• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.1-1
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• 2021

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.163-168
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• 2018

Objectives: Due to their developmental characteristics, adolescents have a higher probability than other age groups of experiencing injuries caused by accidents, violence, and intentional self-harm. The severity and characteristics of injuries vary by the intentionality and mechanism of injury; therefore, there is a need for a national-level estimate of the scale and the severity of injuries in adolescents that takes these factors into account. Methods: By using data from the Emergency Department-based Injury In-depth Surveillance Data, National Emergency Department Information System, the Korean National Hospital Discharge In-depth Injury Survey, and cause of death statistics, we calculated the emergency department (ED) visit rate, hospitalization rate, and death rate of injuries per 100 000 adolescents for each injury mechanism. The calculated rates were used to generate the injury pyramid ratio (ratio of death rate to hospitalization rate to ED visit rate) to visualize the scale and the severity of the injury. Results: The mortality rate in adolescents due to injury was 10/100 000; the corresponding rates for hospitalization and ED visits were 1623 and 4923, respectively, resulting in an injury pyramid ratio with the general pyramid form, with a 1:162:492 ratio of deaths to hospitalizations to ED visits. The mortality rate due to suicide/intentional self-harm was 5/100 000, while 35 were hospitalized for this reason and 74 made ED visits. The pyramid ratio of 1:7:15 for intentional self-harm/suicide showed a steep pyramidal form, indicating considerable lethality. The mortality rate due to motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) was 3/100 000; 586 were hospitalized for this reason, while 1023 made ED visits. The pyramid ratio of 1:195:341 for MVCs showed a gradual pyramid form, indicating that the lethality was low and the scale of injury was high. Conclusions: The main categories of injuries in adolescents were visualized in pyramid form, contributing to an understanding of the scale of each injury by mechanism in terms of levels of death, hospitalization, and ED visits. These findings will be helpful for understanding how to prioritize injuries in adolescents.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제79권4호
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• pp.274-281
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• 2016

Background: Factors associated with the prognosis of patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is relatively unknown, than of those with non-small cell lung cancer. This study was undertaken to identify the prognostic factors of SCLC. Methods: The medical records of 333 patients diagnosed with SCLC at tertiary hospital from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were categorized by age (${\leq}65$ years vs. >65 years) and by extent of disease (limited disease [LD] vs extensive disease [ED]). Overall survival and progression free survival rates were determined. Factors associated with prognosis were calculated using Cox's proportional hazard regression model. Results: Most baseline characteristics were similar in the LD and ED groups. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS), first chemotherapy regimen, and prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) differed significantly in patients with LD and ED. Mean ECOG PS was significantly lower (p<0.001), first-line chemotherapy with etoposide-cisplatin was more frequent than with etoposide-carboplatin (p<0.001), and PCI was performed more frequently (p=0.019) in LD-SCLC than in ED-SCLC. Prognosis in the LD group was better in younger (${\leq}65$ years) than in older (>65 years) patients, but prognosis in the ED group was unrelated to age. Conclusion: This study showed that overall survival (OS) was significantly improved in younger than in older patients with LD-SCLC. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that age, PCI and the sum of cycles were significant predictors of OS in patients with LD-SCLC. However, prognosis in the ED group was unrelated to age.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.53-58
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• 1982

천연물 가운데서 항암물질을 얻을 목적으로 동양에서 오랫동안 암이나 암에 비슷한 질병의 치료에 씌여온 한약재를 물이나 유기용매로서 추출하여 검색하였다. Fischer배지에 자라는 L1210 세포에 추출물을 첨가한 다음 48시간 후에 세포수를 헤아려 생장을 50% 억제할 수 있는 추출물의 농도를 나타내는 ED$_{50}$값을 측정하였다. 물로서 추출한 38종의 한약재 가운데서 6종이 낮은 ED$_{50}$값을 나타냈다. 이들을 다시 유기용매로서 추출하므로써 ED$_{50}$값이 더욱 떨어져 NCI의 품질관리범위 치역내에 들어갔다. 항암제원으로 유망시되는 한약재로서 Cinnamomum cassia, Citrus trifoliata, Coptis japonica, Panax ginseng, Phellodendron amurense, Scutellaria baikalensis를 들 수가 있다.

