• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.195-203
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• 1992

Eight species of genus Entoloma were collected from the areas of Mt. Naejang National park, Mt. Jiri National park, Mt. Manduck and Mt. Balwang and newly recorded in Korea: Entoloma fuscodiscum, E. incanum, E. fracturans, E. lignoputridum, E. nigroviolaceum var. striatulum, E. grayanum (Pk.) Sacc. var. grayanum, E. maleoens and E. pungens.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.266-271
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• 2015

Elaeagnus pungens Thunb., belongs to the family Elaeagnaceae, was recently recorded for the first time in Mt. Miruk, Tongyeong-si, Gyeongsangnam-do. The native distribution range of this species includes China and Japan in East Asia, while it is considered as an invasive species in North America. Elaeagnus pungens is related to E. glabra, but the species can be distinguished from its congeners by having revolute and repand leaf blades, silvery white and brown scales on the abaxial surface of the leaf, and a campanulate calyx. We propose the new Korean name 'Tong-yeong-bol-re-na-mu,' based on its first collecting site. A detailed description of vegetative and floral characteristics, trichome scanning electron micrographs, dichotomous keys, and the habitat of this species are also provided.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.126-147
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• 2023

The taxonomic identity of Elaeagnus ×maritima and E. ×submacrophylla (Elaeagnaceae) in Korea is unclear, yet they are presumed to be hybrid taxa based on their morphology. To determine their hybrid origins, a morphological analysis (field surveys and specimen examinations) and a molecular analysis involving two nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) regions (internal transcribed spacer and 5S non-transcribed spacer) and one chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) region (matK) were conducted. The morphological analysis revealed that E. ×maritima showed certain morphological similarities to E. glabra, whereas E. ×submacrophylla showed certain morphological similarities to E. pungens. However, the molecular analysis indicated that E. ×maritima exhibited additive species-specific sites of E. glabra and E. macrophylla in the nrDNA regions. Notably, E. ×submacrophylla showed various aspects, with some individuals exhibiting additive species-specific sites of E. pungens and E. macrophylla in the nrDNA and E. macrophylla sequences in the cpDNA regions, some individuals exhibiting E. macrophylla sequences in the nrDNA and E. pungens sequences in the cpDNA regions, and some individuals displaying E. macrophylla sequences in both the nrDNA and cpDNA regions, despite an intermediate morphology between E. pungens and E. macrophylla. These results indicate that these two species are of hybrid origin and frequently cross between parental and hybrid individuals.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.671-679
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• 2014

Molecular phylogenetic analyses of Korean Elaeagnus L. were conducted using seven species, one variety, one forma and four outgroups to evaluate their relationships and phylogeny. The sequences of internal transcribed spacer regions in nuclear ribosomal DNA were employed to construct phylogenetic relationships using maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian analysis. Molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed that Korean Elaeagnus was a polyphyly. E. umbellata var. coreana formed a subclade with E. umbellata. Additionally, the genetic difference between E. submacrophylla and E. macrophylla was very low. Moreover, E. submacrophylla formed a branch from E. macrophylla, indicating that E. submacrophylla can be regarded as a variety. However, several populations of this species were not clustered as a single clade; therefore, further study should be conducted using other molecular markers. Although E. glabra f. oxyphylla was distinct in morphological characters of leaf shape with E. glabra. But E. glabra f. oxyphylla was formed one clade by molecular phylogenetic with E. glabra. Additionally, this study clearly demonstrated that E. pungens occurs in Korea, although it was previously reported near South Korea in Japan and China. According to the results of ITS regions analyses, it showed a resolution and to verify the relationship between interspecies of Korean Elaeagnus.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.481-492
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• 1999

