• KSBB Journal
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.162-167
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• 1998

The adsorption behaviors of two major cellulase components, endo I and exo II, from Trichoderma viride were investigated using $\alpha$-celluloses with different correlation crystallinity index(Cc) as substrates. The adsorption of cellulase enzyme components was significantly affected by the reaction condition and the physicochemical properties of the cellulose. The $\alpha$-cellulose was hydrolyzed in the presence of cellulase for various periods. The correlation crystallinity index of $\alpha$-cellulose increased with increasing the hydrolysis time. The adsorption was apparently found to obey the first-order kinetics, and the adsorption activation energy(Ea) was calculated from the adsorption rate constant(ka). The value of adsorption rate constant for endo I was larger than that of exo II. This means that endo I are adsorbed more rapidly than exo II. With the increase in correlation crystallinity index, the values of the adsorption rate constants for endo I and exo II decreased, respectively. The activation energy for the adsorption of exo II on the cellulose also was larger than that of endo I. Also adsorption activation energy of endo I and exo II increased with an increase in the crystallinity of sample cellulose.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.20-29
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• 2015

Objectives : The objectives of this study is to compare the effects of electroacupuncture(EA), warm needling(WN) and Radio Frequency warm needling(RFWN) stimulations on the acupoints at the artificially damaged ankles of Sprague-Dawley rats, which could be classified as the Grade 3. Methods : The foot weight bearing force ratio(FWBFR) of ankle sprain was measured first at 24 hours after without any other stimulations. Pain Recovery Index(PRI) represents the analgesic level, and modified Pain Recovery Index(mPRI) shows the accumulated recovery level. PRI was measured at 2 hours after each stimulus on GB34, GB39 and GB42, and mPRI was during 7 days. Results : EA stimulation of GB34 and GB39 acupoint in grade 3 ankle sprain showed a marked analgesic and recovery effect. RFWN of GB42 exhibited significant analgesic and pain recovery effect. RFWN of GB34 resulted in pain recovery effect but not analgesic effects, and RFWN of GB39 resulted in analgesic effect 2 hours after but not pain recovery. However, WN did not affect the pain recovery among three acupoints at all. Conclusions : In the Grade 3 ankle sprain model, the difference of analgesic effects were explained by the acupoints and the stimulation methods according to the accumulated recovery effects during 7 days. It is insufficient to determine that a certain acupoint has a specific analgesic effect depending on the stimulation method by the results of this study. Therefore, the effects of each stimulation on the acupoints in any other meridians at the sprained ankle should be compared and analyzed.

• Atmosphere
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.439-454
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• 2020

This study investigates the change in the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration and World Health Organization (WHO) air quality index (AQI) in East Asia (EA) under Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). AQI is an indicator of increasing levels about health concern, divided into six categories based on PM2.5 annual concentrations. Here, we utilized the ensemble results of UKESM1, the climate model operated in Met Office, UK, for the analysis of long-term variation during the historical (1950~2014) and future (2015~2100) period. The results show that the spatial distributions of simulated PM2.5 concentrations in present-day (1995~2014) are comparable to observations. It is found that most regions in EA exceeded the WHO air quality guideline except for Japan, Mongolia regions, and the far seas during the historical period. In future scenarios containing strong air quality (SSP1-2.6, SSP5-8.5) and medium air quality (SSP2-4.5) controls, PM2.5 concentrations are substantially reduced, resulting in significant improvement in AQI until the mid-21st century. On the other hand, the mild air pollution controls in SSP3-7.0 tend to lead poor AQI in China and Korea. This study also examines impact of increased in PM2.5 concentrations on downward shortwave energy at the surface. As a result, strong air pollution controls can improve air quality through reduced PM2.5 concentrations, but lead to an additional warming in both the near and mid-term future climate over EA.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.29-53
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• 2011

This paper studies the contribution of imports and inward foreign direct investment (FDI) as a vehicle of technology transfer onto the EU new member states at both macroeconomic and industry level. The paper takes the effectiveness of the recipient's utilization into account by constructing a new index, the so-called Effective Absorption (EA) Index, to measure ability to absorb and utilize the foreign technology in the recipient country. Using data from 12 donors and 10 recipients from 1998 to 2009, the study at macroeconomic level indicates that technical spillovers of foreign research and development (R&D) play more crucial role relatively to domestic R&D on total factor productivity (TFP) growth of the new member states. Imports are found as the major vehicle of technical spillovers rather than inward FDI. The study at industry level is conducted by using data from 17 manufacturing industries of 10 donors and 6 recipients during 1998 to 2009. The empirical results also support the findings at country level. The patterns of technology transfer are different across industries. Nonetheless, technical spillovers exhibit significantly high contribution on TFP growth in high-tech manufacturing industries.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.2001-2006
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to investigate the diagnostic significance of EBV antibody combined detection for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in a high incidence region of southern China. Two hundred and eleven untreated NPC patients, 203 non-NPC ENT patients, and 210 healthy controls were recruited for the study. The titers of VCA/IgA and EA/IgA were assessed by immunoenzyme assay, and the levels of Rta/IgG and EBNA1/IgA were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The levels of VCA/IgA, EA/IgA, Rta/IgG and EBNA1/IgA demonstrated no association with gender or age (p>0.05). The receiver operating characteristic curve and the area under the curve were used to evaluate the diagnostic value. The sensitivity of VCA/IgA (98.1%) and the specificity of EA/IgA (98.5%) were the highest. When a logistic regression model was used to combine the results from multiple antibodies to increase the accuracy, the combination of VCA/IgA+Rta/IgG, whose area under the curve was 0.99, had the highest diagnostic efficiency, and its sensitivity, specificity and Youden index were 94.8%, 98.0% and 0.93 respectively. The data suggest that the combination of VCA/IgA+Rta/IgG may be most suitable for NPC serodiagnosis.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.613-618
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the morphological characteristics of leaf and the genetic diversity of Berchemia racemosa var. magna which is only found in Anmyeon Island of South Korea. ANOVA test showed that there were significant differences among individuals within population in all 10 leaf characteristics. Average characteristics of 39 individuals were 11.8 cm in leaf length, 7.1 cm in leaf width, 1.67 in leaf index, 5.4 cm in upper 1/3 width, 6.2 cm in lower 1/3 width, 3.6 cm in petiole length, 0.19 mm in leaf thickness, 11.5 ea. in number of veins (left), 11.4 ea. in number of veins (right) and 61.7 $cm^2$ in leaf area, respectively. Except for leaf thickness (18.8%), petiole length (21.7%) and leaf area (22.0%), the coefficients of variation of most leaf characteristics were relatively low (<15.0%). A total of 50 bands was generated from 8 selected I-SSR primers. The estimates of genetic variation were 1.719 in effective number of alleles ($A_e$), 26.0% in proportion of polymorphic bands (P), 0.410 in expected heterozygosity ($H_e$) and 0.598 in Shannon's diversity index (S.I.), respectively. In spite of the small number and the limited distribution, the B. racemosa var. magna population in Anmyeon Island showed high genetic diversity.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.83-95
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• 2024

