• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.47-55
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• 2015

With using adaptive control of the resistance spot welding machine, the advantage on electrode life time for galvanized steels has been addressed. This study was aimed to evaluate the electrode life time of galvanized steels with applying the constant current control and the adaptive control resistance spot welding process for a comparison purpose. The growth in diameter of electrode face was similar for both the constant current and the adaptive control up to 2000 welds. The button diameter was decreased with weld numbers, however, sudden increase in button diameter with use of the adaptive control after 1500 welds was observed. The peak load was continuously decreased with increasing number of welds for both the constant current and the adaptive control. The current compensation during a weld was observed with using the adaptive control after 1800 welds since the ${\beta}$-peak on dynamic resistance curve was detected at later weld time. The current compensation with adaptive control during resistance spot welding enhanced the nugget diameter at the faying interface of steel sheets and improved the penetration to thinner steel sheet.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.483-503
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• 2016

This study aims to evaluate seismic performance of existing low and mid-rise reinforced concrete buildings by comparing their displacement capacities and displacement demands under selected ground motions experienced in Turkey as well as demand spectrum provided in 2007 Turkish Earthquake Code for design earthquake with 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years for soil class Z3. It should be noted that typical residential buildings are designed according to demand spectrum of 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years. Three RC building sets as 2-, 4- and 7-story, are selected to represent reference low-and mid-rise buildings located in the high seismicity region of Turkey. The selected buildings are typical beam-column RC frame buildings with no shear walls. The outcomes of detailed field and archive investigation including approximately 500 real residential RC buildings established building models to reflect existing building stock. Total of 72 3-D building models are constructed from the reference buildings to include the effects of some properties such as structural irregularities, concrete strength, seismic codes, structural deficiencies, transverse reinforcement detailing, and number of story on seismic performance of low and mid-rise RC buildings. Capacity curves of building sets are obtained by nonlinear static analyses conducted in two principal directions, resulting in 144 models. The inelastic dynamic characteristics are represented by "equivalent" Single-Degree-of- Freedom (ESDOF) systems using obtained capacity curves of buildings. Nonlinear time history analysis is used to estimate displacement demands of representative building models idealized with (ESDOF) systems subjected to the selected ground motion records from past earthquakes in Turkey. The results show that the significant number of pre-modern code 4- and 7-story buildings exceeds LS performance level while the modern code 4- and 7-story buildings have better performances. The findings obviously indicate the existence of destructive earthquakes especially for 4- and 7-story buildings. Significant improvements in the performance of the buildings per modern code are also obvious in the study. Almost one third of pre-modern code buildings is exceeding LS level during records in the past earthquakes. This observation also supports the building damages experienced in the past earthquake events in Turkey.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.611-626
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• 2017

The research reported herein is concerned with the model testing of piles socketed in soft rock which was simulated by cement, plaster, sand, water and concrete hardening accelerator. Model tests on a single pile socketed in simulated soft rock under axial cyclic loading were conducted and the bearing capacity and accumulated deformation characteristics under different static, and cyclic loads were studied by using a device which combined oneself-designed test apparatus with a dynamic triaxial system. The accumulated deformation of the pile head, and the axial force, were measured by LVDT and strain gauges, respectively. Test results show that the static load ratio (SLR), cyclic load ratio (CLR), and the number of cycles affect the accumulated deformation, cyclic secant modulus of pile head, and ultimate bearing capacity. The accumulated deformation increases with increasing numbers of cycles, however, its rate of growth decreases and is asymptotic to zero. The cyclic secant modulus of pile head increases and then decreases with the growth in the number of cycles, and finally remains stable after 50 cycles. The ultimate bearing capacity of the pile is increased by about 30% because of the cyclic loading thereon, and the axial force is changed due to the applied cyclic shear stress. According to the test results, the development of accumulated settlement is analysed. Finally, an empirical formula for accumulated settlement, considering the effects of the number of cycles, the static load ratio, the cyclic load ratio and the uniaxial compressive strength, is proposed which can be used for feasibility studies or preliminary design of pile foundations on soft rock subjected to cyclic loading.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.625-641
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• 2020

