• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.151-161
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of a case management program on range of motion, pain, depression and self efficacy in community-dwelling older women with knee arthritis. Methods: The research design was one-group pre and post-test design with 40 participants with knee arthritis who agreed to participate in the 12-week case management program. Data were collected four times, before and after 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Results: Repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant differences between before and after the service in range of motion, pain, depression and self efficacy. Significant improvements from the baseline to 4 weeks after the service were observed in the measurements of range of motion, pain, depression and self efficacy. There were no significant differences in range of motion, pain and depression between 4 and 12 weeks after the services. Conclusion: This study represents the first effort showing that a case management program can have positive outcomes on range of motion, pain, depression and self efficacy for older women with knee arthritis. More research using a control group pre-post test design considering time lapse is needed in order to examine more accurately the effects of case management programs for knee arthritis.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate effect of aging and thermocycling on the tensile strength of restorative composite resins. Eight commercially available light-cured restorative composites (Heliomolar: HM, Palfique Estelite: PE, Spectrum: ST, UniFil-F: UF, Z100: ZH, Clearfil AP-X: CA, P60: PS, and Palfique Toughwell: PT) were selected as experimental materials. Rectangular-shaped tensile test specimens were fabricated in a teflon mold giving 5 mm in gauge length and 2 mm in thickness. All samples were stored in distilled water at $37^{\circ}C$ for 100 days. Every 10 days, specimens were thermocycled for 1,000 cycles with 15 seconds of dwelling time in each $5^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$ water baths. Tensile testing was carried out at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min and fracture surfaces were observed with a scanning electron microscope. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. The strength degradation of thermocycled group was severer than that of the aged group (P<0.01). 2. The tensile strength of the CA and ST groups were significantly higher than that of other groups after thermocycling treatment (P<0.05). 3. Fracture surfaces showed that the composite resin failure developed along the matrix and the filler/resin interface region.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.85-95
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• 2004

Through 16-17th century, Neo-Confucianism was accepted and extended to Chosun Dynasty. The architecture of the Taegae school made buildings of Yongnam area rich by adding the regional characteristics based on Taegae's thought of architecture. The following is the architectural characteristics of the academic clique around Sangju. Transformation such as separation and combination of the Jeongsa space by function, lifted floor type reflecting local feature or high platform was appeared, and the architectural characteristics of the Taegae school, that is, a small scale, a moderate figure, a type of side-attached floor, landscape, were still maintained at the same time. The characteristics of the Taegae school and regional figure of Sangju were well joined. The upper class houses, Seodang, Jeongsa and Seowon, built by Confucianist had shared common Confucian characteristics in spite of their different purposes. The world view of the Confucianism such as sacrifice for sages, cultivation, devoting for study, teaching disciples, and education for villagers was revealed through the Confucian architecture including dwelling houses during the 16-17th century. Buildings of Confucianist were focused on the space for men. Seoae and Kyumam built two different Jeongsa's inside and outside of the boundary of the nakdong river. While Seodang and Jeongsa located outside of the boundary of the river were built excluding spaces for living, the function of the Jeongsa located inside of the boundary of the river was assimilated by Sarangcahe. However, both buildings kept the function for cultivation, devoting for study and teaching.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.353-363
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• 2010

The most efficient measures to reduce damage from natural disasters include activities which prevent disasters in advance, decrease possibility of disasters and minimize the scale of damage. Therefore, developing of the risk assessment model is very important to reduce the natural disaster damage. This study estimated a typhoon damage which is the biggest damage scale among increased natural disasters in Korea along with climate change. The results of 3-second gust at the height of 10m level from the typhoon 'Maemi' which did considerable damage to Korean in 2003, using the wind data at the height of 700 hPa. September 12th 09 LST~13th 12 LST period by the time a typhoon Maemi approached to the Korean peninsula. This study estimate damage amount using 'Fragility curve' which is the damage probability curve about a certain wind speed of the each building component factors based on wind load estimation results by using 3-second gust. But the fragility curve is not to Korea. Therefore, we use the fragility curves to FPHLM(FDFS, 2005). The result of houses damage amount is about 11 trillion 5 million won. This values are limit the 1-story detached dwelling, $62.51\sim95.56\;m^2$ of total area. Therefore, this process is possible application to other type houses.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.1-10
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• 2008

