• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.207-218
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• 2005

In room temperature, Kimchi becomes acidified and a little decayed, scenting a bad smell, and It couldn't be well kept. But if it should be made into a pill, it could be preserved for a long time for marketing, with nutrition highly concentrated as well as with no scent. Therefore, making Kimchi into a pill needs drying. When dried Kimchi, lactic acid and fragrant ingredient will vanish along with volatilization. The cyclodextrin(CD) as a stabilizer shows that the protecting rate of volatility of lactic acid in Kimchi is higher before than that of after fermentation, and it is higher at the addition $2\%\;than\;of\;1\%$ in case of Kimchi with CD. But it doesn't give much effect on total sugar, reducing sugar, protein and amino acid. Evaporation rate of lactic acid is the least in freeze dry, and natural dry, heat dry come next, respectively. In heat dry, if dried at more than $60^{\circ}C$ for a long time, Kimchi exudes boiling and scorched scent, causing bitter taste. The result of HPLC with superose 12 column at 280nm and 210nm shows that place and amount of main peak is almost the same, but the distribution of other peaks are different, with the revelation of various peaks like peptide and amino acid. The Kimchi pill made by the addition of $1\%$ CD shows that concentration is eight times higher than general Kimchi, total sugar is $14.4\%$, reducing sugar is $8.8\%$, protein is $4.8\%$, amino acid is $2.4\%$, and other contents are $74.4\%$, acidity is 32.8, and pH is 3.5 each. The result of letting 20 people with obesity, 20 patients with constipation have 30 pills(total weight 30g) three times a day for 60 days reveals they lost $2.29\%$ in weight on the average, and 7 among 20 were all relieved in constipation, and 8 responded that they experienced its efficacy.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.820-827
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• 2012

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of yam (Diocorea japonica) extract by methanol on sausage quality during cold storage. Yam extracts were prepared by 70% methanol and concentrated using rotary evaporation. The total phenol contents of the extracts were 123.03 mg/g. 1,1'-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity and super oxide dismutase (SOD) activity of the extracts were increased with dose dependently. Nitrite scavenging activity was also increased with the increase of concentration of yam extracts; in particular, 70 ${\mu}g/mL$ of the extracts showed 57.12% of nitrite scavenging activity. Sausages containing yam extracts showed lower pH than that of the control. In color, the lightness ($L^*$) of sausages with 1.0% of the yam extracts was lower than that of the control. Redness and yellowness of the sausages with 1.0% of the yam extracts were higher than those of the control. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value of the sausage with 1.0% of the extracts was lower than those of the control on days 9 and 12. However, the hardness of the sausage was increased with an increase in yam extracts. From these results, the yam extracts showed high antioxidant activity; moreover, it also retards the lipid oxidation of the sausages during cold storage. The yam extracts could be used as additives to prevent lipid oxidation of the sausage. Further study should be conducted in order to identify the optimum concentration of the extracts in meat products.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.195-198
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• 2008

In this paper, it was demonstrated that organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) were fabricated with the organic passivation layer by vapor deposition polymerization (VDP) processing. In order to form polymeric film as a passivation layer, VDP process was also introduced instead of spin-coating process, where polymeric film was co-deposited by high-vacuum thermal evaporation from 6FDA and ODA followed by curing. In order to investigate by compared with different passivation layer, the other OTFTs is fabricated to passivation by Polyvinylalcohol using spincoating. We can see that two different ways of passivation layer affect electric characteristic of OTFTs. The initial electric characteristic of OTFTs before passivation such as field effect mobility, threshold voltage, and on-off current ratio are $0.24cm^2/Vs$, -3V, and $10^6$, respectively. Then after polyimide passivation layer, field effect mobility change from $0.24cm^2/Vs$ to $0.26cm^2/Vs$, threshold voltage from -3V to 1V and on-off current ratio from $10^6$ to $10^6$, respectively. In the case of polyvinylalcohol passivation, the initial electric characteristic of OTFTs before passivation such as field effect mobility, threshold voltage, and on-off current ratio are $0.13cm^2/Vs$, 0V, and $10^6$, respectively. Then after polyvinylalcohol passivation layer, field effect mobility changes from $0.13cm^2/Vs$ to $0.13cm^2/Vs$, threshold voltage from 0V to 2V, and on-off current ratio from $10^6$ to $10^5$, respectively.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.4323-4337
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• 1977

