• 제목/요약/키워드: E-voting system

검색결과 40건 처리시간 0.022초

인과지도 분석을 통한 디지털 세대의 정치적 무관심과 정치참여 형태 연구 (A Study of the Digital Generation's Political Apathy and Political Participation Behavior Using Causal Loop Analysis)

  • 김강훈;박상현
    • 한국시스템다이내믹스연구
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    • 제12권3호
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    • pp.47-66
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    • 2011
  • South Korea has achieved remarkable social and economic development together with the process of democratization over the past 20 years. In the democratic process in South Korea, ordinary people have actively participated in conventional political activities such as elections. But recently, one of the salient phenomena is that the public have been showing political apathy associated with a light poll. Especially, the most serious concern in the political environment of South Korea is that young voters (e.g., 20-30s) have serious political apathy leading to low voter turnout. Regarding this concern, many political scientists argued that this political phenomenon is not only the case in South Korea, insisting that many consolidated democratic countries such as European countries and the US have the same problems. However, South Korea has contained different factors (e.g., historical, culture, social, and political differences) leading to political apathy and light poll. Unfortunately, no one has clearly explain the phenomenon. In fact, in order for scholars to understand and explain these concerns, they should carefully look at the phenomenon with diverse perspectives and approaches. The main purpose of this paper is to explain why the digital generation has political apathy and are reluctant to participate in political activities such as voting. Using causal loop analysis which is based on systematic thinking, we not only analyzed the pattern of the digital generation' political participation with regard to diverse perspectives, but also attempted to draw new political implications from the analysis. Based on our analysis, we tried to suggest some implications for political stability and development in South Korea in the future.

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Text-independent Speaker Identification by Bagging VQ Classifier

  • Kyung, Youn-Jeong;Park, Bong-Dae;Lee, Hwang-Soo
    • The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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    • 제20권2E호
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    • pp.17-24
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    • 2001
  • In this paper, we propose the bootstrap and aggregating (bagging) vector quantization (VQ) classifier to improve the performance of the text-independent speaker recognition system. This method generates multiple training data sets by resampling the original training data set, constructs the corresponding VQ classifiers, and then integrates the multiple VQ classifiers into a single classifier by voting. The bagging method has been proven to greatly improve the performance of unstable classifiers. Through two different experiments, this paper shows that the VQ classifier is unstable. In one of these experiments, the bias and variance of a VQ classifier are computed with a waveform database. The variance of the VQ classifier is compared with that of the classification and regression tree (CART) classifier[1]. The variance of the VQ classifier is shown to be as large as that of the CART classifier. The other experiment involves speaker recognition. The speaker recognition rates vary significantly by the minor changes in the training data set. The speaker recognition experiments involving a closed set, text-independent and speaker identification are performed with the TIMIT database to compare the performance of the bagging VQ classifier with that of the conventional VQ classifier. The bagging VQ classifier yields improved performance over the conventional VQ classifier. It also outperforms the conventional VQ classifier in small training data set problems.

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Fuzzy-Membership Based Writer Identification from Handwritten Devnagari Script

  • Kumar, Rajiv;Ravulakollu, Kiran Kumar;Bhat, Rajesh
    • Journal of Information Processing Systems
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    • 제13권4호
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    • pp.893-913
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    • 2017
  • The handwriting based person identification systems use their designer's perceived structural properties of handwriting as features. In this paper, we present a system that uses those structural properties as features that graphologists and expert handwriting analyzers use for determining the writer's personality traits and for making other assessments. The advantage of these features is that their definition is based on sound historical knowledge (i.e., the knowledge discovered by graphologists, psychiatrists, forensic experts, and experts of other domains in analyzing the relationships between handwritten stroke characteristics and the phenomena that imbeds individuality in stroke). Hence, each stroke characteristic reflects a personality trait. We have measured the effectiveness of these features on a subset of handwritten Devnagari and Latin script datasets from the Center for Pattern Analysis and Recognition (CPAR-2012), which were written by 100 people where each person wrote three samples of the Devnagari and Latin text that we have designed for our experiments. The experiment yielded 100% correct identification on the training set. However, we observed an 88% and 89% correct identification rate when we experimented with 200 training samples and 100 test samples on handwritten Devnagari and Latin text. By introducing the majority voting based rejection criteria, the identification accuracy increased to 97% on both script sets.

