• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권12호
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• pp.1897-1906
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• 2019

Objective: An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary non-phytate phosphorus (nPP) deficiency on intestinal pH value, digestive enzyme activity, morphology, nutrient utilization, and gene expression of NaPi-IIb in meat ducks from 1 to 21 d of age. Methods: A total of 525 one-d-old Cherry Valley ducklings were fed diets (with 7 pens of 15 ducklings, or 105 total ducklings, on each diet) with five levels of nPP (0.22%, 0.34%, 0.40%, 0.46%, or 0.58%) for 21 d in a completely randomized design. Five experimental diets contained a constant calcium (Ca) content of approximately 0.9%. Body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and feed to gain ratio (F:G) were measured at 14 and 21 d of age. Ducks were sampled for duodenum and jejunum digestion and absorption function on 14 and 21 d. Nutrient utilization was assessed using 25- to 27-d-old ducks. Results: The results showed ducks fed 0.22% nPP had lower (p<0.05) growth performance and nutrient utilization and higher (p<0.05) serum Ca content and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. When dietary nPP levels were increased, BW (d 14 and 21), BWG and FI (all intervals), and the serum phosphorus (P) content linearly and quadratically increased (p<0.05); and the jejunal pH value (d 14), duodenal muscle layer thickness (d 14), excreta dry matter, crude protein, energy, Ca and total P utilization linearly increased (p<0.05); however, the serum ALP activity, jejunal $Na^+-K^+$-ATPase activity, and duodenal NaPi-IIb mRNA level (d 21) linearly decreased (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated that ducks aged from 1 to 21 d fed diets with 0.22% nPP had poor growth performance related to poor intestinal digestion and absorption ability; but when fed diets with 0.40%, 0.46%, and 0.58% nPP, ducks presented a better growth performance, intestinal digestion and absorption function.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.565-569
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• 2003

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of different levels of refined cod liver oil (RCLO) on laying performance, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids composition (n-3 PUFAs) and the organoleptic evaluation of duck egg yolks. A total of 180 30 wk old laying Tsaiya ducks, at the beginning of peak production, were allotted into 6 treatments with 3 replicates each. Ducks were fed one of the 6 experimental diets, supplemented with 2% tallow (control) and graded levels of RCLO at 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6% to a corn-soybean diets, respectively, for 6 wks. All of the experimental diets were formulated to be both isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum throughout the experimental period. The results indicated that the RCLO supplementation levels did not affect (p>0.05) egg production, egg mass, feed intake, feed efficiency or body weight change. Egg weight was the lightest when the ducks received the 6% RCLO diet. The eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and total n-3 PUFAs contents in the yolks increased with increasing RCLO supplementation. The taste and general acceptability of the hard-boiled eggs were not significantly different among the treatments. However, a fishy flavor was much higher when ducks were fed diets supplemented with 5% and 6% RCLO diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.541-544
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• 1992

Duck eggs from Indigenous (desi), Khaki Campbell and Crossbred (Indian Runner $\times$ Khaki Campbell, $F_1$) were incubated to investigate fertility, hatchability and other related traits. The fertility was highest in crossbred followed by Khaki Campbell and Indigenous ducks respectively. The embryonic mortality was highest in Khaki Campbell followed by Indigenous and crossbred respectively. The embryonic mortality was higher in eggs of 7 days pre-incubation holding period and lower in eggs of 3 days pre-incubation holding period. A significant positive correlation was found between temperature and embryonic mortality as well as relative humidity and embryonic mortality. The hatchability on fertile eggs was highest in crossbred ducks and almost similar in both Khaki Campbell and Indigenous ducks. The hatchability was higher in eggs stored for 3 days in comparison with that of 7 days pre-incubation holding period. A negative correlation was found between temperature and hatchability as well as humidity and hatchability. The normal ducklings hatched out from the eggs of Khaki Campbell ducks was highest followed by Indigenous and crossbred respectively. There was a negative correlation between temperature and normal ducklings hatched as well as relative humidity and normal ducklings hatched. The preincubation holding temperature and relative humidity had positive correlation with dead-in-shell.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.475-481
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• 2006

The genetic polymorphism and relationships of Muscovy, Cherry Valley Meat ducks, Partridge ducks and their crossbreds $F_1$ and $F_2$, respectively, were studied using a random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. The results showed that RAPD markers were effective for the analysis of genetic relationships among ducks. Amplification with 20-primers gave 760 reproducible amplified fragments. The percentage of polymorphic marker band was 74.70%, which indicates that the RAPD technique had higher efficiency of polymorphism detection and sensitivity in studying the genetic variations among ducks and showed that the genetic polymorphism was abundant between two species of duck populations. The average index of genetic distance in hybrid $F_2$ was 0.2341 and higher than that of its parents, which indicates that the genetic diversity was improved by crossbreeding with Muscovy.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제57권9호
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• pp.29.1-29.9
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• 2015

This review provides an overview of the published data on the canola meal and its suitability for duck as an alternative plant-origin protein source to soybean meal. Canola meal is a legume origin protein source containing comparable amino acid profile to soybean meal and rich in essential minerals and vitamins. Nonetheless, it is known to contain less in energy content than soybean meal. Factors like field conditions and processing methods creates compositional variations among canola meal. Presence of anti-nutritional factors such as phenolic substances, phytate and glucosinolates which are known to reduce growth performance in livestock animals, are the major drawbacks for canola meal to be a competitive plant-origin protein source in the feed industry. This review is focused to address i) nutritional characteristics and feeding value of canola meal for ducks and ii) impacts of feeding canola meal on performances of ducks.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.357-361
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• 2016