The study was to estimate the effect of the rise of water temperature in the warm water pool and to make contribution to the establishment of reducing to a damage of cool water as well as to the planning for warm water pool. This observation was performed in Wudu warm water pool located at Wudu-Dong of Chuncheon for two years from 1975 to 1976. The results were showed as follows; 1. The daily variation of water temperature was the least for inset (No.1; 0.6$^{\circ}C$) the second for middle overflow (No2: 3$^{\circ}C$, No.3; 2.3$^{\circ}C$) and another for outflet (No.4; 3.6$^{\circ}C$, No.5; 3.8$^{\circ}C$) And the highest reaching time of water temperature in each block was later about 1 hour than the time at which air temperature happend in the daytime. So, the variation of water temperature was sensitive to the variation of air temperature 2. The monthly variation of water temperature at each measuring point was plotted to be increased with increase in air temperature till August (Mean monthly rising degree; No.1; 1.15$^{\circ}C$, No.2; 1.7$^{\circ}C$, No.3; 1.73$^{\circ}C$, No.4; 2.08$^{\circ}C$, No.5; 2.0$^{\circ}C$), and expressed gradually descended influence upon water temperature after August. 3. The mean temperature of inflow folwed in warm Water pool was 7.5∼12.5$^{\circ}C$, and outflow temperature was described as 13.4∼22.5$^{\circ}C$ to be climbed. And So, the rising interval of water temperature was shown as 6.7∼10.4$^{\circ}C$. 4. The correlation between the rising of water temperature and the weather condition was found out highly significant. As the result, their correlation coefficents of water temperature depending on mean air temperature, ground temperature, wind velocity and relative humidity were to be 0.93, 0.90, - 0.83 and 0.71 respectively. But there was no confrimation of the correlation on the clouds, sunlight time, volume of evaporation, and heat capacity of horizontal place. 5. The water temperature of balance during the period of rice growing in Chuncheon district was shown as table 10, and the mean of whole period was calculated as about 23.7$^{\circ}C$. 6. The observed value of the outflow temperature passed through the warm water pool was higher than that of computed, the mean difference between two value was marked as 1.15$^{\circ}C$ for blockl, 1.18$^{\circ}C$ for block2, and 0.47$^{\circ}C$ for block3, respectivly. Therefore, the ratio on the rising degree between the observed and computed were shown as 53%, 44%, and 18%, mean 38% through each block warm water pool (referring item $\circled9$ of table 11,12, and 13). Accordingly, formula (4) in order to fit for each block warm water pool was transfromed as follow; {{{{ { theta }_{w } - { theta }_{ 0} =[1-exp LEFT { { 1-(1+2 varphi )} over {cp } CDOT { A} over { q} RIGHT } ] TIMES ( { theta }_{w } - { theta }_{ 0}) TIMES C }}}} Here, correction coefficinent was computed 1.38, and being substituted 1.38 for C in preceding formula, the expected water temperature will be calculated to be able to irrigate the rice paddy. As the result, we can apply the coefficient in order to plan and to construct a new warm water pool.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.315-333
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• 2009

