• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.271-283
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• 1997

This study is designed for the school health education, contributing experience of life from middle school students from broken homes by describing specifically what they go through. And on this basis this study works out a grounded theory on the experience of life for middle school students from broken homes. The data was collected through a series of interviews with nine subjects singled out at each stage of research. With the permission of the subjects, the interviews were recorded and transcribed. The interviews lasted from 30 minutes up to one hour and 20 minutes. The in-depth interviewing methods and observations was used for data collection. The data was analyzed in the framework of grounded theory as mapped out by Strauss & Corbin (1990). By analyzing the materials eighty-three concepts were extracted, and they were united into 21 subordinate categories through the course of analysis. These were classified into nine precedence categories. The core category was found to be the adaptation of 'Wichookdem" or "Shrinkage". "Shrinkage" widows experienced was showed as the results "Self-reliance" and "Overcoming" through the course of generation and reaction, confrontation, and adaptation. According to the analysis findings of materials, the central phenomenon was showed as "shrinkage", the causal condition as "surprise", "Darkness", "Grudge", "Desolate", "Empty". The veins as presence of those around people and existence of support, and the meditate situation as self-support. For the strategy in solving "shrinkage", preparations of countermeasure and self-reinforcement were showed. And self-reliance and overcoming were the results. Through the contrast to the cases of ground materials, relation statements as follows were induced; (1) The weaker the suffering is, the weaker the "shrinkage" tends to be. (2) The stronger the suffering is, the stronger the "shrinkage" tends to be. (3) The more frequent and serious the suffering, the stronger the "shrinkage" tend to be. (4) The more infrequent and not serious the suffering is, the weaker the "shrinkage" tends to be. (5) The weaker the "shrinkage" is, the more self-control1ed the responses tends to be. (6) The stronger the "shrinkage" is, the more impulsive the responses tends to be. (7) The more satisfying the support is, the more self-controlled the responses to the "shrinkage" tends to be. (8) The more dissatisfying the support is, the more impulsive the responses to the "shrinkage" tends to be. (9) The more concrete the type of support is, the more self-controlled the responses to the "shrinkage" tends to be. (10) The more superficial the type of support is, the more impulsive the responses to the "shrinkage" tends to be. (11) The more self-controlled the responses are, the more self-reliant the subjects tends to be. (12) The more impulsive the responses are, the more conflict and wandering the subjects tends to be. (13) Whether the responses to the "shrinkage" express themselves in self-control or an impulse, it will be resulted in the form of either tension or pain. The following two were confirmed on the basis of repetitive relations; (1) If a subject's suffering is weak, infrequent and not serious, the "shrinkage" is weak. Also the subject's support is highly satisfying, and the support type is concrete. The responses to the "shrinkage" result in self-control which consequence is self-reliance with part. of it resulting in tension and pain. (2) If a subject's suffering is strong, frequent and serious, the "shrinkage" is strong. Also the subject's support is dissatisfying, and the support type is superficial. The responses to the "shrinkage" result in an impulsion whose consequence is wandering with part of it resulting in tension and pain. Through the results in this study, the following is to be suggested; O This research is basically aimed at analyzing the experience of the middle school students living in broken homes, for the more inclusive approach, the study for them is made systematically according to the type of their problems.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.235-242
