• Computers and Concrete
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.689-704
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• 2017

The paper presents experimental and numerical investigations of prefabricated composite structural building reinforced concrete slabs with the insulating material for a residential building construction. The building slabs were composed of concrete and expanded polystyrene. In experiments, the slabs in the full-scale 1:1 were subjected to vertical concentrated loads and failed along a diagonal shear crack. The experiments were numerically evaluated using the finite element method based on two different constitutive continuum models for concrete. First, an elasto-plastic model with the Drucker-Prager criterion defined in compression and with the Rankine criterion defined in tension was used. Second, a coupled elasto-plastic-damage formulation based on the strain equivalence hypothesis was used. In order to describe strain localization in concrete, both models were enhanced in the softening regime by a characteristic length of micro-structure by means of a non-local theory. Attention was paid to the formation of critical diagonal shear crack which was a failure precursor.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.671-677
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• 2021

The present study aims to investigate the influence of the water to binder ratio of finishing mortar on the floor impact sound of apartments. For this, same resilient materials Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) with constant dynamic stiffness and different mortar layers with 52 %, 66 % and 72 % water to binder ratio respectively were used to build floating floor structures on which floor impact sounds were measured in standard testing facilities. As a result, it was found that light-weight floor impact sound was transmitted well when the water to binder ratio was 52% due to the high density. In case of heavy-weight floor impact sounds, since water to binder ratio of finishing mortar becomes higher as the weight of upper layer of resilient material lighter, it was shown that the natural frequency of floating floor structure moves to 63 Hz bandwidth which eventually cause a higher sound pressure level of floor impact sound. Thus, effect of water to binder ratio of mortar on the heavy-weight floor impact sounds was investigated.

• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.39-45
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• 1994

스치로폴은 발포폴리스티렌(EPS : Expanded Poly-Styrene)을 말하며, 이것은 스티렌모노머(Stone Monomer)를 중합하여 만든 플리스티렌과 여기에 첨가한 발포제가 주원료로 되어 있다. 폴리스티렌은 1930년대에 미국과 독일에서 공업화되었고 스치로폴은 1943년 초에 미국에서 공업화가 이루어져 건물의 단열재, 물품포장재 등으로 이용되어 왔다. 1972년에는 노르웨이에서 연약지반상 교량의 접속도로 보수공사에 처음 스치로폴 성토공법이 이용되어 교대의 측방유동 방지대책으로 성공을 거둠에 따라 연약지반상의 경량성 토재 및 토압을 받는 옹벽, 교대 등 구조물의 경량 뒷채움재로서 각광을 받게 되었다. 한편 우리나라에서는 1994. 6월에 한국지반 공학회 주최로 개최된 "발포폴리스티렌(EPS) 이용 성토공법 국제심포지엄"에서 양산-구포간 고속도로성토(L=70m) 및 서해안고속도로의 교대 뒷채움에 스치로폴 경량성토재가 이용된 문헌이 발표된 바 있으며, 시중에서 단열재용으로 판매되고 있는 스티로폴 평판의 규격은 표 1과 같다. 스치로폴은 그 가격이 비싼 편이지만 단위중량(20-40kgf/m$^3$)이 흑의 50/1-100/1 밖에 안되는 초경량재로서 강도, 내구성 및 시공성이 우수한 성토용 신재료이기 때문에 연약지반상에서 구조물 시공시 지반의 과대한 침하, 측방유동 및 사면활동 등이 생길 경우 도로성 토재 또는 교대, 옹벽 등 구조물의 뒷채움재로서 스치로폴을 사용하면 이를 방지할 수 있으므로 매우 효과적인 토목자재라 할 수 있다. 따라서 본고에서는 지금까지의 연구결과, 시험시공 및 시공실적 등을 토대로 발표된 참고문헌을 중심으로 연약지반상 스치로폴 성토공법의 설계방법에 대하여 간단히 소개하고자 한다. 소개하고자 한다.

• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.59-70
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• 1996

The EPS has the unit weight of only 20~30kg/m3 and is used as one of the methods of reducing road embankment loads. Parts of it's applications are for backfill materials of structures like abutment, retaining wall, etc., to reduce horizontal earth pressure and for banking materials to secure the safety of settlement and bearing capacity by minimizing the stress Increment. However, the Korean Standards (KS) has not yet proposed any testing method for use of EPS as a engineering banking material. Only its testing and quality ordinance as a heat insulation material has been standardized. Therefore, in Korea, EPS is used as banking material without any systematic testing data as a civil engineering material. In this point of view, this paper deals with the engineering characteristics of EPS through many laboratory tests on strength, strain, absorption, and creep. from the results achived through tests, this paper proposes the enactment of a suitable quality testing ordinance and the criteria of unconfined design strength of EPS for use as engineering material.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.67-73
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• 2022

The food cold chain refers to a technology and distribution supply chain applied to maintain a constant temperature suitable for the product from production (harvest) to delivery to consumers. In particular, in Korea, the insulation material used in the food cold chain is mostly EPS (Expanded Polystyrene), which is used as a transport container for various food cold chains. However, according to the government's eco-friendly policy, companies charge environmental contributions to the use of EPS, but due to its low price and convenience of handling, it is still used as a container for delivering food. In this study, in order to measure the domestic delivery environment of general refrigerated foods, changes in impact, temperature, and humidity during transport of the EPS packaging system containing foods and ice pack refrigerants were measured. As a result, there were 2?3 sections in which a high impact force of 40 G or more was generated during transport. This can cause damage to the product and EPS container. The difference in temperature and humidity changes by parcel transport routes is more than 30%, so it is necessary to present accurate standards for the domestic cold chain distribution environment. As a result of microbial experiments. the transportation period had a dominant effect on the increase in total viable count and E. coli count.