In this study, the hydrochemical and the isotopic characteristics of major streams in the Daejeon area were investigated during rainy and dry seasons. The stream water shows the electrical conductivity of the range of $37{\sim}527{\mu}s$/cm, and pH $6.21{\sim}9.83$. The chemical composition of stream waters can be grouped as three types: the upper streams of Ca(Mg)-$HCO_3$ type, Ca(Mg)-$SO_4(Cl)$ type of middle streams flowing through urban area, and Na(Ca)-$HCO_3$(Cl, $SO_4$) type of the down streams. Based on in-situ investigation, the high pH of stream waters flowing through urban area is likely to be caused by the inflow of a synthetic detergent discharging from the apartment complex. The electrical conductivity of stream waters at a dry season is higher than those of at a rainy season. We suggest that the hydro-chemical composition of stream waters in the Daejeon area was affected by the discharging water from the sewage treatment facilities and anthropogenic contaminants as well as the interaction with soil and rocks. ${\delta}D$ and ${\delta}^{18}O$ values of the stream waters show the relationship of ${\delta}D=6.45{\delta}^{18}O-7.4$, which is plotted at a lower area than global meteoric water line(GMWL) of Craig(1961). It is likely that this isotopic range results from the evaporation effect of stram waters and the change of an air mass. The isotope value shows an increasing trend from upper stream to lower stream, that reflects the isotopic altitude effect. The relationship between ${\delta}^{13}C$ and $EpCO_2$ indicates that the carbon as bicarbonate in stream water is mainly originated from $CO_2$ in the air and organic materials. The increasing trend of ${\delta}^{13}C$ value from upper stream waters to lower stream waters can be attributed to the following reasons: (1) an increasing dissolution of $CO_2$ gas from a contaminated air in downtown area of the Daejeon, and (2) the increment of an inorganic carbon of groundwater inflowed into stream by base flow. Based on the relationship between ${\delta}^{34}S$ and $SO_4$ of stream waters, the stream waters can be divided into four groups. $SO_4$ content increases as a following order: upper and middle Gab stream${\delta}^{34}S$ value decreases as above order. ${\delta}^{34}S$ value indicates that sulfur of stream waters is mainly originated from atmosphere, and is additionally supplied by pyrite source according to the increase of sulfate content. The sulfur isotope analysis of a synthetic detergent and sewage water as a potential source of the sulfur in stream waters is furtherly needed.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.441-455
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• 2003

The most common water types are found to be Ca-$HCO_3$, Ca-Na-$HCO_3$ and Ca-Na-$HCO_3$-Cl in Gwangju groundwater. Groundwater near the Gwangju stream are characterized Ca-Cl water type, with over 50 mg/L of C1- and 400 ${\mu}$S/cm of EC. The systematic variation of $Cl^-$, $HCO_3^-$,- EC and ${\gamma}^{18}O$ values in groundwater with distance away from drainages is caused by streamwater infiltration. Stable isotope data indicate that ${\gamma}$D and ${\gamma}^{18}O$ values of groundwaters near drainages were enriched by evaporation effect, showing a equation of ${\gamma}$D=7. 1${\times}{\gamma}^{18}O$-1. ${\gamma}^{18}O$ values over -6${\textperthansand}$ are anomalous in the unconfined groundwater zones, which are influenced by the local surface water enriched in $^{18}O$ composition. Groundwater in highland shows remarkably light ${\gamma}^{18}O$ values below -8$\textperthousand$. The infiltration of streamwater is dominant in unconfined alluvium aquifer near drainages. ${\gamma}^{13}$CDIC values (-17.6∼-15.2$\textperthousand$) of groundwaters near drainages revealed that dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is predominantly originated from natural soil-derived $CO_2$. ${\gamma}^{15}N$ and ${\gamma}^{18}O$ values of nitrate are 0∼17.0${\textperthansand}$ and 6.6∼17.4${\textperthansand}$, respectively. Relationship between ${\gamma}^{15}N$ and ${\gamma}^{18}O$ shows a systematic isotopic fractionation caused by denitrification of 40∼60%, suggesting that the major source of groundwater nitrate originated from nitrate of soils, and mixing nitrate of soil and sewage or manure.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.1
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• pp.66-73
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• 2013