폭소노미 사이트를 위한 랭킹 프레임워크 설계: 시맨틱 그래프기반 접근 (A Folksonomy Ranking Framework: A Semantic Graph-based Approach)

  • 박현정;노상규
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • 제21권2호
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    • pp.89-116
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    • 2011
  • In collaborative tagging systems such as Delicious.com and Flickr.com, users assign keywords or tags to their uploaded resources, such as bookmarks and pictures, for their future use or sharing purposes. The collection of resources and tags generated by a user is called a personomy, and the collection of all personomies constitutes the folksonomy. The most significant need of the folksonomy users Is to efficiently find useful resources or experts on specific topics. An excellent ranking algorithm would assign higher ranking to more useful resources or experts. What resources are considered useful In a folksonomic system? Does a standard superior to frequency or freshness exist? The resource recommended by more users with mere expertise should be worthy of attention. This ranking paradigm can be implemented through a graph-based ranking algorithm. Two well-known representatives of such a paradigm are Page Rank by Google and HITS(Hypertext Induced Topic Selection) by Kleinberg. Both Page Rank and HITS assign a higher evaluation score to pages linked to more higher-scored pages. HITS differs from PageRank in that it utilizes two kinds of scores: authority and hub scores. The ranking objects of these pages are limited to Web pages, whereas the ranking objects of a folksonomic system are somewhat heterogeneous(i.e., users, resources, and tags). Therefore, uniform application of the voting notion of PageRank and HITS based on the links to a folksonomy would be unreasonable, In a folksonomic system, each link corresponding to a property can have an opposite direction, depending on whether the property is an active or a passive voice. The current research stems from the Idea that a graph-based ranking algorithm could be applied to the folksonomic system using the concept of mutual Interactions between entitles, rather than the voting notion of PageRank or HITS. The concept of mutual interactions, proposed for ranking the Semantic Web resources, enables the calculation of importance scores of various resources unaffected by link directions. The weights of a property representing the mutual interaction between classes are assigned depending on the relative significance of the property to the resource importance of each class. This class-oriented approach is based on the fact that, in the Semantic Web, there are many heterogeneous classes; thus, applying a different appraisal standard for each class is more reasonable. This is similar to the evaluation method of humans, where different items are assigned specific weights, which are then summed up to determine the weighted average. We can check for missing properties more easily with this approach than with other predicate-oriented approaches. A user of a tagging system usually assigns more than one tags to the same resource, and there can be more than one tags with the same subjectivity and objectivity. In the case that many users assign similar tags to the same resource, grading the users differently depending on the assignment order becomes necessary. This idea comes from the studies in psychology wherein expertise involves the ability to select the most relevant information for achieving a goal. An expert should be someone who not only has a large collection of documents annotated with a particular tag, but also tends to add documents of high quality to his/her collections. Such documents are identified by the number, as well as the expertise, of users who have the same documents in their collections. In other words, there is a relationship of mutual reinforcement between the expertise of a user and the quality of a document. In addition, there is a need to rank entities related more closely to a certain entity. Considering the property of social media that ensures the popularity of a topic is temporary, recent data should have more weight than old data. We propose a comprehensive folksonomy ranking framework in which all these considerations are dealt with and that can be easily customized to each folksonomy site for ranking purposes. To examine the validity of our ranking algorithm and show the mechanism of adjusting property, time, and expertise weights, we first use a dataset designed for analyzing the effect of each ranking factor independently. We then show the ranking results of a real folksonomy site, with the ranking factors combined. Because the ground truth of a given dataset is not known when it comes to ranking, we inject simulated data whose ranking results can be predicted into the real dataset and compare the ranking results of our algorithm with that of a previous HITS-based algorithm. Our semantic ranking algorithm based on the concept of mutual interaction seems to be preferable to the HITS-based algorithm as a flexible folksonomy ranking framework. Some concrete points of difference are as follows. First, with the time concept applied to the property weights, our algorithm shows superior performance in lowering the scores of older data and raising the scores of newer data. Second, applying the time concept to the expertise weights, as well as to the property weights, our algorithm controls the conflicting influence of expertise weights and enhances overall consistency of time-valued ranking. The expertise weights of the previous study can act as an obstacle to the time-valued ranking because the number of followers increases as time goes on. Third, many new properties and classes can be included in our framework. The previous HITS-based algorithm, based on the voting notion, loses ground in the situation where the domain consists of more than two classes, or where other important properties, such as "sent through twitter" or "registered as a friend," are added to the domain. Forth, there is a big difference in the calculation time and memory use between the two kinds of algorithms. While the matrix multiplication of two matrices, has to be executed twice for the previous HITS-based algorithm, this is unnecessary with our algorithm. In our ranking framework, various folksonomy ranking policies can be expressed with the ranking factors combined and our approach can work, even if the folksonomy site is not implemented with Semantic Web languages. Above all, the time weight proposed in this paper will be applicable to various domains, including social media, where time value is considered important.