Objectives This review was conducted to evaluate the therapeutic effects of manual acupuncture (MA) for shoulder impingement syndrome (SIS). Methods We searched 12 electronic databases (DBpia, Korean studies Information Service System [KISS], Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System [OASIS], Research Information Sharing Service [RISS], China National Knowledge Infrastructure [CNKI], CINAHL, Clinical Key, Cochrane Library, Embase, JAMA, PubMed, Web of Science) to find randomized-controlled clinical trials (RCTs) investigating therapeutic effects of MA for treating SIS. Shoulder Pain and Disability Index scores and numeric pain rating scale or visual analogue scale were analyzed as the main evaluation criteria. Results Among 181 studies, 169 were screened and only 12 RCTs were eligible in our review. Finally, 11 RCTs could be statistically analyzed. MA was more effective than sham treatment and physical therapy in terms of reducing pain (p=0.003, p=0.0007 each). Electroacupuncture (EA) showed more significant effect than physical therapy (PT) for improving shoulder pain (p<0.00001) and shoulder functionality (p<0.00001). Conclusions These results suggest that MA and EA could be superior option for treating SIS than sham treatment or PT. However this review has its limitations due to the small sample size and lack of well-designed RCTs that were included in the study. Further well-designed RCTs are necessary to provide high-level evidence.

• Proceedings of the Optical Society of Korea Conference
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• 2000.02a
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• pp.258-259
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• 2000

Quantum Well Disordering (QWD) has drawn a considerable attention in recent years$^{(1-3)}$ due to its wide applicability to optoelectronic devices. QWD allows modification of the shape of QW in selected regions, hence it modifies the subband energies in conduction and valance bands$^{(4)}$ . This leads to changes in optical properties such as band gap, absorption coefficient and refractive index. Thus such disordering in selected areas enables monolithic integration of various optoelectronic devices such as lasers, EA/EO modulators, waveguides and optical amplifiers. In this paper, we investigate the quantum well disordering effects on photoluminescence spectra by using experimental measurements and theoretical analysis$^{(5)}$ . (omitted)

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.69-75
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the variation of cone, seed and germination characteristics among populations and among individuals within populations of Picea jezoensis(Siebold & Zuccarini) Carriere distributed in Korea. Cone collected from 25 trees in two natural populations(Mt. Jiri and Mt. Dokyu) and their thirteen cone and seed characteristics as well as three germination behaviors were analyzed. Statistical analysis showed significant differences among populations and among individuals within populations in 9 traits except for seed breadth, seed weight, index of seed wing and mean germination time. Generally, morphological variation of cone and seed wings from Mt. Jiri population has smaller and longer than those of Mt. Dokyu population. Percentage of sound seeds and Tetrazolium test from Mt. Jiri population showed 1.79 and 1.87 higher values than Mt. Dokyu population, respectively. The maximum germination percentage was obtained at the optimum temperature of $20^{\circ}C$ and in this case, mean germination time and germination rate showed 7.5 days and 2.9 ea./day, respectively. In seed germination behaviors, percentage(40.7%) and rate(0.90 ea./day) of germination in Mt. Jiri population were more higher and faster than those of Mt. Dokyu population(17.7%, 0.37 ea./day). According to correlation analysis, P. jezoensis populations with small restricted distribution may have been reduced because seed qualities were correlated with increased levels of inbreeding and disproportion flowering.

• Journal of Information Technology and Architecture
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.377-389
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• 2012

According to the E-Government Readiness Index announced by UN in 2012, the Republic of Korea ranked top again following the last time. However, according to the national competitiveness index announced by IMD, that of the Republic of Korea has still ranked in the world's top 20 for three successive years. In particular, the area of government efficiency took the 25th place in 2012, descending three steps compared to that in 2011, and the area of infrastructure related to informatization has been ranking 20th for three years. This phenomenon can prove that the Republic of Korea's informatization is not producing good outcome, and the investment in informatization is not creating good effects. This phenomenon was analyzed in terms of a life cycle of informatization in this study. As the result, it was revealed that structural problems remain in each step, the linking of information in each step is insufficient, reasonable trace management is absent ,and information management depending on systematic plan is lacking. To solve these problems, improvement measures through architecture consideration were suggested.