• 정보관리학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.97-120
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• 1996

본 연구는 듀이십진분류표의 인쇄형과 전자형 비교 및 이용 연구로 60명의 문헌정보학과 학생들을 대상으로 실시한 분류기호 작성에 관해 기술하고 있다. 4개의 다른 난이도로 이루어진 자료를 프로그램화된 듀이십진분류표 소개 책자로부터 선정하여 간단한 교육과 훈련을 하고 난후에 2문제씩 1차와 2차로 나누어 분류기호를 만들어 보게 하였다. 분류기호 작성 시간을 측정하고 분류과정과 결과 및 소요 시간을 기록하였다. 정확한 분류기호의 작성이 전자분류표의 사용에서 보다 신속하게 이루어졌지만 인쇄분류표를 사용한 학생들이 보다 많은 정확한 분류기호를 제공하였다. 또한 전자분류표의 인터페이스와 시스템 사양을 학생들이 제대로 적용하지 못했음에도 불구하고 인쇄분류표보다 전자분류표를 사용하면서 분류 작업에 더 많은 흥미를 느낀 것으로 나타났다. 영어 성적과 분류결과 성적의 상관관계를 측정한 결과ㅏ, 인쇄형으로 시작한 반은 부정적인 관계로까지 나왔고, 전자형으로 시작한 반은 극히 낮은 정적 관계로 나타났다. 총평점과 분류 결과 성적과도 아주 미약한 정적 관계만이 있었고 분류 소요 시간과 분류 결과 성적은 오히려 부정적인 관 瓮\ulcorner나타났다.

• Clinical and Experimental Emergency Medicine
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.249-255
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• 2018

Objective As aging progresses, clinical characteristics of elderly patients in the emergency department (ED) vary by age. We aimed to study differences among elderly patients in the ED by age group. Methods For 2 years, patients aged 65 and older were enrolled in the study and classified into three groups: youngest-old, ages 65 to 74 years; middle-old, 75 to 84 years; and oldest-old, ${\geq}85years$. Participants' sex, reason for ED visit, transfer from another hospital, results of treatment, type of admission, admission department and length of stay were recorded. Results During the study period, a total 64,287 patients visited the ED; 11,236 (17.5%) were aged 65 and older, of whom 14.4% were 85 and older. With increased age, the female ratio (51.5% vs. 54.9% vs. 69.1%, P<0.001), medical causes (79.5% vs. 81.3% vs. 81.7%, P=0.045), and admission rate (35.3% vs. 42.8% vs. 48.5%, P<0.001) increased. Admissions to internal medicine (57.5% vs. 59.3% vs. 64.7%, P<0.001) and orthopedic surgery (8.5% vs. 11.6% vs. 13.8%, P<0.001) also increased. The ratio of admission to intensive care unit showed no statistical significance (P=0.545). Patients over age 85 years had longer stays in the ED (330.9 vs. 378.9 vs. 407.2 minutes, P<0.001), were discharged home less (84.4% vs. 78.9% vs. 71.5%, P<0.001), and died more frequently (6.3% vs. 10.4% vs. 13.0%, P<0.001). Conclusion With increased age, the proportion of female patients and medical causes increased. Rates of admission and death increased with age and older patients had longer ED and hospital stays.

• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.47-58
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• 2023

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of patients who canceled their ED visits and to determine the factors that influence ED cancellation. Methods: Retrospective study that analyzed data from the electronic medical records(EMR) and Prehospital Care Reports(PCRs) of 305 patients who cancelled their appointments at a single emergency medical center over a six-month period from October 12, 2022, to April 12, 2023. Results: ED cancellations were 2.287 times higher if the patient presented to the ambulance after outpatient hours(09:00~17:00) (p=.007), and ED cancellations were 3.712 times higher if the patient presented to the ambulance under the influence of alcohol(p=.011). For patients' symptoms, medical diseases were associated with a 1.965 times increase in cancelled ED visits compared to other modes of transport (p=.005), while mental and chronic diseases were associated with a 67.3% decrease in cancelled ED visits compared to other modes of transport (OR=0.327, CI=[0.130-0.822], p=.018). symptomatic improvement was associated with a 2.482 times increase in presentations to a 119 ambulance compared to delayed waiting time(p=.022). Conclusion: Emergency medical centers should consider improving the legal system, such as increasing emergency medical care fees, to reduce the number of patients who cancel their appointments.