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the fracture behavior of Zironia, glass infiltrated Alumina and PFM full crown system. Materials and methods: Fifteen crowns for each of 3 experimental groups (Zironia, glass infiltrated Alumina and PFM full crown) were made by the conventional method. The crowns mounted on the testing jig were inclined in 30 degrees to the long axis of the tooth and the universal testing machine was used to measure the fracture strength. Results: 1. The mean fracture strengths were $588.3{\pm}49.6MPa$ for zirconia system, $569.1{\pm}61.8MPa$ for PFM system and $551.0{\pm}76.5MPa$ for glass-infiltrated alumina system (P>.05). 2. The mean shear bond strengths were $25.5{\pm}5.6MPa$ for zirconia system, $38.9{\pm}5.0MPa$ for Ni-Cr alloy system and $39.4{\pm}5.1MPa$ for glass-infiltrated alumina system. 3. The chemical bonding was observed at interfaces between PFM or glass-infiltrated alumina and veneering porcelain, however, no chemical bonding was observed at interface between zirconia and veneering porcelain. Conclusion: With the study, the fracture strengths of PFM crown system had a higher fracture strength than conventional zirconia system crown and glass-infiltrated alumina crowns. and than the shear bond strengths glass-infiltrated alumina system had a higher shear bond strength than conventional PFM system and zirconia system.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.163-192
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• 1983

In order to facilitate the Korean government's efforts in integrating family planning and maternal & child health at the primary health care level (or township level), the Soon Chun Hyang College of Medicine, with the financial and technical assistance of WHO, has under-taken a service research project. The project has employed a quasi-experimental study design introducing interventions tat provide crucial factors lacking in the ongoing government programs such as midwives and qualified referral physicians. The study is being conducted in three locations, one control area and two study areas. Before introducing trained Nurse/Midewives into the study areas, a baseline prevalence survey was undertaken from 15 July 1981 to 10 August 1981 in selelcted townships of Seosan County. In this sample survey of bath the study and control areas, 2,484 eligible women (97% reponse rate) were interviewed to obtain benchmark data on basic evaluation indicators related to family planning and maternal and child health. The salients results were summarized as follows.: 1. CONTACT RATES WITH HEALTH WORKERS; During the year preceding the survey, 12% of women were visited by government health workers. The primary reason for such visits by health workers was family planning (45% of the visits). About 34% of the women visited the health centers during the year. The primary reason for visiting health centers was immunizations for their children (45% of the visits). 3. FAMILY PLANNING USE RATE; The baseline data showed little difference between women in the study area and the control area on contraceptive use. Approximately 59% were currently using some methods. However, among those current users, almost half were practicing less effective methods of birth control such as rhythm or withdrawal. Among other methods, the tubectomy was the most popular (16%), while use of the IUD, oral pill and condom together reached only 14%. 3. PRENATAL CARE RATE; About 75% of the women reported no prenatal care for their last births (the youngest child of each women), Additionally, among women received prenatal care, over half had only one visit. 4. ATTENDANCE AT DELIVERY; Most of the women surveyed (over 80%) were attended by a non-medical person during their last delivery. These figures are somewhat comparable to the national figure of 84% for remote areas. 5. POSTNATAL CARE; The proportion of women reporting postnatal care was only 4.5%, and postnatal care was not received by the majority of women surveyed. 6. CHILD HEALTH CARE: In contrast to the low rate of maternity care for women themselves, most women reported obtaining immunization care for their children. About 75% of the women obtained Polio and/or DPT, 58% BCG, and 44% Measles vaccine for their children. However, in terms of illness care, while 35% of the women stated that their youngest child had been sick during the month preceding the survey, only 28% of these women took their child to the clinic for treatment. 7. COMPLICATIONS OF PREGNANCY AND DELIVERY AND ABNORMALITIES IN THE NEWBORN; Among all last deliveries, 18% of the women had pregnancy complications and 9% of the women had complications during delivery About 5% of the women reported abnormality in their most recent newborn. 8. REPRODUCTION EFFICIENCY; PERINATAL MORTALITY AND INFANT MORTALITY Based on data from the pregnancy history in this survey, reproduction efficiency was estimated. Out of the 11,154 pregnancies reported by all women surveyed, foetal loss was 21% (almost 16% were induced abortions) and infant deaths before reaching one year old were 3.1%. The reproduction efficiency was, therefore, reduced to 76%. In terms of perinatal and infant mortality rates, the former was 40.2 per 1,000 total births and the latter was 39.3 per 1,000 live births. Both rates described J shaped relationships with age of mothers and parity, and they were also correlated with birth interval and mother's education. In summary, this baseline survey data indicated a need for (1) improving contraceptive practices with more effective methods to prevent unwanted pregnancies and (2) providing better services for maternal and child care to protect wanted pregancies. In the Korean rural setting. the author believes that the latter is more important as the value of each child has increased as a result of the family planning campaign for the past two decades. This calls for more effective integration of Family Planning and MCH programmes to meet the needs of the family in each stage of the child bearing and rearing period with deploying more qualified personnel than the current government program personnel.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.723-737
