• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.935-939
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• 2003

The emotion recognition is one of the most significant interface technologies which make the high level of human-machine communication possible. The central nervous system stimulated by emotional stimuli affects the autonomous nervous system like a heart, blood vessel, endocrine organs, and so on. Therefore bio-signals like HRV, ECG and EEG can reflect one' emotional state. This study investigates the correlation between emotional states and bio-signals to realize the emotion recognition. This study also covers classification of human emotional states, selection of the effective bio-signal and signal processing. The experimental results presented in this paper show possibility of the emotion recognition.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.427-430
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• 2020

The multi-channel analog signal to digital signal conversion is increasing in the field of IoT and medical measurement equipments. It has chip area and power consumption constraints to use a few single or 2_channel ADC for multi_channel application. This paper described to design and implement a proposed comb filter for multi-channel, 24bit ADC. The function of proposed comb filter is verified by matlab simulation and the FPGA test board. It was fabricated using SK Hynix 0.35㎛ CMOS standard process. The performance and chip size is compared with the existing design method that uses integrator/differentiator and FIR construction. The proposed comb filter is expected to use the IoT product and medical measurement equipments that require multi-channel, low power consumption and small hardware size.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.83-91
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• 2020

Environmental conditions are known to impact human health and behavior, emotions such as pleasure, anxiety, and depression, and reduce stress. Interior design that elevates emotional comfort and satisfaction can help improve mental health and well-being. This study is a systematic review that analyzed previous empirical studies that explored the effect of interior design elements on the user's emotional response which is quantitatively evaluated by bio-signal and qualitatively evaluated through self-reported questionnaire surveys. This paper aims to derive the attributes of interior design and biometric indicators that affect the user's positive emotion through the synthesis of previous studies and to confirm the feasibility of measuring bio-signals as an objective evaluation tool for architectural design and as a quantitative research method. As a result of the review, the biometric data from EEG, fMRI, ECG, EMG, GSR, and eye-tracking were used to measure the participants' emotional responses, which were manifested as positive or negative depending on certain attributes of interior design such as the form, color, lighting, material and furniture. The attributes of interior design related to the positive emotional response were the curved shape, high ceiling, openness of space, and subdued tone colors. Standard lighting conditions and wooden spaces were related to stress reduction in terms of comfort and relaxation. The free arrangement of furniture was related to the user's positive emotions. On the other hand, consistent experimental protocols could not be found, and although the sample sizes of the studies were small, the studies have demonstrated the feasibility of the emotional response measurement by using the biometric data. Therefore this method can be a useful objective tool in the measurement of human-centric data in architectural design, and to develop the evidence-based design to induce positive emotions and minimize stress.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.293-305
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• 2016