The purpose of this research is to compare residents' movement and activities in SH apartment in Yangcheon-Gu, Seoul (SH apartment) and PHA apartment in St. Paul, Minnesota (PHA apartment) in order to improve the quality of rental housing environment. This study had surveyed 418 residents of SH apartments in Korea and used the secondary data gathered from 1,462 residents of PHA apartments in the United States. The results of this study are as follows: The criteria of Korean residents in SH apartments when choosing their residences are lower rent payment and shorter waiting time. They seemed to have no other options than public rental housing. On the contrary, American residents in PHA apartment had more option to choose from. Therefore, Korea needs to offer more variety types of residents that can be lead to better satisfaction of low income classes. Most of the SH apartments residents has lived for long-term, in the average of more than 6 years, and wanted to live continually at their current dwelling. PHA residents showed similar tendency. However, long term residency may lead to permanent occupation of the public rental apartment by the same family. Hence, a system which can provide equal residency opportunities to all low-income classes need to be developed. Residents of SH apartment were satisfied with the personal activities but were not satisfied with group activities among residents or regarding resident meetings. However, residents of PHA apartments were more satisfied with their management because there is more in-housing-complex activity programs. Therefore, more activity program for a resident should be developed after analysing programs of different apartments and current conditions in Korea. There were some noticeable divergences among residents, based on their age, term of residence and physical, emotional and mental problem, when evaluating in-housing-complex's programs. Thus, these factors are also need to be considered when planning and examining evaluation about the management of rental apartments.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.139-148
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• 2012

Purpose: A study was designed to compare heart rate variability (HVR) of older adults with postprandial hypotension (PPH) with older adults with no PPH. Methods: The samples were community-dwelling older adults (${\geq}$ 60 years old) with PPH (n=35) and without PPH (n=35). HRV was measured by 10 minutes of electrocardiography using Physiolab 400 and analyzed in time domain (SDNN) and with power spectral analysis in frequency domain (TP, LF, HF, LF/HF). Blood pressure was measured every 15 minutes before and until 120 minutes after the meal. Results: All HRV parameters were lower in the PPH group compared to those with no PPH. Specifically the measures of SDNN, TP, LF, and LF/HF of the PPH group were significantly lower (U=385.0, $p$=.008; U=361.0, $p$=.003; U=375.0, $p$=.005; U=368.0, $p$=.004, respectively). Further, the LF and LF/HF of SBP (${\geq}140$ mmHg) group and the LF/HF of DBP (${\geq}$ 90 mmHg) group were significantly lower ($x^2$=6.33, $p$=.042; $x^2$=33.10, $p$ <.001; $x^2$=11.03, $p$=.004, respectively). Conclusion: These findings indicate that the autonomic nervous functions in persons with PPH are less activated than those persons with no PPH. The findings contribute to an understanding of HRV and the association of autonomic nervous function with the mechanism of PPH.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.269-279
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• 2008

Purpose: The study was to examine the effect of lumbar stabilization exercise on back pain, physical fitness, sleep, and depression in middle-aged women who have chronic back pain. Methods: With one group pre-post test design, 18 subjects who have had more than 6 months of back pain were recruited by convenience sampling in D metropolitan area. Lumbar stabilization exercise was based on Tai Chi for back pain program developed by Lam(2003). This program was mainly focusing on strengthening lumbar stabilizing muscle for one hour per session, twice a week for 20 weeks. Degree of back pain, back pain disability, sleep, and depression were measured at three time points(pretest, 12 weeks, and 20 weeks) by a structured study questionnaire. Physical fitness variables including waist flexibility, mobility, and back muscle strength were measured three times at health promotion center located in the university hospital. Data were analyzed by frequency, descriptive statistics, and repeated measures of ANOVA. Results: Mean age of subjects was 52 years(SD = 6.4). Most of them(90%) had suffered from back pain more than one year and 67% was taking medicine to relieve their back pain. Results showed that back pain score and disability score were not significantly decreased after the exercise. On physical fitness variables, however, waist flexibility(F = 3.50, p = .04) and mobility(F = 3.31, p = .04) were improved after the exercise. Quality of sleep(F = 4.48, p = .03) was improved gradually and depression scores were also decreased(F = 3.12, p = .05) after the exercise. Conclusion: This lumbar stabilization exercise was not able to reduce chronic back pain, but could improve physical fitness and psycho-social variables for community dwelling women who have chronic back pain. Further study is needed to replicate this exercise with control group to confirm the positive effect.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.1235-1250
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• 2012