The observations on the spatio-temporal distribution and seasonal fluctuations of phytoplankton community were carried out in Deukryang Bay of the Korean Southwestern Sea from June 1992 to April 1993. A total of 75 species of phytoplankton belonged to 47 genera was identified. In Deukryang Bay seasonal succession in dominant species; P. alata, G. flaccida, S. costatum, L. danicus and N. longissima in summer, St. palmeriana, Ch. curvisetus and B. paxillifera in autunm, S. costatum, Ch. curvisetus, E. zodiacus and Pn. pungens in winter, and As. glacialis, As. kariana, N. pelagica, Th. nitzschioides and S. costatum in spring, were very marked, that is to say, the communities structure of phytoplankton in Deukryang Bay appeared to be various species composition and it was occupied with diatoms all the year round. Phytoplankton standing crops fluctuated with an annual mean of $1.4{\times}10^5 cells/1 between the lowest value of 2.6{\times}10^3 cells/1 in July and the highest value of 1.0{\times}10^6 cells/1$ by S. costatum in January. Densities of the phytoplankton cell number by the samples of Deukryang Bay ranged from $2.6{\times}10^3cells/1 to 1.2{\times}10^5 cells/1 with the mean value of 3.6{\times}10^4cells/1 in summer, from 6.0{\times}10^3cells/1 to 2.6{\times}10^5 cells/1 with mean of 1.5{\times}10^5 cells/1 in autumn, from 1.3{\times}10^4cells/1 to 1.0{\times}10^6 cells/1 with mean 3.5{times}10^5 cells/1 in winter, and from 4.8{\times}10^3cells/1 to 6.0{\times}10^5 cells/1 with mean of 1.6{\times}10^5 cells/1$ in autumn. That is to say, phytoplankton standing crops was large in low temperature seasons, on the other hand small in high temperature seasons. Chlorophyll $\alpha$ concentration fluctuated between 0.l9 $\mu$g/l and 12.3 $\mu$g/l in March. in Deukryang Bay seasonal flucturation in chi-$\alpha$ concentration was not marked. Especially, chl-$\alpha$ concentration in the water around Deukryang Island located in the middle part of Deukryang Bay showed patchy distributions with a very high concentration. And chl-$\alpha$ concentration was high during a year. Therefore, phytoplankton production in Deukryang Bay could be very high year-round.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.70-78
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• 1991

Both long period of summer drought and unusual high water temperature in 1988 caused the harmfull effect to the aquacultural organisms in south coast of Korea. One of those was the mass mortality of arkshell seedlings in Jinhae Bay. The purpose of this study was to verify the effects of environmental factors on arkshell seedlings by investigating not only water quality and food organisms in culturing grounds, but also meteorological conditions. Water temperature in November was higher at $2.0^{\circ}C$ than mean water temperature and the concentration of total inorganic nitrogen and N/P ratio were $0.38{\mu}g-at/l,$ 0.98, respectively which indicated the exhaustion of nutrients, especially nitrogen in the study area. In analysis of phytoplankton population structure, species diversity index(H) , equitability-index(e), species richness $index(d_1)$ were low, but dominance $index({\delta}_2)$ was high at the value of 98.4 and dominant species was Nitzschia pungens. In conclusion, it seems that mass .mortality of arkshell seedlings in November was resulted from the metabolism disorder with poor food organism under the unstable marine environment.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2005

In order to investigate the structures and dynamics of phytoplankton communities, each physicochemical environmental factor, species composition, standing crop, and dominant species were examined in the marine ranching ground of Tongyeong coastal waters from April to October, 2000. During the studies, mean water temperature and salinity were $18.8^{\circ}C$ and 33.1 psu, respectively. DO, SS and transparency varied from 5.43 to 11.39 mg/l, 14.6 to 32.4mg/l and 3.5 to 9.0m, respectively. Light intensities varied from 0.02 to $966{\mu}E/m^2/s$, which decreased with depth. $NH_4-N,\;NO_3-N,\;NO_2-N,\;PO_4-P,\;and\;SiO_2-Si$ were fluctuated from 0.059 to 0.332 mg/l, 0.040 to 0.800 mg/l, 0.001 to 0.468 mg/l, 2.3 to $143.0{\mu}g/l$, and 0.007 to 0.600 mg/l, respectively. chlorophyll a concentrations were fluctuated from 0.7 to $8.9{\mu}g/l$. Among 130 taxa of phytoplankton communities observed. diatoms occupied more than 81.54% of the total species, and the others were dinoflagellates and silicoflagellates. Phytoplankton standing crops ranged from $4.6{\times}10^4\;to\;2.6{\times}10^6cells/l$. In October, the standing crops were at bloom level showing more than $10^6cells/lat$ all stations. Dominant species changed by month and station. Leptocylindrus danicus occupied 59.84% in April and 22.03% in June. Pseudo-nitzschia pungens in August and Chaetoceros socialis and Skeletonema costatum in October were predominant species. In order to investigate factors influencing the total phytoplankton standing crops the correlations between the standing crops of diatoms, dinoflagellates, all phytoplanktons occurred and environmental factors were calculated using a multiple regression analysis. The coefficient of determination $(R^2)$ for total standing crops was 0.63 which explained 63% of variance and that of $R^2$ for diatom was 0.82. In statistical analysis, the results showed that the environmental factors influencing the size of the communities were predominantly water temperature, salinity and silicate.