This study was conducted to determine the effects of rice hull cover on seed germination and tray types, soil types, shading conditions for seedling growth of Codonopsis pilosuala. We also examined the feasibility of cultivation of small seedlings transplanted in the Gyeonggi-do area for a month. Under control condition, the seed germination was 8% whereas it dramatically increased to 78% under rice hull cover treatment. Under the different conditions (tray types, soil types, and shading conditions), young seedlings showed the best quality without shading in TKS soil of 50 plug cell tray, with the growth characteristics of plant height (11.9 cm), number of leaves (71), leaf width (3.1 cm), leaf length (2.6 cm), and root length (14.3 cm). Seedling quality was the best without any shading in TKS+perlite, with the physiological characteristics of evaporation (3.9 $mmol{\cdot}m^{-2}s^{-1}$), carbon assimilation (9.1 ${\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}s^{-1}$), and water use efficiency (2.2 ${\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}s^{-1}$). Considering the economical, morphological, physiological and survival rate of the seedlings, it was an ideal method for transplanting seedlings in the field after they have been grown for 30-45 days in TKS and TKS+perlite of 200 plug cell tray in 0% or 30% shaded conditions. As the results of 5 months examination on the possibility to cultivate Codonopsis pilosuala in the Gyeonggi-do area, 88% to 96% of survival rate was observed with normal induced flowers. Therefore, cultivation of Codonopsis pilosuala was possible in the Gyeonggi-do area. While there were symptoms of etiolation and wilting under no shading condition, they did not appear in 30% and 70% shading conditions. Therefore, cultivation of Codonopsis pilosuala is considered to be necessary 30% or 70% shading.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.82-95
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• 1980

This paper complies the results of the studies so far made on the subsoil improvement of subsurface drainage systems for wet paddy fields (those were located in the Gum-Ho area in Kyung Buk province) which had poor permeability and a high water table. In general, a drainage problem is an excess of water on the ground surface which can effect the productivity and bearing capacity of the soil. With drain pipe systems, (According to their depths and spacing) it may be possible to correct that problem. The experimentation consisted of three test plots, two of which included drain pipe systems with varing depths and width spacing of the pipes. The third plot (C) was an ordinary plot being exempt of a drain pipe system. In detail, the depth of plot A was 80 cm, and the width spacings began at 2. Om and increased by 2. Om up to 10. 0m. The depth of plot B was 60cm and the width spacing was the same as plot A. These tests were performed to research specific details; such as crop yeild, bearing capacity of the soil, the amount of underdrainage, surface cracks, root distribution, the water table level, the consumptive water depth and the soil moisture content. The test period lasted three years, from 1977 thru 1979. The results obtained were as follows: 1. During the test period, the weather conditions for the area tested were in accordance with the annual average for that area. Furthermore the precipitation factor during the spring cultivation season, the intermediate drainage period and the harvest drainage period was of optimum conditions for controling surface cracks, because of less precipitation than evaporation. 2. The difference in the level of the ground water table in plots A and B was hardly noticable, but the difference in the test plots and the ord. plot was greatly noticable. The test plots (A, B) were 30 to 40cm lower than the ordinary plot. On the whole, the ground water table of the ord. plot always stayed at a level of 15-20cm beneath the surface of the soil, the ground water table of the test plot A showed The difference in the depth of the pipe lower than the test plot B, while the test plots showed a remarkable descending effect. 3. The soil temperature in plot A was slightly core than in plot B with a difference of 0. 47$^{\circ}$C, but plot A was 1. 6$^{\circ}$C higher than the ord. plot during the flooding period, but after drainage the temperature difference climed to 2. 0$^{\circ}$C. 4. During the 3rd test year, the values of the cracks were recorded with the values of 59cm in plot A, 42cm in plot B and 15cm in the ordinary plot. Plots A and B had increased 2.5 times the value of the first year while the ordinary plot had remained the same. 5. The root weight of the rice was measured at a value of 77.2 gr. for plot A, 73.5 gr. for plot B and 65.3 gr. for the ord. plot. Therefore, the root growths in plots A and B were much more energetic than in the ord. plot. 6. The consumptive water depth measured during the 3rd year resulted in the values of 26. 0mm per day for plot A, and 24.9 mm per day for plot B, respectively. Therefore, both plot A and plot B maintained the optimum consumptive water depths, but the ordinary plot only obtained the value of 12.3 mm per day, which clearly showed less than the optimum consumptive water depth which is 20 to 30 mm/day. 7. The soil moisture content is in direct relationship to the ground water level. During drainage, test plot A decreased in its ground water level much more rapidly than the other two plots. Therefore, plot A had a much less soil moisture content. But this decreased water level could be directly effected by the weather conditions. 8. The relationship between the bearing capacity and the soil moisture content were directly inversely proportional. It can be assumed that the occurence of soil creaks is limited by the soil moisture content. Therefore, the greater the progress of the surface creaks resulted in a greater bearing capacity. So, tast plot A with a greater amount of surface cracks than the other test plots resulted in a greater bearing capacity. But, the bearing capacity at the harvest season could be effected by the drainage during the intermediate drainage period and by the weather conditions. 9. Comparing the production of the test plots to the ord. plot; there was an increased value of 840kg for plot A, 755kg for plot B and 695kg for the ord. plot in the rough rice. Therefore, plot A had an increase of 20% over the ordinary plot. The possibility of producing double crops was investigated. The effects on barley production in the test plots showed a value of 367kg per 10 acres, which substantiated the possibility of double crops because that value showed an increased value over the average yearly yield for those uplands. 10. So as a result, it can be recommended that by including a drain pipe system with the optimum conditions of an (80cm centimeter) depth and a (l0m) spacing will have a definite positive effect on the over all production capacity and quality of wetpaddy fields.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.165-174
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• 2010