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.167-174
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• 2017

The F3D(Free-Form Formwork 3D Printer) technology that manufactures EPS(Expanded Polystyrene) formworks for irregular-shaped concrete structures by 3D printers was developed to reduce the cost and time. Because of weak strength and low elastic modulus of the EPS, structural performance including lateral pressure by fresh concrete of the formwork that consisted of EPS should be investigated. In order to calculate lateral pressures acting on formwork, several variables including sizes, shapes of formwork, tangential force(fricition) between fresh concrete and formwork, and material properties of fresh concrete should be considered. However, current regulations have not considered the properties of concrete, only focused on vertical formwork. Galleo introduced 3-dimensional finite element analysis models to calculate lateral pressure on formwork. Thus, proposed finite element analysis model based on previous studies were verified for vertical formwork and irregular-shaped formwork. The test results were compared with those by FEM analysis. As a result, the test agrees well with the analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.83-91
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• 2020

The evaluation of the compression behavior of the cushioning material is of importance to achieve appropriate packaging design. In order to change packaging design from polymeric-based to more eco-friendly cellulose-based nire effectively, comparative study on the compression behavior between these two packaging materials is crucial. In this study, the stress-strain behavior, hysteresis loss, and response characteristics for cyclic loading were analyzed through compression tests on multi-layered corrugated structure (MLCS) and expanded polystyrene (EPS) packaging materials. MLCS produced in Korea is produced by winding a certain number of single-faced corrugated paperboard, and the compression behavior of this material was turned out to be 6 stages: elastic stage, first buckling stage, sub-buckling stage, densification stage, last buckling stage and high densification stage. On the other hand, EPS's compression behavior was in 3 stages: linear elastic stage, collapse plateau, and densification stage. The strain energy per unit volume (strain energy density) of MLCS did not differ depending on the material thickness, but it showed a clear difference depending on the raw material and flute type. Hysteresis loss of MLCS ranged from 0.90 to 0.93, and there were no significant differences in the raw material and flute type. These values were about 5 to 20% greater than the hysteresis of the EPS (about 0.78 to 0.87).

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.132-139
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• 2019

EPS (expanded polystyrene) is one of the most used building materials for insulation that is favored by its excellent heat insulation, economical efficiency and lightweight characteristics. However, EPS is vulnerable to the fire and producing large amount of toxic gases in case of fire. Therefore, ultra-lightweight geopolymer which can replace EPS is fabricated by using IGCC (integrated gasification combined cycle) fused slag and Si sludge as raw materials and the possibility of replacement on ultra-lightweight geopolymer for EPS as an insulation building material was evaluated in this study. Ultra-lightweight geopolymer can be fabricated with the pulverized IGCC fused slag having low carbon content and density, compressive strength, thermal conductivity were $0.064g/cm^3$, 0.04 MPa, and 0.072 W/mK, respectively. The thermal conductivity of ultra-lightweight geopolymer is 1.5~2.0 times higher than that of EPS suggested in the KS M 3808; however, the thermal conductivity value of geopolymer is meaningful and competitive to that of EPS in the market. Therefore, ultralightweight geopolymer can be applicable to the building material for thermal insulation purpose and have an enough possibility to replace EPS in the future because it is not only much safer than EPS in case of fire but also it can be fabricate by using waste materials from the industry.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.107-115
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• 2022

With the improvements in computer technologies, utilization of image processing techniques has increased in many areas (such as medicine, defence industry, other industries etc.) Many different image processing techniques are used for surface analysis, detection of manufacturing defects, and determination of physical and mechanical characteristics of composite materials. In this study, cementitious composites were obtained by addition of Grounded Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBFS), Styrene Butadiene polymer (SBR), and Grounded Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag and Styrene Butadiene polymer together (GGBFS+SBR). Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) beads were added to these cementitious composites in different ratios (20%, 40% and 60%). The mechanical and physical characteristics of the composites were determined, and homogeneity indexes of the composites were determined by image processing techniques to determine EPS distribution forms in them. Physical and mechanical characteristics of the produced samples were obtained by applying consistency, density, water absorption, compressive strength (7 and 28 days), flexural strength (7 and 28 days) and tensile splitting strength (7 and 28 days) tests on them. Also, visual examination by using digital microscope, and image analysis by using image processing techniques with open source coded ImageJ program were performed. As a result of the study, it is determined that GGBFS and SBR addition strengthens the adhesion sites formed as it increases the adhesion power of the mixture and helps to get rid of the segregation problem caused by EPS. As a result of the image processing analysis it is demonstrated that GGBFS and SBR addition has positive contribution on homogeneity index.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2009

The impact absorption materials made of synthetic organic chemical product like Expanded Polystyrene(EPS), Expanded Polyethylene(EPE), Expanded Polyurethane(EPU), etc. have been used with general packaging material until the present. But nowadays, the use of these materials is intended to be decreased and to be recycled in connection with environmental pollution. In addition, it has been tried to substitute these materials with non-pollution materials(natural materials) like pulp mould, paper protectors, etc. At the same time, it is required to evaluate and analyze these cushioning materials for cushioning properties based on impact and vibration, in order to make an efficiency on the overall packaging system because they are generally being used by a random choice regardless of the properties of contents and cushioning materials. Therefore, this study provides analyzed data on cushioning properties of various cushioning materials against impact and vibration, and is intended to provide more efficient model for packaging system by minimizing their using amount through choosing an optimal cushioning material as well as intended to lead to the use of nonpollution materials in case these cushioning materials have same cushioning properties.