This study is to investigate the housing conditions and housing satisfaction of Chinese students in S. Korea, and identified effective factors for related housing design. Chinese students at CBNU participated in this survey from November to December in 2011. A questionnaire survey was used. 200 students voluntarily participated in this survey with 147 surveys providing useful data for analysis. Descriptive statistics, correlation, and linear regression were used to analyzed the data with SPSS 12.0. The results are as follow. 1) Many Chinese students received housing information from discussion with acquaintance. They lived together 2 students in one-room or dormitory. Monthly rental was about 240,000 won, and they found the living conditions a burden. 2) They are unsatisfied with food, the lack of a refrigerator, and non availability kitchen facilities. These factors are considered in planning for Chinese students housing. 3) For the most part, they are satisfied with their current housing environment, although there is a need to improve health related housing environment factors, including sunlight, noise, and indoor air. The effective residential factors to overall housing satisfaction are dwelling space and size, space organization and floor plan, kitchen toilet bathroom facilities, sunlight, and safety from natural disasters. The effective neighborhood factors identified include access to natural environment, community facilities, parks, noise, and commuting time. 4) Subjective factors played a larger role in overall housing satisfaction than did objective factors such as gender and types of house.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.127-133
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• 2003

The object of this study was to compare the microleakage between various composite resin systems of multistep, one-bottle, and self-etching systems using electrical conductivity. After making class V cavities ($4{\times}3{\times}1.5{\;}mm$ around CEJ), they were bulk filled with three kinds of resins of A3. Teeth were storaged in a saline solution for one day, after then, they were finished and polished using Sof-Lex system. Another stress of thermocycling was made for 500 times from $5^{\circ}{\;}to{\;}55^{\circ}C$ with each dwelling time of 10 seconds. Electrical conductivity (microamphere, $\mu\textrm{A}$) was checked four times: before and after cavity preparation, after filing, after thermocycling. One-way ANOVA and 95% Scheffe Post Hoc test was used for checking any statistical difference among groups. Another 95% Paired Samples T-test was also used for estimating any significant difference within group after cavity filling or thermocycling. The results were as follows: 1 Every specimen showed various range of microleakage after filing. There was, however, no difference between composite resin systems. 2. All composite resin systems showed marked increase in microleakage with a thermocycling (p<0.05), there was, however, no difference between composite resin systems. 3. Although there was no significant difference between groups (p=0.078), one-bottle and self-etching systems seemed to be unstable than multistep system. Within the limits of this study, it was concluded that much more consideration should be needed when using thermally unstable one-bottle and self-etching systems that have multi-advantages from simplified step. More studies will be needed to solve these kinds of problems.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.255-264
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the shear bond strength between porcelain laminate veneer and enamel according to the surface treatment and thermocycling. Group I, as a control group, was sandblasted only; group II was sandblasted and etched; group III was sandblasted and silane treated; and group IV was sandblasted, etched and silane treated. A porcelain block was placed onto the etched enamel under a 150g static load and the bonded site was light-cured from 4 directions for 1 minute each. The 72 bonded specimens were stored in water at $37^{\circ}C$ for 1 day. Half of each group were thermocycled at $4^{\circ}C$ and $60^{\circ}C$ for 100 cycles with a dwelling time in each bath of 1 min. Following thermocycling, the specimens were installed in an Instron universal testing machine and the shear bond strength was measured. After the specimens were fractured, the fractured surfaces were examined with SEM. The obtained results were as follows : 1. The shear bond strength of the sandblasted and etched and silane treated group(Group IV) was the strongest of all, and the shear bond strengths between the sandblasted group(Group I) and the sandblasted and silane treated group(Group III) were not statistically different(p>0.05). 2. When the shear bond strength was measured after thermocycling, only the sandblasted, etched and silane treated group(Group IV) was statistically different(p<0.05). 3. The scanning electron microscopic views of the fractured surfaces show more irregularities and more resin fragments in the etched group than in the unetched group. 4. The scanning electron microscopic views of the fractured surfaces show a more delicate surface after thermocycling and after silane treatment than before thermocycling and before silane treatment.