The realistic modeling of the beam-column semi-rigid connection in steel frames attracted the attention of many researchers in the past for the seismic analysis of semi-rigid frames. Comparatively less studies have been made to investigate the behavior of steel frames with semi-rigid connections under different types of earthquake. Herein, the seismic behavior of semi-rigid steel frames is investigated under both far and near-field earthquakes. The semi-rigid connection is modeled by the multilinear plastic link element consisting of rotational springs. The kinematic hysteresis model is used to define the dynamic behavior of the rotational spring, describing the nonlinearity of the semi-rigid connection as defined in SAP2000. The nonlinear time history analysis (NTHA) is performed to obtain response time histories of the frame under scaled earthquakes at three PGA levels denoting the low, medium and high-level earthquakes. The other important parameters varied are the stiffness and strength parameters of the connections, defining the degree of semi-rigidity. For studying the behavior of the semi-rigid frame, a large number of seismic demand parameters are considered. The benchmark for comparison is taken as those of the corresponding rigid frame. Two different frames, namely, a five-story frame and a ten-story frame are considered as the numerical examples. It is shown that semi-rigid frames prove to be effective and beneficial in resisting the seismic forces for near-field earthquakes (PGA ≈ 0.2g), especially in reducing the base shear to a considerable extent for the moderate level of earthquake. Further, the semi-rigid frame with a relatively weaker beam and less connection stiffness may withstand a moderately strong earthquake without having much damage in the beams.

• 한국방재학회 논문집
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.39-45
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• 2008

본 연구는 면적 $0.293\;m^2{\sim}0.360\;m^2$의 소형표지판용 지주의 풍하중에 대한 구조적 안정성을 유지하면서도 작은 충돌에도 분리가 일어나도록 고안된 내경 6 mm의 D12 mm 중공형 인덴티드 볼트를 이용한 소형지주용 브레이크어웨이 단부장치의 구조적 안전성을 정적 전단 및 인장실험으로 입증하고 동적특성을 이해하는데 기본이 되는 인덴티드 볼트의 분리 파괴에너지를 펜듈럼 실험과 비선형 동적해석 프로그램인 LS-DYNA 프로그램을 이용하여 구하고 두 가지 방법을 비교한 것이다. 인덴티드 볼트 3개로 이루어진 단부장치는 풍하중 43.1 kg$\sim$51.2 kg를 충분히 지지할 수 있는 것으로 나타났으며 인덴티드 볼트 1개 당 파괴에너지는 펜듈럼 실험값이 163.3J, 시뮬레이션 값이 153J로 유사하게 계산되어 모델의 유효성이 확인되었다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.95-107
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• 2012

반복하중에 의하여 유발되는 과잉간극수압 예측의 중요성은 잘 알려져 있지만 이를 고려한 유효응력해석은 수치 모델 변수 산정의 어려움으로 인하여 극히 드물게 수행되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 반복하중에 의하여 흙에 발생하는 과잉간극수압을 예측하는 새로운 응력 기반 수치적 모델을 개발하였다. 본 모델의 가장 큰 장점은 진동삼축시험으로 부터 획득된 CSR-N 곡선만으로 모든 변수를 결정할 수 있다는 점이다. 이 모델의 추가적인 장점은 모든 하중형태에 대해서 적용될 수 있으므로 시간영역 유효응력해석 프로그램에 적용될 수 있다는 점이다. 개발된 모델의 정확성은 문헌에 제시된 시험결과와 국내에서 수행된 시험결과와의 비교를 통하여 검증되었다. 나아가 기존의 응력기반 모형과의 성능 비교 결과 제안된 모델은 정확성과 사용 편리성이 모두 우수한 것으로 나타났다.

