• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.776-780
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• 2004

Interferons are cytokines that confer resistance to viral infection and inhibit cellular proliferation. The interferon alpha gene from human blood samples was amplified, cloned and expressed in E. coli (BL21). Leukocyte chromosomal DNA was used as a source of template DNA. Using specific primers, the gene for HulFN$\{alpha}$-2b was amplified and inserted into the E. coli vector, pET21b, by ligation of the HindIII and BamHI linkers of the vector and insert. The insert was further analyzed by PCR, DNA restriction mapping and sequencing, and expressed in a suitable E. coli strain. The production of this important cellular protein in the laboratory has significant applications in production of the recombinant pharmaceutical proteins.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.84-91
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• 2015

To provide guidelines for the empirical treatment of urinary tract infections, we observed annual changes in the occurrence frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility of urinary isolates in a university hospital in the Chungbuk province, South Korea, over a period of 10 years (2004~2013). Escherichia coli (38.2%), Enterococcus faecalis (11.7%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (7.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.3%), E. faecium (4.3%), and Staphylococcus aureus (4.1%) were commonly isolated urinary pathogens. The prevalence of E. coli, E. faecium and Streptococcus agalactiae were significantly higher in females (P < 0.001), whereas E. faecalis, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were significantly more common in male patients (P < 0.001). E. coli mostly frequently showed resistance to ampicillin (67.94%), followed by trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (36.06%) and ciprofloxacin (26.84%). Over the studied time period, resistance rates of E. coli to ciprofloxacin significantly increased (20.44% to 33.55%). Moreover, extended-spectrum $\beta$-lactamase (ESBL) producing isolates also significantly increased in E. coli (4.2% to 18.3%) and K. pneumoniae (9.6% to 26.9%). In addition, the proportion of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus facium (VRE) also increased (15.7% to 25.0%). In conclusion, over the last 10 years, the proportions of ciprofloxacin resistant E. coli and multidrug-resistant bacteria, such as ESBL and VRE have significantly increased. This trend must be strictly controlled and demonstrates the need for more updated guidelines for the treatment of urinary tract infections.

• 한국미생물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국미생물학회 2008년도 International Meeting of the Microbiological Society of Korea
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• pp.37-37
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• 2008

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.22-28
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• 2019

Purpose: We studied the pathogens and trends in antibiotic sensitivity pattern in children with urinary tract infection (UTI) over 8 years in order to evaluate adequate treatment. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of medical records of children with UTI from January 2009 to December 2016 in Daegu Fatima Hospital. Uropathogens and antibiotic sensitivity patterns were selected. Only 1 bacterial species with a colony count of ${\geq}105CFU/mL$ was considered a positive result. We compared 2 periods group (A: 2009~2012, B: 2013~2016) to investigate trends of antibiotic sensitivity pattern. Results: During the 8 year period, 589 cases are identified (E. coli was cultured in 509 cases, 86.4%). Among all patients, this study investigated the antibiotic sensitivity of E. coli. Antimicrobial susceptibility to ampicillin was steadily low for both periods (A: 32.6%, B: 40.1%, P=0.125), and to amikacin was consistently high for both periods (A: 99.4%, B: 99.3%, P=1.000). Antibiotic sensitivity to third-generation cephalosporin decreased from period A to B (A: 91.7%, B: 75.5%, P=0.000). Antibiotic sensitivity to quinolone significantly decreased from A to B (A: 88.4%, B: 78.2%, P=0.003). The prevalence of extended-spectrum ${\beta}$-lactamase-producing E. coli increased from period A to B (A: 6.1%, B: 17.1%, P=0.000). Conclusion: This study showed that conventional antibiotic therapy for the treatment of pediatric UTI needs to be reevaluated. A careful choice of antibiotic is required due to the change in antibiotic sensitivity and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.133-139
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• 1972

