• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.65 no.1
• /
• pp.69-95
• /
• 2023

In order to evaluate the effects of ARG sources (arginine [ARG] and Guanidinoacetic acid [GAA]) and phenylalanine (PHE) supplementation on performance, susceptibility to ascites, intestinal morphology, and nutrient digestibility in the cold-stressed broilers fed a canola meal (CM)-based diet, a 2×2 factorial experiment with four treatments was conducted. The dietary treatments included CM-based diet + 2.57 g/kg ARG, CM-based diet + 2.57 g/kg ARG + 1.5 g/kg PHE, CM-based diet + 1.8 g/kg GAA and CM-based diet + 1.8 g/kg GAA + 1.5 g/kg PHE. The corn-CM diet without supplementation was used as a negative control (NC) group in the fifth treatment that excluded the factorial arrangement. The results showed that adding ARG to diets without PHE supplement increased (p < 0.05) feed intake. Also, birds fed diets containing ARG had higher (p < 0.05) body weight gain (BWG) compared to those fed GAA added diets. Supplementation of PHE improved (p < 0.05) the FCR compared to groups fed diets without added PHE. Further, ARG addition increased (p < 0.05) plasma nitric oxide (NO) concentration, carcass, breast and leg yields, duodenal, jejunal, and ileal villus height (VH) to crypt depth (CD, and dry matter digestibility, while decreasing (p < 0.05) ascites mortality and right ventricle (RV) to total ventricle (TV) ratio compared to GAA added groups. Supplementation of PHE also declined susceptibility to ascites by reducing (p < 0.01) RV to TV ratio while increasing (p < 0.05) plasma NO level. The digestibility of ether extract also increased (p < 0.05) in broilers fed GAA supplemented diets versus those fed ARG added diets. The findings suggested that ARG may improve BWG and lower ascites incidence in broilers fed a diet based on CM under cold stress because of its antihypertensive effects. Moreover, the findings of this study demonstrated the importance of including PHE formulation in ARG-deficient diets to attenuate the adverse effects of cold stress on broilers. It was also concluded that GAA could be efficaciously used in cold-stressed broilers fed an ARG-deficient diet.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.41 no.2
• /
• pp.110-118
• /
• 2021

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of species and varieties of summer forage crops on growth characteristics and productivity in Sihwa reclaimed land. The summer forage crops used in the trial were silage corn, sorghum×sudangrass hybrid(SSH), and proso millet. For each forage species, Gwangpyeongok(GPO), P15453, P1952 and P2088 were used for silage corn, and 877F, Green star, Honey chew, and Turbo gold cultivars were used for SSH. For proso millet, Ibaekchal, Geumsilchal and Manhongchal developed by the National Institute of Crop Science were used. Silage corn and SSH were sown on May 21, 2019 and proso millet on June 4, and harvested on September 2. There was no significant difference in plant and ear height of silage corn among varieties. P1543 was the highest and P2088 was the lowest in yield of silage corn, but there was no significant difference among treatments. Among the SSH, the plant height of 877F was the highest and Turbo gold variety had the smallest (p<0.05). As for the dry matter(DM) yields, 877F had the highest at 3,862 kg/ha and Green star had the lowest at 2,669 kg/ha (p<0.05). The fresh matter yield of proso millet was 15,778 kg/ha, which was higher than that of corn or SSH, The average dry matter yield was 4,780 kg/ha, and Ibaekchal variety had the highest DM yield compared to other varieties (p<0.05). P2088 had the highest TDN content and GPO was the lowest (p<0.05). As for the SSH, the TDN content of Green star and Honey chew varieties was significantly higher, and the RFV value was the lowest in Turbo gold. The average crude protein content of proso millet was 7.03%, and the highest TDN and RFV values were 64.36% and 106 in Geumsilchal. In the experiment of the germination rate of summer forage crops according to salt concentration, silage corn showed a germination rate of 83.1% even at 0.4% salinity. In particular, P2088 and P1921 varieties had more than 80% germination rate even at 0.6% salt concentration. As for the SSH, the germination rate of 877F was 93.3% even at 0.8% salinity, and 88.3% with Honey chew, indicating higher resistance to salt concentration compared to other varieties. Proso millet showed a high germination rate of 84.0 to 88.7% even at a salt concentration of 0.6%. Considering the above results, proso millet was recommended as the most suitable forage crop species in the Sihwa reclaimed land with high salt concentration, and the Ibaekchal variety is recommended as a suitable forage crop due to its high yield.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.151-155
• /
• 1996