New Proxy Blind Signcryption Scheme for Secure Multiple Digital Messages Transmission Based on Elliptic Curve Cryptography

  • Su, Pin-Chang;Tsai, Chien-Hua
    • KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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    • 제11권11호
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    • pp.5537-5555
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    • 2017
  • Having the characteristics of unlinkability, anonymity, and unforgeability, blind signatures are widely used for privacy-related applications such as electronic cash, electronic voting and electronic auction systems where to maintain the anonymity of the participants. Among these applications, the blinded message is needed for a certain purpose by which users delegate signing operation and communicate with each other in a trusted manner. This application leads to the need of proxy blind signature schemes. Proxy blind signature is an important type of cryptographic primitive to realize the properties of both blind signature and proxy signature. Over the past years, many proxy blind signature algorithms have been adopted to fulfill such task based on the discrete logarithm problem (DLP) and the elliptic curve discrete log problem (ECDLP), and most of the existing studies mainly aim to provide effective models to satisfy the security requirements concerning a single blinded message. Unlike many previous works, the proposed scheme applies the signcryption paradigm to the proxy blind signature technology for handling multiple blinded messages at a time based on elliptic curve cryptography (ECC). This innovative method thus has a higher level of security to achieve the security goals of both blind signature and proxy signature. Moreover, the evaluation results show that this proposed protocol is more efficient, consuming low communication overhead while increasing the volume of digital messages compared to the performance from other solutions. Due to these features, this design is able to be implemented in small low-power intelligent devices and very suitable and easily adoptable for e-system applications in pervasive mobile computing environment.

효율적인 ID 기반 부분은닉서명에 관한 연구 (A Study on Efficient ID-based Partially Blind Signature)

  • 김현주;오수현;원동호
    • 정보보호학회논문지
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    • 제13권6호
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    • pp.149-161
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    • 2003
  • 부분은닉서명은 서명자가 은닉서명을 발행할 때 그가 삽입하기를 원하는 어떠한 정보를 서명에 삽입할 수 있도록 하는 암호방식으로 전자화폐나 전자투표 등 주로 행위자의 행동이 노출되어서는 안되는 보안서비스에 중요하게 활용되며 전자화폐시스템에서 은행의 데이터베이스의 무제한적인 증가문제도 해결할 수 있는 암호방식이다. 본 논문에서는 GDH군에서의 ID 기반의 효율적인 부분은닉서명 방식을 제안한다. 제안한 방식은 Weil-pairing과 같은 bilinear 함수를 사용하며 CDHP의 어려움에 기반을 두고 있으며 기존의 부분은닉서명에 비하여 통신량, 통신횟수, 연산량을 줄여 무선 환경에 적용할 수 있는 효율적인 서명방식이다.

중립도 기반 선택적 단어 제거를 통한 유용 리뷰 분류 정확도 향상 방안 (Increasing Accuracy of Classifying Useful Reviews by Removing Neutral Terms)