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• 2021

This study analyzed the composition and structure of materials with Buddhist paper scriptures excavated from architectural sites in 'Sum Tolgoi' of the 17^th century and carried out conservation treatment base on the result of the analysis. The scriptures were covered in dust and foreign sub stances, and were so crumpled that it was impossible to identify the form. The damage, loss, and discoloration have been identified. Buddhist scriptures written in Tibetan used indigo and ink sticks on paper as a result of UV-Vis analysis, and ink sticks as black character materials from scriptures written ancient Mongolian. SEM-EDS and Micro-XRF analyses revealed that the outlines were drawn with red lines using a mix of Minium (Pb₃O₄) and Cinnabar (HgS), or Cinnabar (HgS) alone, and the contents of the scriptures were written with silver paint. Silver chloride (AgCl) and Calcium (Ca) were identified in the silver paint component of the characters, while Calcium and Orpiment (As₂S₃) were identified in the yellow lines. Concerning the paper ground, Buddhist scriptures written in ancient Mongolian were characterized by herbal plant fiber and bast fiber, and those written in Tibetan, by bast fiber. Radiocarbon dating indicates that the paper for the scriptures was produced between the 15^th and 17^th centuries. Conservation treatment of the scriptures was carried out based on the experiment on the production of pre-coated paper and how to coat that to prevent the second damage due to the deformation and fragility of the excavated paper. The scriptures were preserved and mounted, and a neutral box was made to identify the contents of the scriptures recorded on both sides after the treatment. This conservation treatment is the result of a study that applied new conservation treatment materials and methods according to the principle of conservation treatment reversibility.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.273-284
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• 1996

Embryos and fetuses are more sensitive to various environmental agents than are adults or children. The biological effects such as intrauterine death and malformation are closely connected with prenatal exposure very various agents. The sensitivity of these embryonic/fetal effects depends on the stage of pregnancy. From the viewpoint of fetal development, embryonic and fetal stages can be divided into three stages : Preimplantation, organogenetic and fetal. Each stage corresponds to 0 to 4.5days, 4.5 to 13.5days, and 13.5days of gestation in mice, respectively. Many studies on the biologcal effects of mice irradiated by ${\gamma}-rays$ at various stages during organogenesis and fetal period have been performed. Based on these results, the dose-effect and dose-response relationships in malformations, intrauterine death, or retardation of the physical growth have been practically modeled by the ICRP(International Commission on Radiological Protection) and other international bodies for radiation protection. Many experimental studies on mice have made it clear that mice embryos in the preimplantation period have a higher sensitivity to radiation for lethal effects than the embryos/fetuses on other prenatal periods. However, no eratogenic effects of radiation at preimplantation stages of mice have been described in many textbooks. It has been believed that 'all or none action results' for radiation of mice during the preimplantation period were applied. The teratogenic and lethal effects during the preimplantation stage are one of the most important problems from the viewpoint of radiological protection, since the preimplantation stage is the period when the pregnancy itself is not noticed by a pregnant woman. There are many physical or chemical agents which affect embryos/fetuses in the environment. It is assumed that each agents indirectly effects a human. Then, a safety criterion on each agent is determined independently. The pregnant ICR mice on 2, 48, 72 or 96 hours post-conception (hpc), at which are preimplantation stage of embryos, were irradiated whole body Cesium-gamma radiation at doses of 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 Gy with dose rate of 0.2 Gy/min. In the embryos from the fetuses from the mice irradiated at various period