• Proceedings of the National Institute of Ecology of the Republic of Korea
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.16-27
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• 2023

Primary succession on bare rocks is a challenge for invaders, including one of which was plants. The invasion of bare rock by exotic species raises the question of whether their presence hinders or facilitates succession. This study aimed to determine the role of exotic species in primary succession in six overburden (OB) coal mines using a chronosequence approach. Vegetation analysis was undertaken using line transects. Measurements were carried out on the absolute and relative coverage of each species. Native and exotic species were identified and grouped using information from local communities, identification books, and websites. The relationship between time and number of species, time, and relative dominance of exotic and native species was analyzed using Pearson's correlation. Species number and dominance data were analyzed descriptively. The number of native species from the six OB heaps was higher (57) than that from exotic heaps (50). Neither the number of species nor the coverage showed a significant relationship with time. Exotic species predominated throughout the age of the embankment but tended to decrease over time. Temporary dominance by exotic species plays a role in assisting primary succession in the OB. This process might be prolonged without the temporary dominance of exotic species during early primary succession.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.225-232
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• 2008

To find out the status and characteristics of exotic plants in the Gwangreung Forest, a representative forest ecosystem in central Korea, we surveyed the species composition, coverage, and habitat illuminance of exotic plant species in a set of quadrats established along roads and trails in and around the Gwangreung Forest and buffer zone areas, In 1932, only five species of exotic plants were found along paths and roads in the Gwangreung Forest. However, the number of species in the forest has dramatically increased since 2000, when Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. and A. trifida L. were first recorded, and in 2007, 38 species of exotic plants were recorded. Among the 11 families, 23 genera and 25 species of exotic plants recorded in the quadrats, Compositae was the most common family (11 species), and perennial herbs, 42%, were the most frequently occurring life type, followed by annual herbs (31%) and biennial herbs (19%). Plants of North American origin comprised 48% of exotic species identified in our surveys. Exotics were found most frequently in quadrats along roads in the forest, followed by the buffer zones and hiking trails. The number of species and individuals of exotic plants decreased as we moved deeper into the forest, but Aster pilosus Willd. and Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. were identified along hiking trails in the interior, and appeared to be capable of spreading further and more rapidly into the forest than other species.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.8-11
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• 2012

The Kashmir Himalaya, known for its indigenous and endemic flora, also provides home to a large number of exotic plants, which exhibit a wide taxonomical and distributional stretch. Although, some preliminary studies have been carried out in the region on some aspects of its exotic flora, the inventorization and documentation of its exotic have received a little or negligible attention. There is a lot of scope of these exotic plant species in Kashmir valley, but lack of authentic identification has been as a big hurdle in their scientific management. It is in this backdrop that the present floristic study was carried out to identify, inventorize, document and characterize the exotic plant species grown in the Valley. The present study has revealed that Kashmir Valley grows 317 exotic plant species, which belong to 209 genera in 85 families. Dicotyledons are the largest group, represented by 252 species in 163 genera and 67 families. Monocotyledons comprise 52 species in 37 genera and 13 families. Gymnosperms are the smallest group, with 13 species distributed in 9 genera and 5 families. Asteraceae is the largest family containing 33 exotic species.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.549-559
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• 2007

Vegetation surveys were performed at 45 plots along 10 highways cut slopes in South Korea. Total floral inventory, species richness and exotic plant percentage were obtained within each plot. Life history and life form of each species appeared were analyzed. Community types were classified using hierarchical cluster analysis and detrended correspondence analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling were conducted from vegetation matrix. 292 species of vascular plants were discovered and the number of natives and exotics were 226 and 66, respectively. There were no significant differences of species richness and exotic plant percentage between cut slopes and rest areas. Hierarchical cluster analysis indicated five clear vegetation associations in cut slopes and rest areas. Detrended correspondence analysis indicated that species composition of total and native plants were similar along the highway cut slopes whereas exotic plants were distributed differentially along the highway cut slopes. in non-metric multidimensional scaling, the studied sites were more separated from each other on the basis of their species composition than the results of detrended correspondence analysis with respect to total, native and exotic plants. The both ordination represented that exotic plants have not been made uniform yet on cut slopes and rest areas by highway corridor in spite of diverse chronosequences after highway construction termination (1 to 22 years). This study showed that the distribution of species composition in exotic plants was different and localized on cut slopes and rest areas of highway in this representative peninsula area of North East Asia and the invasion of exotic plants can retard the process of plant species homogenization.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.172-182
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• 2022

