ‘I get annoyed if the baby frequently interrupts my activities’.(2.82), That is, the satisfaction of primiparous mothers was considerably high in mothering and infant care, but rather low in restraints in time or on the mother's self accomplishment and development. 2. Agreement on the means to achieve nursing goals in the early postpartum period included process of mutual goal setting, exploration of the means to achieve goals, and ahreement in concert means to achieve goals based on the mothers' condition, concerns, self-perception of the nurse - patient interactions. In the process of agreement, there was agreement that the means to achieve goals should be through trust and establishment of active relationships with the nurse through identification of problems according to planned nursing goals and active interaction, such as explanations, teaching, changing of opinions, acceptance or rejection of explanations, and proposing of questions. Therefore agreement on the means to achieve nursing goals in the early postpartum period appears to be an effective nursing intervention for primiparous mothers. 3. The degree of self- confidence in maternal role performance of the exprimental group was higher than that of the control group(t＝3.95, p＜0.01). Out of 14 items, those with higher score in the experimental group were ‘I would like to be a better mother than I am’(t＝1.93, p＜0.05), ‘I know that my baby wants most of the times’(t＝2.75, p＜0.01), ‘When the baby cries, 1 can tell what she/he wants’(t＝2.10, p＜0.05), ‘I have confidence in my ability to care for the baby’(t＝3.72, p＜0.01), ‘I trust my own judement in deciding how to care for the baby’(t＝1.96, p＜0.05), ‘I feel that I know my baby and what to do for him /her’(t＝2.44, p＜0.01), ‘I am concerned about being able to meet the baby's needs’(t＝2.87, p＜0.01), ‘I know what my baby likes and dislikes’(t＝3.26, p＜0.01), ‘I don't know to care for the baby as well as I should’(t＝2.07, p＜0.05), and ‘I am unsure about whether I give enough attention to the baby’(t＝3.04, p＜0.01), That is, the degree of self-confidence in mothering, activities concerning infant care, and understanding of infant behavior of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group. Therefore, the first hypothesis, that the degree of self-confidence in maternal role performance of the experimental group would be higher than that of the control group, was supported(t＝3.95, p＜0.01). 4. The degree of satisfaction in the maternal role performance of the exprimental group was higer than that or the control group(t＝2.31, p＜0.05). Out of 13 items, those with higher score in the experimental group were ‘I am glad I had this baby now’(t＝2.29, p＜0.05), ‘I enjoy taking care of the baby’(t＝2.4g, p＜0.01), ‘It is boring for me to care for the baby and do the same thing over and over’(t＝2.87, P＜0.01), ‘I am unhappy with the amount of time I have for activities other than childcare’(t＝2.51, p＜0.01), and ‘When bathing and diapering the baby, I would like to be doing something else’(t＝2.43, p＜0.01). That is, the degree of satisfaction in mothering, infant care, and restraints in time of on the mother's self accomplishment and development in the experimental group was higher than that of the control group. Therefore, the second hypothesis, that the degree of satisfaction in maternal role performance of the experimental group would be higher than that of the control group, was supported(t＝2.31, p＜0.05). 5. The third hypothesis, that the higher the degree of satisfaction in materenal role performance, the higher the degree of self-confidence in materenal role performance in the experimental group, was supported (r＝0.57, p＜0.01)

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제18권sup호
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• pp.13-20
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• 2012

연구는 양돈분뇨의 액비화 처리과정 중 농지환원 직전단계인 액비 후숙처리 단계에 있어서 $SCOD_{Mn}$ 농도 및 산도(pH)의 조정이 후숙액비의 이화학적성상에 미치는 영향을 알아보고 적절한 후숙 액비화 공정을 구축하기 위하여 수행하였으며, 실험결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. $SCOD_{Mn}$ 감소율은 알칼리발효 처리구에서 평균 29.9%, 인산중성화 처리구에서는 평균 36.9%로 인산 중성화 처리구가 비교적 높은 감소율을 보였다. 2. 30일간 처리 후 $SCOD_{Mn}$의 농도가 가장 낮은 처리구는 유입농도가 가장 낮았던 인산 중성화 처리구 T-6이다. 후숙 액비의 목표수준을 $SCOD_{Mn}$ 3,000 ppm 이하로 가정할 경우 후숙 발효조의 초기 투입농도는 5,500 ppm 이하로 조정하는 것이 적합하다고 사료된다. 3. 질소의 잔존율은 알칼리발효 처리구에서 평균 29.3%, 인산중성화 처리구에서 평균 38.9%로 인산중성화 처리구가 비교적 질소의 손실이 적은 한편, T-P의 경우 인산중성화 처리구에서 높은 농도(평균 1,473 ppm)로 유지되었다. 4. 본 연구를 통해 액비 후숙처리 시 '저인산-저질소'의 형태는 "알칼리발효 처리구", '고인산-고질소'의 형태는 "인산중성화 처리구"의 조건이 유리할 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.472-500
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• 1996