• Korean Membrane Journal
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.8-24
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• 1999

free volume in polymers is defined as the difference of the specific volume and the volume which is not available for the particular molecular motion which is responsible or the process that is considered . Relations between free volume and viscosity free volume and diffusion coefficient are pre-sented both in the case of simple low molecular weight liquids and in the case of polymers. Molecular models and free volume models are reminded starting from the equilibrium state equation of Simha and Somcynski. The non equilibrium situations of specific volume of glass polymers below Tg are shown introducing different relaxation volume equations which involve different material's parameters and con-cept of the fictitious temperature. The diffusivity equations of Vrentas and Duda are introduced both for the glassy and rubbery states. The possibility of introducing time relaxation functions is also suggested. The importance of finding experimental evidences of the free volume is stressed. highlights of the free volume measurement methods are given in particular as to dilatometry photocromy fluorescence electron spin resonance small angle X-ray scattering positron annihilation spectroscopy.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제95권4호
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• pp.459-467
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• 2006

본 연구의 목적은 자연휴양림 매력물의 기대불일치가 이용만족도에 미치는 영향을 규명하는 것이다. 자연휴양림의 자원과 시설, 기대불일치, 이용만족도에 관한 이론적 고찰을 통해 자연휴양림의 매력물을 도출하고 개념적 틀을 설정하였다. 본 연구의 자료는 2004년 여름철에 3개의 자연휴양림 이용자 415명을 대상으로 한 설문조사를 통해 수집되었다. 분석결과, 1) 각 매력물 중 이용자 흥미자원의 기대도와 성취도 수준이 가장 높았다. 2) 자연휴양림 매력물에 대한 기대도와 성취도간에는 1% 유의 수준에서 통계적 차이가 있었다. 3) 기대불일치가 가장 심한 매력물은 안전시설이었으며, 기대불일치가 적은 매력물은 생물적 자원(식물)으로 나타났다 4) 이용만족도는 매력물의 기대불일치가 클수록 낮아지는 것으로 평가되었다. 5) 다변량 분석결과, 물리적 자원, 사회문화적 자원, 숙박시설, 기반시설, 안전시설, 위생시설, 교육시설의 기대불일치가 1% 유의수준에서 이용만족도에 영향을 미치는 변수로 규명되었으며, 매력물 중 이용만족도의 값의 변화에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 변수는 기반시설의 기대불일치인 것으로 평가되었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.143-147
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• 2000

앞의 연구에서 우리는 진세노사이드 Rc, Rd, Re 및 Rr를 복강내 전 처리할 경우 포르말린으로 유도된 통증을 억제하다는 것을 보고하였다 그러나 이러한 진세노사이드가 어느 위치에서 항통증작용을 발휘하는가에 대하여서는 아직 알려지지 않고 있다. 본 연구에서는 이들 진세노사이드를 뇌실내, 척수강내 혹은 피하내 전처리한 다음 포르밀린에 의하여 유도되는 통증이 어느 위치에서 억제되는가를 연구하였다. 연구 결과 이들 진세노사이드는 척수강내 전처리할 경우 포르말린에 의하여 유도되는 통증을 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. 급성 통증 phase에서 ED$_{50}$는 Rc가 1.0 (0.SS~l.75mg/kg)이었고, Rd가 1.15 (0.6~2.25 mg/kg)이었고, Re가 8.9(3.9~20.5 mg/kg)이었다. 지속성 통증 phase에서 ED$_{50}$는 Rc가0.3 (0.1~0.85 mg/kg)이었고, Rd가 0.6 (0.35~l.1 mg/kg)이었고, Re가 2.45 (1.2s~4.65 mg/kg)이었고, Rf가 1.9(1.5~4.25 mg/kg)인 것으로 나타났다. 또한 뇌실내 전처리할 경우에도 이들 진세노사이드들은 포르말린에 의하여 유도되는 통증을 억제하였다. 급성통증 phase에서 ED$_{50}$는 Rc가 0.9 (0.55~l.4 mg/kg)이었고, Rd가0.9 (0.45~l.7 mg/kg)이었고, Re가 0.93 (0.Sol.75 mg/kg), Rf가1.85 (0.95~3.5 mg/kg)인 것으로 나타났다. 지속성 통증 phase에서는 ED$_{50}$는 Rc가 0.7 (0.45~l.05 mg/kg)이었고, Rd가 1.25(0.7~2.2 mg/kg)이었고, Re가 0.85 (0.45~l.6 mg/kg)이었고, H의 경우에는 0.8 (0.4~l.45 mg/kg) 이었다. 항통증 효능 potency는 두 가지 투여 경로에 있어서 Rc$\geq$Rd>Re>Rf인 것으로 나타났다. 그러나, 피하내 주사는 포르말린에 의하여 유도되는 통증을 억제하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구 결과는 진세노사이드에 의한 항통증 작용은 척수 수준 및 척수위 수준에서 이루어진다는 것을 보여주고 있다.보여주고 있다.