• 복식
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• 제57권2호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2007

This study aims at the improvement of sewing function through understandings of dynamic property about the sewing methods and the thread material selection in knitwear. The tensile strength and shear of KES-FB and the Instron were measured for the analysis of the mechanical properties. The knit cloth was structured In the plain stitch, $1\times1$ rib stitch and $2\times1$ rib stitch with the combination of wool and cotton. With regard to the sewing method, intralooping and interlacing were applied. For thread materials, polyester, cotton, wool and silk were used. Since silk has the lowest extension and similar values regardless of its construction in intralooping, it is available knit apparel with uniform elastic recoverv. It also has small shearing resistance. It can be used in apparel which needs big mobility, but it causes rutting problem. Therefore, it is suitable to use intralooping. When the same sewing yarn and textile are use, it can lower shearing resistance and extension in intralooping, Since wool needs a lot of extension energy and it can be cut, intralooping is more suitable than interlacing in sewing of wool. In interlacing using polyester, extension and shearing resistance are high. Therefore, it is suitable for knit sewing with high massing. Silk is not suitable for interlacing since it can be rut. Even though knit materials are different, the RT values of polyester and cotton are similar in same construction. Therefore, they can be substituted each other considering resilience after sewing.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.81-91
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• 2003

최근 우리나라의 대도시에서는 주거와 상업기능을 동시에 갖는 복합용도의 건축물이 많이 건설되고 있는데, 이러한 건물은 대부분 하부골조에서 연층, 약층 또는 비틀림 비정형을 띠게 된다. 본 논문의 목적은 이러한 건물의 지진응답을 실험을 통해 관찰하는 것으로서 1:12 축소모델의 진동대 실험을 통해 다음과 같은 결론에 이르렀다. 1) 구조물의 불확실성으로 인한 우발비틀림을 예측하는 것은 정적해석에 의한 방법보다 동적해석에 의한 방법이 더 타당하였다. 2) 횡운동과 비틀림운동이 연관되어 있을 때, 전도모멘트는 지진방향 뿐만 아니라 지진방향에 수직인 방향으로도 상당부분 작용하였으며, 일반적인 해석프로그램에서 수행하는 모드해석법으로는 이와 같은 거동을 예측하기에 부적절하였다. 3) 모드형상과 BST 다이아그램을 통해 대상구조물과 같은 건물의 주요 진동모드와 파괴양상을 쉽게 예측할 수 있었다.

• 접착 및 계면
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 바이오복합재료 성형 전에 침지방법과 초음파방법을 이용하여 수산화나트륨 용액으로 kenaf 섬유를 처리하였다. Kenaf/poly(lactic acid)의 kenaf-PLA 계면접착력과 기계적, 열적 특성에 미치는 알칼리처리의 영향을 계면전단강도, 굴곡강도, 동역학적 열특성 및 열안정성을 조사하였으며, kenaf 섬유와 복합재료 파단면을 관찰하였다. 그 결과 Kenaf 섬유표면을 처리하기 위한 침지방법과 초음파방법 모두 바이오복합재료의 섬유-매트릭스 접착과 기계적 특성을 증가시키는 역할을 하는 것으로 조사되었다. 바이오복합재료의 특성은 섬유표면 처리방법뿐만 아니라 알칼리 농도 및 처리시간에도 의존하였다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제31권1C호
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• pp.19-27
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 도로 성토현장에서 파 기반의 비파괴시험법과 관입시험의 현장 다짐품질 측정에 대한 적용성을 평가하였다. 현장에서 다짐 노상토의 물리 역학적 특성을 평가하기 위해 흙강성 측정기(SSG), 시간영역 반사측정기(TDR), 소형 전기-기계 시스템(MEMS) 가속도계 등의 비파괴시험을 이용하여 다짐 전후 흙의 응답을 평가하였고, 동적 콘관입시험기(DCP)를 이용하여 다짐 후 전단특성을 평가하였다. 현장시험은 두 가지 흙의 종류에 대해 네 가지의 다짐장비 및 다짐에너지로 조성된 성토지반에서 수행되었다. 시험결과, 조사 매커니즘이 다른 시험법인 SSG, TDR, MEMS 가속도계 및 DCP로 측정된 흙의 파라메터들은 상호 연관성이 있는 것으로 분석되었으며, 다짐지반의 전체적인 품질 및 공학적인 응답을 고려하여 시험 방법들을 현장에 적용할 경우, 기존의 다짐도 평가 방법들을 대체 또는 보완하여 현장에서 신속한 다짐품질 평가를 수행할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.