Estrous and non-estrous rabbits were inoculated with E. coli or Streptococcus pyogenes, and the mixture of the two organisms, and bacterial count and histopathological studies of uterine horns were made to observe the effects of estrogen on the resistance of the uterus to bacterial infection. The results obtained were summarized as followings; 1. Four hours after inoculation of bactoria into uterine horn, the number of organisms was significantly lower in estrous rabbits than in non-estrous regardless of the kind of organisms inoculated. 2. The highest reduction rate of the organisms among the three bacterial inoculation groups was found in estrous rabbits inoculated with E. coli, and the lowest reduction rate was with Streptococcus pyogenes. 3. Histopathological changes of uterine horns induced five days after bacterial inoculation were observed. In estrous rabbits, a mild inflammatory reaction was found in Streptococcus pyogenes group, but a slight inflammatory reaction and only a negligible inflammatory reaction were observed in mixed bacteria group, and in E. coli group respectively. In non-estrous group, however, a marked inflammatory reaction was observed in Streptococcus pyogenes group, a moderate inflammatory reaction and a slight inflammatory reaction were observed in the mixed bacterial group and E. coli group, respectively.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.46-54
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• 1996

This study was perfomed to examine the distribution of causative agent of piglets diarrhea in eastern Chonnam province from February 1994 to March 1995. The causative agents of diarrhea were examined by bacterial culture test, parasitological test and serological test against PED, TGE and Rota. The 35 isolated E. coli were tested for antibiotic sensitivity. The results obtained were as follows. 1. The incidence of 81 piglets with diarrhea was most prevalent as 39.5% in the age of 2 to 4 weeks, compare to 34.6% in the age of 5 to 8 weeks and 16.0% under 1 weeks and 9.9 % in the age of 9 to 11 weeks after birth. 2. The incidence of 81 piglets diarrhea showed bacterial diarrhea(75.3%), viral diarrhea (35.8%) and parasitological diarrhea(18.5%). When compared the isolation frequency of each etiological agent, enteropathogenic E. coli was most prevalent as 55.5% in bacterial diarrhea, rotavlrus enteritis as 18.5% in viral diarrhea and trichuriasis as 13.6% in parasitological diarrhea. 3. The complicated infection of piglets was most prevalent as 41.7% in rotavirus enteritis with enteropathogenic E coli in 24 complicated piglets diarrhea. 4. In antibiotic sensitivity test, isolates showed moderatly resistance to Tobramycin, Amikacin, Imipenem, Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole, Gentamicin, Ampicillin but sensitivty to Ticarcillin/K. The 30 E. coli isolate showed multiple drug resistances in 3 different antibiotics.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.179-181
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• 2000

Stool and cellotape anal swab examinations were carried out in August 1997 on handicapped people at an institution located in Chorwon-gun, Kangwon-do, Korea. A total of 112 stool samples (78 males and 34 females) revealed three cases of Trichuris trichiura infection and one case of Enterobius vermicularis infection. Other helminth eggs were not detected. The overall prevalence rate was 35.7% (38.5% for males and 29.4% for females). More than two different kinds of parasites were found in 42.0% of the positive stool samples (17 cases). The infection rates for protozoan cysts are as follow : Entamoeba coli (25.0%), E. histoIUtica (1.8%), Endolinax nana (21.4%), Iodoamoeba butschlii (1.8%) and Giardia lamblia (0.9%). In cellotape anal swab examinations (165 samples), the prevalence rate of E. vemicularis was 20.6% (25.7% of males and 9.6% of females). In conclusion, the handicapped people in the institution showed higher infection rates of protozoan parasites and E. vemicularis, possibly due to more accessibility to the infection.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.74-82
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• 2010

