• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.83-89
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• 1996

Carbon black has been used as a particulate soil to prepare artificial soiled fabrics for detergent study but it has two major defects. The one is the difficulty of quantitative analysis of carbon black for evaluate the detergency, the other is that there is no reliable correlation between the removal of carbon black and oily soil which is the major component of natural soil. In this study ferric oxinate was used as a particulate soil since it is in black color and can be soiled on fabric by suspension in water or by solution in chloroform and it is easily analysed quantitatively by extracting it from soiled fabric with chloroform to get correct value of soil removal. The characteristics of soil removal of ferric oxinate were compared with that of carbon black and Sudan black, an oil soluble dye, which had been proved that it's detergency correlated with that of oily soil The soil removal of ferric oxinate and Sudan black estimated from quantitative analysis and from K/S value were in good agreement whereas the result calculated by simple reflectance was consistently low. The soil removal of ferric oxinate was exceeded from that of carbon black without regard to surfactants, Triton and Las, but the effect of washing conditions such as temperature and washing time on soil removal of both soils with different suffactants showed no considerable difference. Though the soil removal of Sudan black was little effected by the conditions, the soil removal in Triton exceeded considerably that of in Las, which is the characteristic of oily soil. Thus the soil removal of Sudan black was in good agreement with ferric oxinate in Triton, a non-ionic surfactant, and with carbon black in Las, an artionic surfactant. We concluded that ferric oxinate is a more realistic model particulate soil for artificial soiled cotton fabric washed with non-ionic surfactant than carbon black.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.437-444
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• 2005

Unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC) emissions from gasoline engines remain a primary engineering research and development concern due to stricter emission regulations. Gasoline engines produce more UBHC emissions during cold start and warm-up than during any other stage of operation, because of insufficient fuel-air mixing, particularly in view of the additional fuel enrichment used for early starting. Impingement of fuel droplets on the cylinder wall is a major source of UBHC and a concern for oil dilution. This paper describes an experimental study that was carried out to investigate the distribution and 'footprint' of fuel droplets impinging on the cylinder wall during the intake stroke under engine starting conditions. Injectors having different targeting and atomization characteristics were used in a 4-Valve engine with optical access to the intake port and combustion chamber. The spray and targeting performance were characterized using high-speed visualization and Phase Doppler Interferometry techniques. The fuel droplets impinging on the port, cylinder wall and piston top were characterized using a color imaging technique during simulated engine start-up from room temperature. Highly absorbent filter paper was placed around the circumference of the cylinder liner and on the piston top to collect fuel droplets during the intake strokes. A small amount of colored dye, which dissolves completely in gasoline, was used as the tracer. Color density on the paper, which is correlated with the amount of fuel deposited and its distribution on the cylinder wall, was measured using image analysis. The results show that by comparing the locations of the wetted footprints and their color intensities, the influence of fuel injection and engine conditions can be qualitatively and quantitatively examined. Fast FID measurements of UBHC were also performed on the engine for correlation to the mixture formation results.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.7
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• pp.804-810
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• 2009

Purpose : We investigated whether ictal single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with prolonged injection of technetium-99m (99mTc) ethyl cysteinate dimer during repeated spasms can localize the epileptogenic foci in children with infantile spasms. Methods : Fourteen children with infantile spasms (11 boys, 3 girls; mean age, $2.2{\pm}1.3$ years) were examined. When a cluster of spasms was detected during video electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring, $^{99m}Tc$ ethyl cysteinate dimer was slowly and continuously injected for 2 minutes to determine the presence of ictal SPECT. For 7 children, the ictal and interictal SPECT images were visually analyzed, while for the remaining 7 children, the SPECT images were analyzed using the subtraction ictal SPECT coregistered to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (SISCOM) technique. Subsequently, we analyzed the association between the ictal SPECT findings and those of other diagnostic modalities such as EEG, MRI, and positron emission tomography (PET). Results : Increase in cerebral blood flow on ictal SPECT involved the epileptogenic foci in 10 cases6 cases analyzed by visual assessment and 4 analyzed by the SISCOM technique. The ictal SPECT and video-EEG findings showed moderate agreement (Kappa=0.57; 95% confidence interval, 0.18-0.96). Conclusion : Ictal SPECT with prolonged injection of a tracer could provide supplementary information to localize the epileptogenic foci in infantile spasms.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.425-437
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• 2007

Flow distribution of water and sedimentation rate were investigated to understand the hydrodynamics and settling characteristics of particulate materials in a constructed wetland for treatment of non-point sources pollutants, the Sihwa constructed wetland, Korea. The Sihwa constructed wetland is divided into three sub-wetlands(the Banwol, the Donghwa and the Samhwa wetlands) to treat the polluted water from three streams, the Banwol stream, the Donghwa stream and the Samhwa stream. From the results of water flow experiment using dye(Rhodamine 50WT Red), it was found that the water flow in the wetland was prevailing at the waterway and open water. Dye was spread slowly in the closed water area planted by plants. The mean hydraulic retention time(HRT) at the upper area of high wetland and lower wetland of Banwol, was found to be 34.1 hr at the upper area and 74.6 hr at the lower area respectively, totaling approximately 108.7 hr(4.5 days). The sedimentation rate was higher at lower area(sites of B, C and D) of the wetland than upper area(site of A which is settling zone). Based on the forecast for 20 years as to the amount of sediment that can be deposited in the open water in the future, the sediment depth of each area would be like this: A: 6.3 cm, B: 8.3 cm, C: 7.0 cm, D: 9.5 cm. The contents of organic materials in the sediment deposited within the sediment trap were found to be higher overly in the first investigation period which had much rainfall, and B, C and D areas were found to have an increased COD accumulation than A area. Also, nitrogen and phosphorus were found to increase in the down-stream of the wetland. The results of this study suggest that a sustainable research and management for the characteristics of water flow pattern and sedimentation changeable as time passes is needs to maintain or improve the efficiency of water treatment in the constructed wetland.