Objective: This study aims to measure cognitive load levels by analyzing the EEG of Koreans and foreigners, when they read a Korean text with care selected by level from the grammar and vocabulary aspects, and compare the cognitive load levels through quantitative values. The study results can be utilized as basic data for more scientific approach, when Korean texts or books are developed, and an evaluation method is built, when the foreigners encounter them for learning or an assignment. Background: Based on 2014, the number of the foreign students studying in Korea was 84,801, and they increase annually. Most of them are from Asian region, and they come to Korea to enter a university or a graduate school in Korea. Because those foreign students aim to learn within Universities in Korea, they receive Korean education from their preparation for study in Korea. To enter a university in Korea, they must acquire grade 4 or higher level in the Test of Proficiency in Korean (TOPIK), or they need to complete a certain educational program at each university's affiliated language institution. In such a program, the learners of the Korean language receive Korean education based on texts, except speaking domain, and the comprehension of texts can determine their academic achievements in studying after they enter their desired schools (Jeon, 2004). However, many foreigners, who finish a language course for the short-term, and need to start university study, cannot properly catch up with university classes requiring expertise with the vocabulary and grammar levels learned during the language course. Therefore, reading education, centered on a strategy to understand university textbooks regarded as top level reading texts to the foreigners, is necessary (Kim and Shin, 2015). This study carried out an experiment from a perspective that quantitative data on the readers of the main player of reading education and teaching materials need to be secured to back up the need for reading education for university study learners, and scientifically approach educational design. Namely, this study grasped the difficulty level of reading through the measurement of cognitive loads indicated in the reading activity of each text by dividing the difficulty of a teaching material (book) into eight levels, and the main player of reading into Koreans and foreigners. Method: To identify cognitive loads indicated upon reading Korean texts with care by Koreans and foreigners, this study recruited 16 participants (eight Koreans and eight foreigners). The foreigners were limited to the language course students studying the intermediate level Korean course at university-affiliated language institutions within Seoul Metropolitan Area. To identify cognitive load, as they read a text by level selected from the Korean books (difficulty: eight levels) published by King Sejong Institute (Sejonghakdang.org), the EEG sensor was attached to the frontal love (Fz) and occipital lobe (Oz). After the experiment, this study carried out a questionnaire survey to measure subjective evaluation, and identified the comprehension and difficulty on grammar and words. To find out the effects on schema that may affect text comprehension, this study controlled the Korean texts, and measured EEG and subjective satisfaction. Results: To identify brain's cognitive load, beta band was extracted. As a result, interactions (Fz: p =0.48; Oz: p =0.00) were revealed according to Koreans and foreigners, and difficulty of the text. The cognitive loads of Koreans, the readers whose mother tongue is Korean, were lower in reading Korean texts than those of the foreigners, and the foreigners' cognitive loads became higher gradually according to the difficulty of the texts. From the text four, which is intermediate level in difficulty, remarkable differences started to appear in comparison of the Koreans and foreigners in the beginner's level text. In the subjective evaluation, interactions were revealed according to the Koreans and foreigners and text difficulty (p =0.00), and satisfaction was lower, as the difficulty of the text became higher. Conclusion: When there was background knowledge in reading, namely schema was formed, the comprehension and satisfaction of the texts were higher, although higher levels of vocabulary and grammar were included in the texts than those of the readers. In the case of a text in which the difficulty of grammar was felt high in the subjective evaluation, foreigners' cognitive loads were also high, which shows the result of the loads' going up higher in proportion to the increase of difficulty. This means that the grammar factor functions as a stress factor to the foreigners' reading comprehension. Application: This study quantitatively evaluated the cognitive loads of Koreans and foreigners through EEG, based on readers and the text difficulty, when they read Korean texts. The results of this study can be used for making Korean teaching materials or Korean education content and topic selection for foreigners. If research scope is expanded to reading process using an eye-tracker, the reading education program and evaluation method for foreigners can be developed on the basis of quantitative values.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.2329-2337
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• 2013

This study was done objected to the chronic stroke patients in order to evaluate change in brain wave activity and cognitive performance when Neurofeedback training. The subjects were over 6 months ago in chronic stroke patients screened-test through the 20 patients, 10 persons in each group were randomly placed. This was carried out in 4 weeks in total, with control group(n=10) on general physical therapy and experimental group(n=10) on general physical therapy along with Neurofeedback training. The general physical therapy was applied 5 times a week, 30 minutes at once, Neurofeedback training was applied as equally as the general physical therapy, which makes 20 times in total. To learn about the effect before the training, after training, and 2 weeks after the training in electric physiological measurement method of the brain, electroencephalogram(EEG) to examine challenges by calculating the absolute spectrum power for standard EEG change(%), followed by evaluation with clinical assessment tool MMSE-K, Stroop Test, Digit Span Test. As a result of comparing the change in brain wave through EEG, after training and 2 weeks after training showed that absolute ${\alpha}$-power and absolute ${\beta}$-SMR power of experimental group have increased and absolute ${\theta}$-power decreased significantly compared to experimental group I. Moreover, the MMSE-K score in trial appraisal has increased significantly, and the error in Stroop Test and Digit Span Test has decreased significantly. such results, with the chronic stroke patient's brain wave control, Neurofeedback training was determined to improve the cognitive performance. this study suggests a new training possibility of stroke patients by identifying the training effects of Neurofeedback training that trains the brain directly with brain wave control.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.653-660
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• 2017