  • 이민식;이홍주
    • 지능정보연구
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    • 제22권3호
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    • pp.129-142
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    • 2016
  • 전자상거래에서 소비자들의 구매 의사결정에 판매 제품을 이미 구매하여 사용한 고객의 리뷰가 중요한 영향을 미치고 있다. 전자상거래 업체들은 고객들이 제품 리뷰를 남기도록 유도하고 있으며, 구매고객들도 적극적으로 자신의 경험을 공유하고 있다. 한 제품에 대한 고객 리뷰가 너무 많아져서 구매하려는 제품의 모든 리뷰를 읽고 제품의 장단점을 파악하는 것은 무척 힘든 일이 되었다. 전자상거래 업체들과 연구자들은 텍스트 마이닝을 활용하여 리뷰들 중에서 유용한 리뷰들의 속성을 파악하거나 유용한 리뷰와 유용하지 않은 리뷰를 미리 분류하는 노력을 수행하고 있다. 고객들에게 유용한 리뷰를 필터링하여 전달하는 방안이다. 본 연구에서는 문서-단어 매트릭스에서 단어의 제거 기준으로 온라인 고객 리뷰가 유용한 지, 그렇지 않은지를 구분하는 문제에서 단어들이 유용 리뷰 집합과 유용하지 않은 리뷰집합에 중복하여 등장하는 정도를 측정한 중립도를 제시한다. 제시한 중립도를 희소성과 함께 분석에 활용하여 제거할 단어를 선정한 후에 각 분류 알고리즘의 성과를 비교하였다. 최적의 성과를 보이는 중립도를 찾았으며, 희소성과 중립도에 따라 단어를 선택적으로 제거하였다. 실험은 Amazon.com의 'Cellphones & Accessories', 'Movies & TV program', 'Automotive', 'CDs & Vinyl', 'Clothing, Shoes & Jewelry' 제품 분야 고객 리뷰와 사용자들의 리뷰에 대한 평가를 활용하였다. 전체 득표의 수가 4개 이상인 리뷰 중에서 제품 카테고리 별로 유용하다고 판단되는 1,500개의 리뷰와 유용하지 않다고 판단되는 1,500개의 리뷰를 무작위로 추출하여 연구에 사용하였다. 데이터 집합에 따라 정확도 개선 정도가 상이하며, F-measure 기준으로는 두 알고리즘에서 모두 희소성과 중립도에 기반하여 단어를 제거하는 방안이 더 성과가 높았다. 하지만 Information Gain 알고리즘에서는 Recall 기준으로는 5개 제품 카테고리 데이터에서 언제나 희소성만을 기준으로 단어를 제거하는 방안의 성과가 높았으며, SVM에서는 전체 단어를 활용하는 방안이 Precision 기준으로 성과가 더 높았다. 따라서, 활용하는 알고리즘과 분석 목적에 따라서 단어 제거 방안을 고려하는 것이 필요하다.

물류 및 유통산업의 블록체인 활용과 정책 방향 (Application and Policy Direction of Blockchain in Logistics and Distribution Industry)

  • 김기흥;심재현
    • 산경연구논집
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    • 제9권6호
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    • pp.77-85
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    • 2018
  • Purpose - The purpose of this study is to subdivide trade transaction-centered structure in a logistics/distribution industry system to apply blockchain, to establish and resolve with which types of technology, and to provide policy direction of government institution and technology to apply blockchain in this kind of industry. Research design, data, and methodology - This study was conducted with previous researches centered on cases applied in various industry sectors on the basis of blockchain technology. Results - General fields of blockchain application include digital contents distribution, IoT platform, e-Commerce, real-estate transaction, decentralized app. development(storage), certification service, smart contract, P2P network infrastructure, publication/storage of public documents, smart voting, money exchange, payment/settlement, banking security platform, actual asset storage, stock transaction and crowd funding. Blockchain is being applied in various fields home and abroad and its application cases can be explained in the banking industry, public sector, e-Commerce, medical industry, distribution and supply chain management, copyright protection. As examined in the blockchain application cases, it is expected to establish blockchain that can secure safety through distributed ledger in trade transaction because blockchain is established and applied in various sectors of industries home and abroad. Parties concerned of trade transaction can secure visibility even in interrupted specific section when they provide it as a base for distributed ledger application in trade and establish trade transaction model by applying blockchain. In case of interrupted specific section by using distributed ledger, blockchain model of trade transaction needs to be formed to make it possible for parties concerned involved in trade transaction to secure visibility and real-time tracking. Additionally, management should be possible from the time of contract until payment, freight transfer to buyers through land, air and maritime transportation. Conclusions - In order to boost blockchain-based logistics/distribution industry, the government, institutionally, needs to back up adding legal plan of shipping, logistics and distribution, reviewing standardization of electronic switching system and coming up with blockchain-based industrial road maps. In addition, the government, technologically, has to support R&D for integration with other high technology, standardization of distribution industry's blockchain technology and manpower training to expand technology development.

