• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.53
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• pp.311-336
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• 2003

This paper purports to explain the conflicts and compromises between supra-national authority and national welfare state in an era of globalization. For this purpose this paper, first of all, examines if Community law(EU) is directly applicable to member states(direct applicability), and subsequently, if Community law is superior to national law(supremacy). It duly claims that Community law is de facto applicable to member states and thus is superior to national law, but de jure the direct applicability and supremacy of Community law are still ambiguous in practice. Secondly, it briefly describes the development of EU social policy from 'The Rome Treaty(1957)' to 'The Amsterdam Treaty(1997)', and ascertains clear limitations of social dimension of EU. Thirdly, it explains why CEU(Commission of European Union) sequently fails to achieve uniform harmonization policy in the making of social Europe. This paper concludes that 'downward harmonization thesis' or 'convergence thesis' which commonly stresses that globalization seriously impinges on nation-state's policy autonomy and policy capacity is not evidenced at least in the case of EU social policy.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.5-11
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• 2017

• 비료회보
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• s.557
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• pp.10-18
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• 2004

올해가 서유럽 비료 산업이 겪은 가장 최악의 해는 아니었다. 사실 몇몇의 발전 분야, 특히 EU는 Common Agricultural Policy를 개정할 계획이 있고 그리고 EU의 확장이 다가오고 있다는 점에서 긍정적인 결론을 도출할 수 있다. 그러나 많은 공장들은 산업의 장기적인 미래에 대한 희망이 꺾이고 있으며 무지개 끝에 있는 금단지에 대한 꿈도 버리고 있다.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.551-576
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• 2008

The European Union has an active rural development policy because this helps us to achieve valuable goals for our countryside and for the people who live and work there. Rural development policy involves the cofinancing by the EU and Member States of a variety of measures. Member States decide on the most appropriate measures for their rural areas from a menu of measures proposed at EU level. There are 18 Leader+ programs in Spain. Program supports Local Action Groups which are located in two or more autonomous regions. The Valle del Jerte, located in the northwest of the province of Caceres is one of the districts making up what is known as the Alta Extremadura. The rural development strategy in this area is to overcome the great deficits of the rural world, prevent rural exodus by improving the quality of life of the population,and improve the soicoeconomic environment of the district in order to help create jobs and improve family incomes. Specifically they try to create a mechanism to improve involvement, communication and social cohesion in the district, with a view to improving the internal structure of organizations and establishing rural channels for cooperation between district institutions for integrated development of the district.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.201-211
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• 2018

The paper suggests making a policy and strategies for a way of exporting Korean ICT product effectively in the EU and Eastern area, and an effective preparation of 4^th industrial revolution through analysis of preparation status of 4^th industrial revolution of the Visegrad group. Analyze policy, status, what they want for 4^th preparation in the Visegrad group from comparing characteristics analysis of each country's official data, publication data, portal, paper, and etc. They have been preparing for 4^th industrial revolution long time ago as basic research and business before 4^th wave word. With these basic results, they are trying to apply such as, AI, S/W, security, ICT, etc. of 4^th wave core technology. For the development of new export market in EU, the Korean team should research with university and research center or venture company. Through these cooperation, they should understand their personal characteristic, lifestyle, and what consumers want to purchase in EU. And this results can be used in South Asia and India that give a big effect to all over the world ICT market. The external impact of the 4^th wave must have a long-term shift in manpower, and production policy is related to the EU's strategic role, or the preparation of the 4^th wave to the V4 country in the short term.

• Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.81-110
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• 2018