Recently, consumers' evaluation and purchase of online design has been increasing due to the popularization of designing through personal computers, but there has not been enough studies on consumers' brain wave responses depending on the change of PC monitor's color. Therefore, this study investigated how brain waves changed when different background colors with gray patterns were presented through PC monitors. Six background colors with same tone of slightly low saturation were selected, including ivory, yellow, pink, green, blue and pure white as a base color. The brightness and characteristics of color used were analyzed using the luminance meter and color scales. Brain wave was measured by EEG measurement equipment. Brain wave measurement was carried out with 9 subjects at 6 points: F3, F4, T3, T4, O1, and O2. Stimuli were shown for 15 seconds each and black screens were displayed for 15 seconds between each stimulus. As results, the brain waves at O1 responded sensitively by different background colors, followed by F4 and T4. Brain index such as 'RT', 'RA', 'RG', 'RSA', and 'RAHB' showed significant differences depending on the background color at O1, whereas 'RST' differed at F4. Yellow and blue backgrounds pair was the only stimuli that showed significant differences in six brain indices mentioned. Yellow background had higher value of 'RG' at O1 and higher 'RST' at F4, indicating yellow background enhanced concentration. Blue background activated 'RT', 'RA', 'RSA', 'RAHB' at O1, meaning blue background induced calm and stable state.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.481-488
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• 1994

In this paper a study of neuro-pathway estimation based on visual and somatosensory evoked potential is given. The evoked potentials which are caused by visual and somatosensory stimulation are detected by an average method. The forward problem that is estimating a scalp potential from a given electrical source in the brain is solved by using a triple concentric spherical shell model of the head and a single current dipole model of the neuron activity. The inverse problem which calculates a source position is solved by a least square fit between the model predicted potential and a given evoked potential measurement. The similarities between estimated sensory neuro-pathways and physiological brain function regions are verified.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.63-66
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• 2011

It has been controversial whether upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS) is a distinct syndrome or not since it was reported in 1993. The International Classification of Sleep Disorders classified UARS under obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in 2005. UARS can be diagnosed when the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) is fewer than 5 events per hour, the simultaneously calculated respiratory disturbance index (RDI) is more than 5 events per hour due to abnormal non-apneic non-hypopneic respiratory events accompanying respiratory effort related arousals (RERAs), and oxygen saturation is greater than 92% at termination of an abnormal breathing event. Although esophageal pressure measurement remains the gold standard for detecting subtle breathing abnormality other than hypopnea and apnea, nasal pressure transducer has been most commonly used. RERAs include phase A2 of cyclical alternating patterns (CAPs) associated with EEG changes. Symptoms of OSAS can overlap with UARS, but chronic insomnia tends to be more common in UARS than in OSAS and clinical symptoms similar with functional somatic syndrome are also more common in UARS. In this journal, diagnostic and clinical differences between UARS and OSAS are reviewed.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.285-290
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• 2020

Neuro-feedback is a technology that can identify your brain state and you can intentionally change your brain state. People with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder need this technology but existing neuro-feedback training has a problem, which is not interesting and maintains a static state for a long time. In this paper, we proposed and implemented a neuro-feedback game that combines neuro-feedback and gun-shooting games to enhance concentration training. The neuro-feedback game has been implemented with the design of EEG measurement system, game controller and gamesoft. We hope that this study will be useful for people suffering from attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.107-117
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the cognitive function in the elderly and to identify the influencing factors. Methods: The design of this study was descriptive research design. A total of 139 elderly people (aged 65 years and over) visiting the electroencephalogram (EEG) center in Seoul, Korea were evaluated. Data were assessed by self-administered questionnaires and CNS Vital Signs (CNSVS). Data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics 23.0 for Windows. Results: There were significant differences in the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE), executive functions and reasoning according to education level. K-MMSE, visual memory and executive functions were different depending on the jobs. Age was highly correlated with cognitive function. In addition, stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that the factor significantly associated with reaction time and visual memory was depression. Depression and Trait-Anxiety had significant impacts on executive functions and K-MMSE. Conclusion: CNSVS enabled the accurate and objective measurement of cognitive function. Therefore, this study provides useful data to improve cognitive function of the community-dwelling elderly. The results suggested that there is need for comprehensive interventional programs that manage cognitive impairment.