부동산 시장의 신뢰성 향상을 위한 블록체인 응용 기술 (Block Chain Application Technology to Improve Reliability of Real Estate Market)

  • 오서영;이창훈
    • 한국전자거래학회지
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    • 제22권1호
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    • pp.51-64
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    • 2017
  • 2009년 사토시 나카모토라는 필명에 의해 비트코인이 제안된 후, 비트코인의 분산형 거래 장부로 응용되었던 블록체인기술을 다양한 환경에 적용하고자 하는 연구들이 진행되어왔다. 스마트 계약, 투표 및 디지털 콘텐츠에 대한 소유권 증명 등이 대표적인 적용 사례로, 한 번 기록된 사실에 대해서는 수정이나 삭제가 불가능하다는 블록체인 기술의 특징을 이용하였다. 또한 관련 사실을 증명하고 데이터의 무결성을 제공하기 위해 블록체인 기술을 적용하였다. 적용된 사례는 주로 공개되어야 하거나 공개되어도 무방한 데이터를 다루는 환경 속에서 이루어졌고, 둘 이상의 관계 속에서 발생된 문제점을 해결하기 위한 방안으로 제안되었다는 공통점을 가지고 있다. 이러한 사실을 통해 블록체인 기술은 유사한 환경에서 좋은 대안으로 응용될 수 있다고 주목받아 왔다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 블록체인 기술의 응용 범위를 확장하고자 실생활에서 겪고 있는 문제 상황인 부동산 시장 서비스를 선정하였다. 부동산 시장 서비스의 경우 현재 앱과 웹 서비스를 통틀어 250여 개가 운영되고 있으나, 허위 매물로 인해 만족도는 높지 않은 문제점이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 앞서 적용된 사례와 유사한 패턴이 발견 되는 부동산 시장 서비스에 블록체인 기술을 적용하여 문제 상황에 대한 대응 방안을 제시하고, 향후 시장에서 블록체인의 연구 방향을 고찰하고자 한다.

한국 유권자의 포퓰리즘 성향이 정치행태에 미치는 영향 (How Populist are South Korean Voters? Antecedents and Consequences of Individual-level Populism)

  • 하상응
    • 의정연구
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    • 제24권1호
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    • pp.135-170
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    • 2018
  • 이 연구는 한국에서의 포퓰리즘(populism) 논의를 정치 체제 혹은 정당 구조와 같은 거시적인 차원이 아니라 유권자라는 미시적 차원으로 전환하여, 개인의 포퓰리즘 성향(populist attitudes)과 정치행태 간에 어떠한 관계가 있는 지 확인하는 작업이다. 2017년 대통령 선거를 배경으로 실시한 온라인 설문자료 분석 결과, 기성정치에 대한 불신과 "일반 국민(people)"이라는 배타적 인 내집단(in-group) 인식을 기반으로 하는 포퓰리즘 성향이 높은 사람들은 다음과 같은 특징을 보였다. 첫째, 정치에 대한 신뢰도가 낮거나 정치를 혐오하는 사람들과는 달리 포퓰리즘 성향이 높은 사람들은 정치에 대한 관심이 높고, 정치 참여에 적극적인 경향성을 띠고 있었다. 둘째, 포퓰리즘 성향이 높은 사람들은 양대 정당인 더불어민주당과 자유한국당, 그리고 그 정당 소속 대선 후보들에 대해 낮은 호감도를 보였고, 상대적으로 정의당과 심상정 후보에 대해서는 높은 호감도를 보였다. 셋째, 포퓰리즘 성향이 높은 사람들은 박근혜 정권 때 집행되거나 추진된 정책에 대해서 부정적인 태도를 보였다. 이러한 결과는 포퓰리즘 성향과 진보 성향 간의 친화성을 보여준다기보다는, 박근혜 정권이 기성 정치를 대변하고 있었던 시대적 특수성에 기인한다고 할 수 있다. 이에 유권자의 포퓰리즘 성향이 정치 지형의 변화에 따라 어떻게 다른 방식으로 여론 혹은 투표 행태에 투영될 수 있는지에 대해서 보다 장기적이면서 포괄적인 연구가 필요하다고 판단된다.