in preimplantation, embryonic/fetal mortalities, incidence of external gross malformation, fetal body weight and sex ratio were observed at day 18 of gestation. The sensitivity of embryonic mortalities in the mice irradiated at the stage of preimplantation were higher than those in the mice irradiated at the stage of organogenesis. And the more sensitive periods of preimplantation stage for embryonic death were 2 and 48 hpc, at which embryos were one cell and 4 to 7 cell stage, respectively. Many types of the external gross malformations such as exencephaly, cleft palate and anophthalmia were observed in the fetuses from the mice irradiated at 2, 72 and 96 hpc. However, no malformations were observed in the mice irradiated at 48 hpc, at which stage the embryos were about 6 cell stage precompacted embryos. So far, it is believed that the embryos on preimplantation stage are not susceptible to teratogens such as radiation and chemical agents. In this study, the sensitivity for external malformations in the fetuses from the mice irradiated at preimplantation were higher than those in the fetuses on stage of organogenesis.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.36-49
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• 1973

This study was carried out for the objectives to collect the basic informations on the health behaviors of the elementary school children in an urban area in Korea. Seven hundred students were drawn to fill in the designed questionnaire which carries variety of Questions on health re-lated behaviors in general, eating habits, disease history, mental health, and sex education. Questionnaire were filled in by their parents. Major findings are as follows: ① 55.7% had habits of washing the hands before eating whereas 59.8% trashing their hands after toilet. The others had no idea of washing hands before eating and after toilet. ② 26,5% had habits of brushing the teeth twice a day 54.7% only once in the morning, and 2.6% once only in the evening. Thus, the idea of prevention from decayed teeth seems to be lacking among the school children. ③ Bathing habits were also inquired to get 40.3% of bathing more than once a week, 43.1% once every two weeks, and the rest of 16.6% once every one to three months. ④ 41.7% keep the regular bedding time whereas 58.3% irregular. Physical exercises were con-ducted by 76.6% on the ground while 23.5% did not practice any physical exercises at all. Of those physical exercises, rope skipping occupied 37.5%, and the other 66.9% consisted of 14 different kinds of individual type physical exercises such as gymnastic exercise. The main reasons for not enjoying exercises were different by sex; boys largely complained the inadequacy and lack of gymnastic facilities and girls felt in short of friends who could join the exercises. ⑤ 31.9% of the school children had been taking not much of food while 28.3% had unbalanced diets. Of these unbalanced diets, meat occupied 33.2% to be the priority to have an order of the following items such as vegetables, bread or noodle, and fishes as next to each. For eating habits, 88.5% take simple snack such as bread (38.4%, cookies, fruits, and candies in order. 25.8% of the children were provided such snacks or their parents regularly. Breakfast was sufficiently taken by 45.0% whereas 8.4% had never sufficiently. As to the lunch, 63.6% had sufficiently while 16.8% insufficiently. 70.6% take breakfast with all family members together and 30.4% separately. Correlation of sufficient taking of breakfast and eating together of tile family member's seems to be significant when we compare 72.5% of sufficient takers who enjoy breakfast together with the family members with 55.6% of insufficient takers who enjoy it with the family. This finding allows the investigator to point out the importance of table circumstances for children's eating. ⑥ The most common disease was catching a cold (38.8%), and the second was stomach trouble to be followed by the frequency of car sickness, headache, and skin infection. Doctors are consulted only by 23.9% when they are sick whereas 59.7% resorted to the drug stores. The lower the educational attainment of the parents, the lower the rate of visiting clinics. ⑦ 36.7% of their parents pointed out the problems of personality guidance as the most difficult thing at home 71.3% of their parents worried about and unsatisfied with their children's personality traits. Of these complains of the parents, impatience stood at the top to be tabulated at 24.1%, and 21.1% indicated narrow-mindedness. In line with this primary socialization at home, the most crucial problem seems to be related with the lack or recognition of the parents'own role when we find only 43.1% of the parents understood the importance of their own role for the home education of children; the latter group attributed tile responsibility of personality formation to the children themselves. ⑧ As to the sex educational aspects, 30.9% of children have ever asked about the physiology of reproduction or sexual matters to their parents, of those parents only 17.0% could give the constructive responses to the inquiries of the children. In companies on with these data, 25.6% recognized their own role in sex education for their own children while the large segments of the parents (51.1%) attributed the responsibility of sex education to tile low level of 38.3% who recognized the importance of sex education in the school curriculum and 25.1% of the parents insisted to wait until they get to know naturally about sex. 38.1% of the parents said they had some knowledge on sex from books while 16.9% through mass media. The next groups had common senses of sex from their own parents, school friends and other sources.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.210-222
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• 2000

Background: Endothelin(ET) is the most potent vasoconstrictor and bronchoconstrictor. The plasma ET-1 level is elevated in patients with acute pulmonary thromboembolism(APTE). This finding suggest that ET-1 may be an important mediator in the cardiopulmonary derangement of APTE. But whether ET-1 is a pathogenic mediator or a simple marker of APTE is not known. The role of ET-1 in the pathogenesis of cardiopulmonary dysfunction in APTE(delete) was investigated through an evaluation of the effects of $ET_A$-receptor antagonist on APTE. The increase in local levels of preproET-1 mRNA and ET-1 peptide in the embolized lung was also demonstrated. Methods: In a canine autologous blood clot pulmonary embolism model, $ET_A$-receptor antagonist(10 mg/kg intravenously, n=6) was administered one hour after the onset of the embolism. Hemodynamic measurements, blood gas tensions and plasma levels of ET-1 immunoreactivity in this treatment group were compared with those in the control group(n=5). After the experiment., preproET-1 mRNA expression(using Northern blot analysis) and the distribution of ET-1(by immunohistochemical analysis) in the lung tissues were examined. Results: The increases in pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance of the treatment group were less than those of the control group. Decrease in cardiac output was also less in the treatment group. Complications such as systemic arterial hypotension and hypoxemia did not occur with the administration of $ET_A$-receptor antagonist The plasma level of ET-1 like(ED: what does 'like' mean?) immunoreactivity was increased after embolization in both groups but was significantly higher in the treatment group. The preproET-1 mRNA and ET-1 peptide expressions were increased in the embolized lung. Conclusion: ET-1 synthesis increases with embolization in the lung and may plays play an important role in the pathophysiology of cardiopulmonary derangement of APTE. Furthermore, $ET_A$-receptor antagonist attenuates cardiopulmonary alterations seen in APTE, suggesting a potential benefit of this therapy.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.87-97
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• 2018

The cesium (Cs) removal from the contaminated water system has been considered to be difficult because the cesium likes to exist as soluble phases such as ion and complexes than the solid in water system. Many researches have focused on developing the breakthrough adsorbent to increase the cesium removal efficiency in water. In this study, the laboratory scale experiments were performed to investigate the feasibility of the adsorption process using the bamboo charcoal for the Cs contaminated water system. The Cs removal efficiency of the bamboo charcoal were measured and the optimal adsorption conditions were determined by the adsorption batch experiments. Total 5 types of commercialized bamboo charcoals in Korea were used to identify their surface properties from SEM-EDS and XRD analyses and 3 types of bamboo charcoals having large specific surface areas were used for the adsorption batch experiment. The batch experiments to calculate the Cs removal efficiency were performed at conditions of various Cs concentration (0.01 - 10 mg/L), pH (3 - 11), temperature ($5-30^{\circ}C$), and adsorption time (10 - 120 min.). Experimental results were fitted to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm curve and their adsorption constants were determined to understand the adsorption properties of bamboo charcoal for Cs contaminated water system. From results of SEM-EDS analyses, the surfaces of bamboo charcoal particles were composed of typical fiber structures having various pores and dense lamella structures in supporting major adsorption spaces for Cs. From results of adsorption batch experiments, the Cs-133 removal efficiency of C type bamboo charcoal was the highest among those of 3 bamboo charcoal types and it was higher than 75 % (maximum