Background: The coronavirus problem is an ecological problem stemming from a sudden change in the relationship between parasites and hosts. Ecologists judge organisms that are established out of their original territory as exotic species. Unlike in their original habitat, these exotic species become very aggressive in their newly settled habitat. Coronavirus infection damage was bigger in Europe or the United States than that in the country of its origin, China, and its neighboring countries. Therefore, coronavirus infection damage resembles the damage due to the invasive species. Results: Exotic species are found in places with similar environmental conditions to those of their origin when introduced to other ecological regions. However, there are few ecological ill effects in their place of origin, while the damage is usually severe in the ecological regions in which it is introduced. According to historical records, exotic infectious diseases, such as European smallpox and measles, also showed a similar trend and caused great damage in newly established places. Therefore, it is expected that measures to manage exotic species could be used for the prevention of exotic infectious diseases such as the coronavirus. Conclusions: Prevention comes first in the management of exotic species, and in order to come up with preventive measures, it is important to collect information on the characteristics of related organisms and their preferred environment. In this respect, ecosystem management measures such as exotic species management measures could be used as a reference to prevent and suppress the spread. To put these measures into practice, it is urgently required to establish an international integrated information network for collecting and exchanging information between regions and countries. Furthermore, a systematic ecosystem-management strategy in which natural and human environments could continue sustainable lives in their respective locations may serve as a countermeasure to prevent infectious diseases.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.195-202
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• 2015

We identified research trends for freshwater exotic species in South Korea using text mining methods in conjunction with bibliometric analysis. We searched scientific and common names of freshwater exotic species as searching keywords including 1 mammal species, 3 amphibian-reptile species, 11 fish species, 2 aquatic plant species. A total of 245 articles including research articles and abstracts of conference proceedings published by 56 academic societies and institutes were collected from scientific article databases. The search keywords used were the common names for the exotic species. The $20^{th}$ century (1900's) saw the number of articles increase; however, during the early $21^{st}$ century (2000's) the number of published articles decreased slowly. The number of articles focusing on physiological and embryological research was significantly greater than taxonomic and ecological studies. Rainbow trout and Nile tilapia were the main research topic, specifically physiological and embryological research associated with the aquaculture of these species. Ecological studies were only conducted on the distribution and effect of large-mouth bass and nutria. The ecological risk associated with freshwater exotic species has been expressed yet the scientific information might be insufficient to remove doubt about ecological issues as expressed by interested by individuals and policy makers due to bias in research topics with respect to freshwater exotic species. The research topics of freshwater exotic species would have to diversify to effectively manage freshwater exotic species.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.97-102
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• 2001

This study was carried out to survey the weed distributions in 6 areas(Suwon, Seonghwan, Seosan, Taekwanryeong, Namwon and Yeongam) and to investigate the ecological characteristics of exotic weeds from 1997 to 1999. Total 44 species in 15 families of exotic weds were observed in grassland and forage crop field. Among them 4 species in 1 family were monocotyledonous and 40 species in 14 families were dicotyledonous weeds. Most common species among exotic weeds examined in this study were Rumex acetosella, Rumex crispus. Chenopodium album, Abutilon theophrasti, Amaranthus retroflexus, Polygonum orientale etc. Inedible weeds with hairs, prickles, fetor or poison were Solanum carolinense Xanthium strumarium, Datura stramnium, Erechtites hieracifolia, Anthemis cotula, Phytolaca americana etc. The relative density of Phytolaca americana increased with decreament of soil pH and content of available phosphate, and that of Solanum carolinense increased with decreament of soil pH and increament of available phosphate. Most of exotic weed seeds germinated well under light condition with $25~30^{\circ}C$, and some of those were hard or dormant seed.

• Proceedings of the National Institute of Ecology of the Republic of Korea
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.70-75
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• 2021

The present study aimed to clarify flora living at the area of Restoration Center for Endangered Species in Yeongyang, Gyeongbuk Province. In May, August, and September 2019 and in May and July 2020, all of vascular plants were recorded, and endangered, Korea endemic, and exotic plant species were further identified. The study site contained a total of 418 floral taxa (98 families, 261 genera, 384 species, 4 subspecies, 27 variations, and 3 formations), in which Magnoliophyta accounted for larger proportion (95.2%) than Pteridophyta (3.6%) and Pinophyta (1.2%). In addition, 1 endangered (Cypripedium macranthos Sw.) and 5 Korea endemic species (Aconitum pseudolaeve Nakai, Eleutherococcus divaricatus var. chiisanensis [Nakai] C.H. Kim & B.-Y. Sun, Lonicera subsessilis Rehder, Paulownia coreana Uyeki, and Weigela subsessilis [Nakai] L.H. Bailey) were detected. The number of exotic species was 33, consisting of 4 invasive-exotic, 4 potentially invasive-exotic, and 25 non-invasive species. Compared to a previous assessment before the establishment of the center (in 2014), there were increases in total floral taxa (from 361 to 418), endangered species (from 0 to 1), and exotic species (from 26 to 33). These results possibly reflect temporal changes in floral community, which should be confirmed through subsequent long term monitoring.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.45-45
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• 1982

There are many important exotic species in Korea, such as white pine, pitch pine, jack pine, oak, ash, etc. Some of them are already being used for various construction purposes, in spite of their history imported to and cultivated in Korea being very young. No study was carried out on the various properties of these exotic species, which arc needed for their proper use at present.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.145-150
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• 2002

An exotic Chrysomelid species, Ophraella communa Lesage, which is originally distributed in North America and recently discovered in Korea, is reviewed with its morphological characteristics from egg to adult, brief biological notes, local distribution, and dispersal prospect in Korea.