For improvement germination rate of Cirsium setidens, wet seeds were storaged for 20 to 80 days at $4^{\circ}C$ and germinated at $18^{\circ}C$ in the dark or light condition. To assess the effects of shading and plant age on the growth, fresh yield and seed yield under rain shelter in highland at altitude of 800m above sea level, seeds were sown in an open field in late september,1990. In early May the next the seedlings were transplanted for vegetatable and seed production in the plastic houses for rain shelter. They were grown from 1991 to 1993 in the houses covered with the shading nets ranging from 0 to 70% for vegetable production and 0 to 50% for seed production. Germination rate inceased as the storage period lengthened, and the rate came to $60\sim80%$ at 60days after germination. It was more effective in lighting than in darkness. For vegetable production, the shading net treatments showed more values in almost the characters checked at the third year than the non-shading treatment. No. of stem, no, of leaves, stem length and degree of softening were no different between shading net treatments, but the other characters were significantly different. Ratio of survival, density of chlorophyll and ratio of dry matter of plants were highest in the plots of 50%, 70%, and 30% of shading, respectively. The highest fresh yield was recorded from 2-year plants, 70% of shading from them showed the greatest yield. The highest seed yields were produced 2-year-old plants of non-shading plot. For seed production, the non-shading treatment is best, and the highest seed yields were obtained in both the second and third years.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.183-188
• /
• 2007

This study was conducted to determine the effects of seeding date on agronomic characteristics, productivity and feed value of Italian ryegrass, barley and rye during cropping after rice in Suwon, middle region of Korea, during 2004 and 2005. In general, early seeding (26 September) showed longer plant length and branch numbers per square meter than late sowing (11 October). Italian ryegrass had more early seeding effect than barley and rye. The yield of each plant was affected by sowing date in all experiments: the earlier seeding had higher yields than late seeding. In case of Italian ryegrass and barley as late-heading varieties showed more early seeding effect than rye. On the other hand, feed value tended to respond differently to yields. The feed value of each plant were based on liquid swine manure (12%) > composted cattle manure (7%) > composted swine manure (2%). The present results highlight the earlier planting obtained higher yield compared to those planted conventionally.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.34 no.4
• /
• pp.254-261
• /
• 2014

This study was to assess the effect of sowing mixed legume forage and applying cattle manure on the productivity and feed value of whole-crop barley (WCB) as a representative of winter crops and to estimate feeding capacity of Korean native cattle (Hanwoo) per unit area by defining optimal application level of cattle manure for more fertile soil and manure recycling for the purpose of reduced environmental pollution and efficient production of organic forage contributable to production of organic animal products. Sowing mixed legume forage significantly (p<0.05) increased yields of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) for WCB compared to WCB alone sowing, but there was no difference between mixed sowing treatments. The yields of DM, CP and TDN were significantly (p<0.05) highest in 100~150 kg N/hg. The CP and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents were highest in mixed sowing with hairy vetch, followed by sowing mixed forage pea and WCB alone (p<0.05). There were no differences in CP and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents among cattle manure application levels. As nitrogen application level increased, ADF content increased (p<0.05), but TDN content decreased (p<0.05). Feeding capacity of organic Hanwoo (head/ha) weighing 450 kg of body weight with 400 g of daily gain significantly (p<0.05) increased due to mixed sowing with legume forage, and with increasing application levels of fermented cattle manure, feeding capacity significantly (p<0.05) increased. The results indicate that mixed-sowing of WCB and legume forage not only cut nitrogen application level of fermented cattle manure by over 50 kg per ha but also increased their feed value and productivity, and feeding capacity. This would be contributable to diversity of forage resources as well as production of organic animal product by creating low cost and high quality of forage.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.359-372
• /
• 2015

This study was to assess the effects of sowing mixed legume forage and applying fermented cattle manure on the productivity and feed value of whole crop wheat (WCW) as a representative of winter crops and also to estimate feeding capacity of Korean native cattle (Hanwoo) per unit area by defining optimal application levels of cattle manure for more fertile soil and manure recycling for the purpose of reduced environmental pollution and efficient production of organic forage contributable to production of organic animal products. Sowing mixed legume forage significantly (p<0.05) increased yields of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) for WCW compared to WCW alone sowing, but there were no differences between mixed sowing treatments. The yields of DM, CP and TDN were significantly (p<0.05) higher in 100~150 kg N/ha. The CP and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents were highest in mixed sowing with hairy vetch, followed by sowing mixed forage pea and WCW alone (p<0.05). There were no differences in CP among cattle manure application levels. As nitrogen application level increased, ADF content increased (p<0.05), but TDN content decreased (p<0.05). Feeding capacity of organic Hanwoo (head/ha) weighing 450 kg of body weight with 400 g of daily gain significantly (p<0.05) increased due to mixed sowing with legume forage, and with increasing application levels of fermented cattle manure, feeding capacity significantly (p<0.05) increased. The results indicated that mixed-sowing of WCW and legume forage not only reduced nitrogen application level of fermented cattle manure by over 50 kg per ha but also increased their feed value and productivity, and feeding capacity. This would be contributable to diversity of forage resources as well as production of organic animal product by creating low cost and high quality of forage.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.525-537
• /
• 2016