Following the first report of Opisthorchis viverrini infection in a domestic duck in Phu My District of Binh Dinh Province, Central Vietnam, many other cases were observed in the province. We determined the infection rate and intensity of O. viverrini infection in ducks in 4 districts of the province. A total of 178 ducks were randomly selected from 34 farms for examination of flukes in the liver and gall bladder. An infection rate of 34.3% (range 20.7-40.4% among districts) was found; the intensity of infection was 13.8 worms per infected duck (range 1-100). These findings show the role of ducks as a host for O. viverrini, duck genotype, which is sympatric with the human O. viverrini genotype in this province. It also stresses the need for investigations on the zoonotic potential and the life cycle of this parasite.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.663-667
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• 2013

Free-grazing ducks play a major role in the rural economy of Eastern Asia in the form of egg and meat production. In Thailand, the geographical location, tropical climate conditions and wetland areas of the country are suitable for their husbandry. These environmental factors also favor growth, multiplication, development, survival, and spread of duck parasites. In this study, a total of 90 free-grazing ducks from northern, central, and northeastern regions of Thailand were examined for intestinal helminth parasites, with special emphasis on zoonotic echinostomes. Of these, 51 (56.7%) were infected by one or more species of zoonotic echinostomes, Echinostoma revolutum, Echinoparyphium recurvatum, and Hypoderaeum conoideum. Echinostomes found were identified using morphological criteria when possible. ITS2 sequences were used to identify juvenile and incomplete worms. The prevalence of infection was relatively high in each region, namely, north, central, and northeast region was 63.2%, 54.5%, and 55.3%, respectively. The intensity of infection ranged up to 49 worms/infected duck. Free-grazing ducks clearly play an important role in the life cycle maintenance, spread, and transmission of these medically important echinostomes in Thailand.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.984-989
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• 2004

Three hundred and twelve female Tsaiya ducks from four lines (L1051, L1052, L1053 and L1054) were used in this study to investigate the changes in plasma calcium and inorganic phosphorus levels, blood pH, carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO$_{2}$), bicarbonate ion concentration ($HCO_{3}^{-}$), and base excess (BE) during laying periods. The results indicated that plasma calcium and inorganic phosphorus concentration at 40 and 50 wks of age were higher (p<0.05) than those at other ages. Significant positive correlation coefficients were found between plasma calcium and inorganic phosphorus levels at each age tested from 20 to 50 wks. Ducks from L1053 showed lower (p<0.05) blood pH, BE and $HCO_{3}^{-}$ as compared with other lines. Ducks from L1054 had higher (p<0.05) blood pH, BE and $HCO_{3}^{-}$ than those of other lines showing that there were some differences on blood parameters among lines. Eggshell strength decreased with age up to 65 wks and remained constant thereafter. Egg weight increased gradually from 30 to 60 wks and decreased slightly after 70 wks of age. Plasma inorganic phosphorus level in 40 and 50 wks old birds was positively correlated with eggshell strength, while blood $HCO_{3}^{-}$ in 40 and 50 wks old birds was negatively correlated with eggshell strength.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.365-368
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• 1992

The experiment was carried out to estimate the energy and protein requirements of Khaki Campbell $\times$ Thai Native laying ducks. To estimate the energy requirement, 5 experimental diets were formulated at levels of 2.70, 2.75, 2.80, 2.85 and 2.90 Mcal ME/kg. These diets were equal in ME/CP ratio (170/l). A total of 150 18-week old laying ducks were assigned to 5 energy level treatments, each comprising 3 replicates of 10 birds each, and they were fed the diets for 18 weeks. To estimate the protein requirement, 90 18-week old laying ducks were divided into 9 groups of 10 birds each, and they were assigned to 3 protein level treatments, each comprising 3 replicates. The levels of protein in the diets were 13.5%, 15.0% and 16.5%, and all diets were isocaloric (2.8 Mcal ME/kg). As a result, the 16.5% protein diet gave significantly better egg production than the 13.5% and 15.0% protein diets, however, no significant difference in egg production was found among the energy levels. Feed cost to produce 1k eggs was lower in the 2.70 Mcal and 16.5%protein diets than in the higher ME and lower protein diets.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.19-29
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• 2011

Prevalence of major legal communicable diseases in chickens and ducks, which had occurred in Jeonbuk province from year 2004 to 2008. Total 283 farms 1,419,244 chickens and ducks have been affected by avian diseases. Specifically, fowl typhoid (FT) occurred in 92 farms 416,600 chickens, Marek's disease (MD) in 45 farms 145,563, duck virus hepatitis (DVH) in 31 farms 199,200, infectious bursal disease (IBD) in 27 farms 113,220, infectious bronchitis (IB) in 27 farms 280,300, low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) in 26 farms 78,495, avian mycoplasmosis in 16 farms 103,774, Newcastle disease (ND) occurred in 11 farms 61,052, avian encephalomyelitis (AE) in 7 farms 21,000, Pullorum disease (PD) occurred in 1 farm 40. According to total analysis about major legal communicable diseases, 1 species of first-class legal communicable diseases have occurred, 3 species of second-class and 6 species of third-class all adding up to 10 species. In the first-class diseases, Newcastle disease have occurred. Pullorum and fowl typhoid, duck virus hepatitis in the second-class have occurred and as third-class diseases, Marek's disease, Infectious bursal disease, Infectious bronchitis, avian mycoplasmosis, avian encephalomyelitis, low pathogenic avian influenza have occurred.