Researches on mineral nutrition, physiology and phyrsiological diseases, . cultivaction methods. brceding. pest control quality management and extension during 1976-1995 in Korea were reviewed Review in brceding and pest control was restricted to the researches directely related to cultivaction. Mineral nulrient up take. partion and varicos factors such as top dreasing. Light intersity etc. and interrelationship between minerals were investigated. Top dressing was not effective due to low minera1 requorement Physiological characteristics on tempelature light and water were well elucidated and applied to assess traditional cultivation method and its inovation. Photosyrnthetic pigments. light harvest proteins and activity of related enzymes were studied. In nitrogen metabolism arginine, praline, ammonium, threonine appeared to have important role in re growth of shoot Saponin metabolism was studied in relation to growth and new ginsenosides were found but physiological role of saponin was not clearly elucidated yet Endogenous growth regulators were reported and various erogenous growth regulators were studied for growth stimulation. short stem and seed pruning etc. Various physiological diseases were investigated for cause and control measures were established. Water culture was little studied Forest culture was studied but not retched the recommendable stage Drip irrigation straw mulching. seasonal shading and soil preparation method including soil fertility adjustment were established for practical application. Shading materials completely changed to polyethylene net and materials of polymers The research on ginseng cultivation in paddy field opened the way to establish the permanent ginseng cultivation plantation Ginseng harvester and seeder were developed in the late 1950s. Transplanted and many other machines were developed in the early 1990s. In ginseng breeding only pure line selection was of practical significance several verities were at the stage of seed propagation at ginseng plantations. Mutation breeding (${\gamma}$-ray. X-ray chemicals) was not successful. The research on plantlet formation through tissue culture was a little progressed but still far behind to vegetative propagation. Disease control research was concentrated in the isolation and identification of pathogans. their ecological charactelistics and biological control and soil humigation. Potato root rot nematodes was found and control method was established. Insect and small animal control research was greatly progresses in identification, ecological investigation, and ecological and physical control. Weed control was less important due to the development of mulching method of ridge and ditch. Quality factors of raw ginseng in relation to red ginseng process were extensively studied. Traditional quality measures were elucidated in accordance with modern analytical chemistry resulting in the importance of peptides in the centrat part rather than ginsenosides For large root production growth promoting rootzone micrcorganisms (PGPRM) were isolated and active compounds were identified. Field test on PGPRM was on going. Varictus methods formality improvement through cultivation were developed. Management research of ginseng production was rare Extension was active throuch official and private organizations and through workshop for the extension specialists, and direct lectures to grower's. Extension services made the researcher to understand the existing problems at grower's fields. Research environment for ginseng production was in prime time only for three years when Korea Ginseng Research Institute was established then gradually aggravated.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.213-254
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• 1996

우리나라 촌락지리학의 전문적 연구는 1960년대 중반부터 이루어졌다고 할 수 있 다. 그러나 초창기의 촌락연구는 주제에 대한 개념정리나 이론의 정립, 문제의식의 파악과 같은 학문적 바탕위에서 이루어진 것이 아니라 그 대상을 즉물적.선호적으로 선정하고 실 지답사를 통해 교과서적 항목에 따라 촌락의 입지, 형성과정, 경관형태 등을 나열적으로 다 루는 것이 일반적인 경향이었다. 그러나 국내 지리학계의 촌락연구는 70년대를 지나 80년대 로 접어든 이후부터 괄목할 만한 연구업적을 쌓아 오고 있다. 현재까지 이룩된 연구업적의 약 80%이상이 80년대 후반 이후에 이루어진 것이며 그 내용과 추구하는 방법도 다양해지고 있다. 이들을 주제별로 볼때 농촌경관에 대한 학리적 연구, 공간구조의 파악, 동족촌의 형성 과 그들의 사회화 과정에 의한 지역적 전계, 그리고 농촌인구의 도시지향이동이 촌락의 변 형에 미친 영향 및 그에 대한 대책등 농촌문제.농촌계발 등에 이르기까지 보다 실용적이고 체계적인 연구가 이루어지고 있는 것이다. 이러한 흐름은 이미 서구사회가 경험하였듯이 공 업화.도시화 물결에 가리워져 촌락은 그 존재기반조차 존속하기 어려웠던 그간의 상황에 대한 반작용에서는 당연한 문제의식이라고도 해석할 수 있다. 대한지리학회 창립의 역사가 반세기의 역사라고는 하지만, 촌락지리분야의 전문적 학술활동은 불과 30년의 역사에 지나 지 않는 실정속에서도 후술하는 바와 같이 이 분야에서 5개의 $\ulcorner$ 학맥$\lrcorner$이 형성되어 있다는 것은 최근 우리나라 경제발전 못지 않는 학문상의 성과라고 간주할 수 있다. 본 고에서는 그 동안의 연구내용을 \circled1 농촌및 그와 관련한 연구, \circled2 어촌및 그와 관련한 연구, \circled3 산촌및 그와 관련한 연구, \circled4 특수기능촌락으로 나누어서 그 동안의 연구성과와 동향에 대하여 회 고해 보고 앞으로의 전망에 대하여 조망해 보고자 한다.