The numerical modeling of a coal gasification reaction occurring in an entrained flow coal gasifier is presented in this study. The purposes of this study are to develop a reliable evaluation method of coal gasifier not only for the basic design but also further system operation optimization using a CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics) method. The coal gasification reaction consists of a series of reaction processes such as water evaporation, coal devolatilization, heterogeneous char reactions, and coal-off gaseous reaction in two-phase, turbulent and radiation participating media. Both numerical and experimental studies are made for the 1.0 ton/day entrained flow coal gasifier installed in the Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER). The comprehensive computer program in this study is made basically using commercial CFD program by implementing several subroutines necessary for gasification process, which include Eddy-Breakup model together with the harmonic mean approach for turbulent reaction. Further Lagrangian approach in particle trajectory is adopted with the consideration of turbulent effect caused by the non-linearity of drag force, etc. The program developed is successfully evaluated against experimental data such as profiles of temperature and gaseous species concentration together with the cold gas efficiency. Further intensive investigation has been made in terms of the size distribution of pulverized coal particle, the slurry concentration, and the design parameters of gasifier. These parameters considered in this study are compared and evaluated each other through the calculated syngas production rate and cold gas efficiency, appearing to directly affect gasification performance. Considering the complexity of entrained coal gasification, even if the results of this study looks physically reasonable and consistent in parametric study, more efforts of elaborating modeling together with the systematic evaluation against experimental data are necessary for the development of an reliable design tool using CFD method.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.449-457
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• 1995

Aseptic packaged cooked rice without oxygen absorber and EVOH material was not suitable for good quality during long storage at room temperature. Quality change of aseptic packaged cooked rice with OPP/EVOH/EPL(P-1), PET/EVOH/EPL(P-2) and OPP/EVOH/LLDPE(P-3) for lid material and FX and TSQ for oxygen absorber was observed during storage(60 days) at $20^{\circ}C,\;30^{\circ}C\;and\;40^{\circ}C$. To evaluate quality change of aseptic packaged cooked rice, water content, color, pH, acidity, hardness, and total plate count were measured periodically. The results showed that moisture content was decreased as storage time increased while storage temperature showed no significant effect. P-2 and FX combination had the lowest evaporation of water. L value was decreased as storage time increased while a value increased in all treatment. P-2 and FX combination had the best result for color value. Titratable acidity and pH of P-3 increased up to 20, 5.5, respectively at the end of storage while the other treatment showed no significant effect. Hardness of aseptic packaging of cooked rice was decreased as temperature of storage increased while lid materials and oxygen absorber types showed no significant effect. Result of total plate count showed that there was no detection for $20^{\circ}C\;and\;30^{\circ}C$ storage temp. while more than $1{\times}10^6\;CFU/g\;for\;40^{\circ}C$ storage temp. at the end of storage. In conclusion, aseptic packaged cooked rice could be stored and distributed for 6 month at room temp. and effect of lid materials on quality change of aseptic packaged cooked rice was more significant than oxygen absorber.