목적 : 요로감염은 가장 흔한 소아기의 세균감염증의 하나로 빠른 진단과 치료가 신장 합병증을 예방하기 위해 매우 중요하다. 저자들은 발열을 주소로 내원한 요로감염이 의심되는 24개월 이하의 신생아 및 영유아에서 Uricult Trio 검사의 간편 검사로서의 진단적 유용성에 대해 알아보고자 이 연구를 계획하였다. 방법: 2010년 1월부터 2010년 7월까지 한일병원, 경희의료원, 분당차병원 소아청소년과 외래에 발열을 주소로 내원한 24개월 이하의 환아 중 48시간 이내에 항생제 투여를 하지 않은 158명을 대상으로 하였으며 이중 검사를 위한 소변검체를 확보한 151례에서 Uricult Trio 검사와 소변배양검사를 동시에 실시하고 그 결과를 비교분석 하였다. 결과 : 대상 환아 중 요로감염으로 진단된 환아는 32명(21.2%)이었고 이 중 E. coli가 검출된 증례는 20례(66.7%)였다. Uricult Trio CLED 배지의 민감도와 특이도는 각각 59.4%, 84.8%였고 Uricult Trio E. coli 배지를 소변배양검사에서 E. coli가 동정된 증례를 비교한 결과는 민감도가 60%, 특이도가 96.2%였다. Uricult Trio CLED 배지검사와 소변배양검사간의 상관계수는 0.438 (P=0.01)이었으며 Uricult Trio E. coli 배지검사와 소변배양검사간의 상관계수는 0.617 (P=0.01)로 모두 통계학적으로 의미 있는 상관관계를 보였다. 결론: Uricult Trio 검사는 소아연령의 요로감염 원인균 중 가장 흔한 원인균인 E. coli를 빠른 시간 내에 동정할 수 있는 간편 검사법이다. 이번 연구 결과 이 검사방법은 기존의 세균배양검사와의 상관관계가 의미 있게 높으며 E. coli 에 의한 요로 감염시 특이도가 96.2%로 높아 요로감염이 의심되는 외래환자에서 질환을 배제하는데 도움이 되고 이로 인해 발열을 주소로 내원한 외래환아에서 불필요한 입원 및 항생제 사용을 줄일 수 있을 것으로 기대해본다.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.101-106
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• 2017

Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence and microbiological characteristics of urinary tract infection in infants aged younger three months and to compare with other infection with positive urine culture. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 425 infants with a tympanic temperature >$37.6^{\circ}C$, aged younger than three months, who were admitted to Cheil General Hospital in Seoul, Korea, from January 2013 to December 2016. Demographic and clinical features, laboratory findings, respiratory virus PCR and the pathogens of a urine culture were analyzed. Results: A total of 88 infants (63 males, 25 females) had urinary pathogens detected in the urine culture test. The incidence of UTI in febrile infants aged younger 3 months was 11%. The most common pathogen which causes UTI was E. coli as same as in previous studies. They were divided into a UTI group (n=48) and a non-UTI group (n=40). In comparison of both group, leukocytosis, C-reactive protein level, Absolute neutrophil count level, peak temperature is statistically significant. In both group, there were co-infections with viral pathogens in some cases, and the odd ratio of non-UTI group with viral infection was 3.28. Conclusion: The study determined the incidence and pathogen of UTI in febrile infants, aged younger three months. E. coli was responsible for the majority UTI. There were some viral co-infections in febrile infants with bacteriuria and incidence was higher in non-UTI group. WBC count, ANC count and CRP level were the differentiating factors of UTI from non-UTI group.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.121-127
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• 2017

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of antibiotic susceptibility and resistance of Escherichia coli in urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of 212 inpatients aged 18 years or younger with UTIs treated at the Pediatric Department of Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital between January 2008 and December 2016. For comparison, patients were divided into three groups according to age as follows: group 1, ${\leq}1$ month; group 2, >1 month to ${\leq}12$ months; and group 3, ${\geq}13$ months. The antibiotic resistance rates from January 2008 to December 2012 (study period 1) and from January 2013 to December 2016 (study period 2) were analyzed statistically by group. Results: As the patient age increased, the antibiotic resistance rate to ampicillin (P=0.013), levofloxacin (P=0.050), piperacillin/tazobactam (TZP) (P<0.001), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (P=0.002) increased. The frequency of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing E. coli showed a significant difference from 5 cases (4.6%) in study period 1 and 16 cases (15.8%) in study period 2 (P=0.007). The antibiotic resistance rate of E. coli was compared between the two time periods and we found that the antibiotic resistance rate to cefotaxime was significantly increased from 5.4% to 16.8% (P=0.008) and that to TZP was significantly decreased from 40.5% to 7.9% (P<0.001). Conclusion: Over the past 9 years, the resistance rate to cefotaxime has increased but the resistance rate to TZP has decreased. Thus, it is important to continue to investigate the antibiotic resistance rates of bacteria in the community.