of 82 %) even when the initial Cs concentration in water was lower than 1.0 mg/L, suggesting that the adsorption process using the bamboo charcoal has a great potential to remove Cs from the genuine Cs contaminated water, of which Cs concentration is low (< 1.0 mg/L) in general. The high Cs removal efficiency of bamboo charcoal was maintained in a relatively wide range of temperatures and pHs, supporting that the usage of the bamboo charcoal is feasible for various types of water. Experimental results were similar to the Langmuir adsorption model and the maximum amount of Cs adsorption (qm:mg/g) was 63.4 mg/g, which was higher than those of commercialized adsorbents used in previous studies. The surface coverage (${\theta}$) of bamboo charcoal was also maintained in low when the Cs concentration in water was < 1.0 mg/L, investigating that the Cs contaminated water can be remediated up with a small amount of bamboo charcoal.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.197-202
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate basic factors of obesity, nutrient intakes, behaviors of dietary life, daily energy expenditure and emphasize on the necessity of school education. Because the growing prevalence of obesity have required a need for health education in school. The results were as follows. 1. The average height of boys and girls was l59${\pm}$13cm(boys), l54${\pm}$11cm(girls). The average weight of them was 68${\pm}$16kg(boys), 70${\pm}$13kg(girls). BMI(body mass index) of them was 26.9${\pm}$3.4(boys), 29.5${\pm}$2.9(girls). 2. For energy and protein, the average intakes of subjects were higher than recommended dietary allowances for Koreans(7th Ed). The average intakes of vitamin A and ascorbic acid were much lower than the recommended dietary allowances. 3. Most of subjects prefer fast food, rich snacks and overeating, irregular meal amount and these dietary behaviors were severe problems. 4. Total energy expenditure was 1,933kcal in boys and 1,789kcal in girls. To reduce weight and treat obesity, the required energy intake to subjects was 1,546kcal(boys) and 1,431kcal(girls). If we prepared the effective program for obesity, school education should be integrated within the larger community. Parents of students and students may be educated to make good health changes in the home. Nutrition education has a direct impact on their life style of their food intake and nutritional status. The use of multi-component obesity treatments will be effective in a school setting. It is more effective to encourage health habits in school, house and it should be integrated within the larger community.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 1991

In order to study effects of the 9round charcoal and organic acid on the egg production, White Leghorn strain(Hyline) layer of 113 week-old were fed control diet during a week of previous feeding and subsquent experimental diets during 12 weeks of experimental feeding . The experimental diets were the basal (control) diet composed of mainly corn-soybean meal, diet (CPB) substituted 0.5％ of ground charcoal with the defatted rice bran of the control, diet (PWV) added 0.1 mM(based on the acetic acid) of wood vinegar in the CPD and diet(PFA) added 0.1 mM (based on the acetic acid) of fermented acetic acid in the CPD. During experimental feeding period, birds (ed control, CPD and PWV diets showed similar feed intake which was shown a decreasing tendency in birds fed PFA diet as the passage of experimental feeding period. Birds fed experimental diets containing ground charcoal were tended to increase egg weight (g/egg) , while which of birds fed CPD was higher(P＜0.05) than that fed control diet. Chicks fed the control, CPD and PWV diets produced 75.9, 75.0 and 75. 9％ of egg, respectively, which were significantly(P＜0.05) higher than those of birds fed PFA. Daily egg mass(g/bird) were reached to 48.6, 49.9 and 49.5g i,1 layer fed the control, CPD and PWV diets, respectively, showing an increasing tendency in layer fed CPD and PWV compared with those of birds fed control, which were significantly (P＜0.05) higher than those of birds fed PFA . Although the effect of experimental diets on the feed efficiency (egg/feed) was not found, which was shown an increasing tendency in layer fed CPD compared with those in control diet. Compared with the incidence of cracked or shelless eggs in birds fed control diet, which were lowered to 37％ in birds fed CPD diet and 70％ in PWV-fed birds and increased to two times in birds fed PFA . The contents of cholesterol in egg was not affected by experimental diets, while birds fed CPD diet increased significantly(P＜0.05) the daily biosynthesis of egg protein and showed a trend to increase the thickness of eggshell and eggshell contents per eggs compared with that of control diet-fed birds. The results indicated that the ground charcoal powder improved the performance of layer.