In this paper, we examined the regional economic integration, the trade negotiation strategy and bargaining power of the European Union through the logical structure of the three - dimensional game theory. In the three - dimensional game theory, the negotiator emphasized that the negotiation strategy of the triple side existed while simultaneously operating the game standing on the boundary of each side game, constrained from each direction or occasionally using the constraint as an opportunity. The study of three-dimensional game theory is aimed at organizing the process of coordinating opinions and meditating interests at the international level, regional level and member level by the regional union as a subject of negotiation. This study would compare and analyze the recently concluded EU-Japan EPA (Economic Partnership Agreement) negotiation process with the case of the EU FTA, and summarize the logic of the three-dimensional game theory applicable to the FTA of the regional economic partnership. Furthermore, the study would illustrate the strategies of the regional economic cooperatives to respond to negotiations. The area of trade policy at the EU level has already been completed by the exclusive power of the Union on areas where it is difficult to politicize with technical features. Moreover, the fact that the policy process at the Union level has not been revealed as a political issue, and that the public opinion process is a double-step approach. In conclusion, the EU's trade policy process constitutes a complicated and sophisticated process with the allocation of authority by various central organizations. The mechanism of negotiation is paradoxically simplified because of the common policy decision process and the structural characteristics of the trade zone, and the bargaining power at the community level is enhanced. As a result, the European Commission would function as a very strong negotiator in bilateral trade negotiations at the international level.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.10 no.2 s.23
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• pp.25-34
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• 2004

The objectives of this study were to compare rural development of Korea and EU. According to its traits the peroids of rural development of Korea can be divided into low periods. According to its memberships and traits the periods of rural development of EU can be divided into low periods. There are many similarities between Korea and EU in agricultural situation and rural development. EU introduced multifunctionality of agriculture in 1980s and adopt strong policy to support that in 1990s. And EU made a effort sustainable rural development, integrated rural development and balanced regional development. Recently Korea not only maintain agricultural expanisionism but also pay attention to multifunctionality of agriculture. But rural development of Korea still in the stage of physical planning and agricultural expanisionism. So it leaves much room for improvement to rural development of Korea in rural development regulation, unifying theme, detail planning, integration among policies, balanced regional development, etc.

• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
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• v.13 no.5 s.53
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• pp.89-111
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• 1998

1998년 1월 1일부터 EU의 역내통신시장이 완전 자유화됨에 따라 회원국들은 보편적 서비스를 새롭게 정의하고 국내법 개정을 통해 경쟁환경 하에서의 보편적 서비스 정책을 구체화하고 있다. 이하에서는 우선 보편적 서비스의 개념과 최근까지의 보편적 서비스 정책에 대한 변화과정을 살펴본 후, EU 가맹국의 전반적인 보편적 서비스 현황을 살펴보고, EU 가맹국 중에서 중요한 위치를 점하고 있는 영국, 독일, 프랑스의 보편적 서비스에 대한 최근 정책 동향을 비교분석함으로써 우리나라의 보편적 서비스 정책에 대한 시사점을 모색하였다.

• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
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• v.18 no.1 s.79
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• pp.25-32
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• 2003

미국에 비해 지식정보사회에 대한 대응능력이 크게 떨어지는 유럽은 성장잠재력을 축적하고 미국과의 정보화 격차를 좁히기 위해 유럽연합 차원과 개별 회원국 차원을 연계한 정보화전략을 추진하고 있다. EU차원에서는 eEurope으로 대표되는 종합계획을 수립.추진하고 있으며, 개별국가들은 이 종합계획의 기본방향 위에서 자국의 여건과 능력에 적합한 국가계획을 추진하고 있다. 본 고에서는 EU의 정보화정책을 eEurope을 중심으로 분석해 보고 우리에게 주는 시사점을 도출한다.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.351-381
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• 2011

When EU was formed in the late 1950s, the income gap or economic development between member nations was similar so that the interest in execution of regional policies at the level of union was relatively small, with just Italy showing some interest relatively. In 1975, however, ERDF was founded, and nations such as Spain or Portugal that were falling behind in economic development compared to existing member nations joined EU, and the regional policy of the union gradually gained attention. Accordingly, EU gradually increased the budget size for regional policies so that through 1980s and 1990s, the budget size grew over 4 times. In 2004 and 2007, 12 Central-Eastern European nations with great gaps in income level with existing member countries joined EU all at once, so that the resolution of regional inequality among member nations arose as an important assignment in the development of the community. Accordingly, EU has modified the overall goals and basis of regional policies to deal with this matter. From such perspectives, this report examined the development process of regional policies executed by EU for the last 50 years. In the conclusion parts, the issues that appeared in the process of executing EU's regional policies were also examined at the same time.