This study was aimed to grow organic forage as a prime requirement for organic Hanwoo cattle production over a period of 3 years (2012~2015) in Gyeongbuk region, Korea through mixed cropping of winter fodder barley with legume and application of fermented cattle manure. The effect of barley-legume mixed cropping and application of different levels of fermented cattle manure was studied on forage productivity of whole-crop barley (WCB) and evaluation of feeding capacity of Korean native cattle (Hanwoo) per unit area. The collected data was analyzed using SAS 9.3 software. Barley-legume mixed cropping increased (P<0.05) yields of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) as compared to those of sole WCB as monoculture. Similarly, acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents and relative feed value (RFV) were also higher (P<0.05) in barley-legume mixed sowing forage compared with those of sole WCB as monoculture. In case of manure application, yields of DM, CP and TDN were also found (P<0.05) highest in 100~150 kg N/ha. However, varying cattle manure levels did not influence (P>0.05) CP and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents. In response to increasing nitrogen application level, ADF content increased (P<0.05) but TDN content and RFV decreased (P<0.05). The Barley-legume mixed sowing and increasing application levels of fermented cattle manure also significantly enhanced (P<0.05) feeding capacity of organic Hanwoo (head/ha) having 450 kg body weight with 400 g of daily gain. Findings of present study indicated that barley-legume biculture not only cut nitrogen application level of fermented cattle manure by over 50 kg per ha but also increased their feed value and productivity of forage as compared to WCB monoculture. This would be contribution to the diversity of forage resources as well as production of organic animal product by creating low cost and high quality organic forage.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.317-324
• /
• 2010

Recently, fallow paddy land located in the mid-mountain area (FPL) due to a decrease in rice consumption has increased in some regions of our country. So, grasses and forage crops available for years in once sowing should be introduced in FPL. This study was conducted to develop the technique for cultivation of grasses and forage crops using animal manure in FPL The field experiments were carried out from 2007 to 2009 on FPL at Kumsan, Chungbuk province in Korea. Cattle feedlot manure (CFM) was prepared by mixing feces and urine of cattle with rice straw in cattle feedlot for 6 months. The experimental plots were consisted of four treatments; tall fescue-based mixed pasture applied with chemical fertilizer (Control), mono-tall fescue pasture (MTFP), tall fescue-based mixed pasture (TFBMP), mono-Perennial ryegrass (MPR-FCM), mono-Italian ryegrass (MIR-FCM), mono-Red clover (MRC-FCM) and mono-Reed canarygrass (MRCG-FCM) applied with FCM. The field of tall fescue-based pasture had been sown with a grasses mixture containing 'Fawn' tall fescue, 'potomac' orchardgrass, 'Reveille' Perennial ryegrass, and 'kenblue' Kentuky bluegrass, 'Kenland' Red clover. Seeding rates were 16, 6, 4, 2 and $2\;ha^{-1}$, respectively. DM yields of forages and rates of grass coverage was higher in MTFP, TFBMP and MRCG-FCM as compated with control treatment. This result means that FPL has contained with favorable conditions for growing grass, because forage productivity is more than 15 tons per ha per year in fallow paddy land. In addition, the farmer can save the trouble of repeated plowing and sowing every year, due to the introduction of perennial grasses. The farmer must conduct the re-seeding and induce the improvement of management methods for the elevation of the persistence of red clover and perennial ryegrass, because both red clover and perennial ryegrass having high nutritive value and palatability was less persistent. Therefore, we suggest that FPL may be the good land for forage production utilizing FCM and FCM can be applied on FPL without any negative effects on DM production and the property of soil. FPL of Korea can be better utilized by applying FCM to the mono and/or mixed swards.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.117-124
• /
• 2012

This study was conducted to estimate Hanwoo carrying capacity when whole crop barley or rye as winter forage crops was grown on different applying sources (chemical fertilizer, cattle or organic fertilizer) and mixed sowing combination with hairy vetch or forage pea during the period of 2008~2010. The experimental plots within whole crop barley or rye were consisted of 7 treatments, which were non-fertilizer, chemical fertilizer (P+K), chemical fertilizer (N+P+K), organic fertilizer, cattle slurry, cattle slurry with hairy vetch, and cattle slurry with forage pea. Each plot was triplicates and experimental treatments were allocated in the randomized complete block design. For whole crop barley, annual mean dry matter (DM) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yields were the highest in N+P+K plots, but there were no significant differences among organic fertilizer, cattle slurry and mixed sowing with legumes. The TDN and RFV were the highest in mixed sowing plots of forage pea plus cattle slurry application. As 450 kg Hanwoo heifers were fed diets included 70% whole crop barley, organic fertilizer, cattle slurry application and mixed sowing with legumes plots is capable of raising average 2.5 to 2.9 heads/ha a year. For whole crop rye, annual DM, crude protein, and TDN yields of application groups and mixed sowing treatment with legumes showed 6.69~7.13, 0.46~0.51 and 3.95~4.18 ton/ha, respectively. In case of 450 kg Hanwoo heifers fed diets included 70% forage rye, it is estimated that cattle slurry application (mixed sowing with legumes) plots can rear average 3.1~3.3 heads/ha a year. It can be concluded that, on the basis of DM yield, not only mixed sowing with legumes by applying cattle slurry rather than single sowing of whole crop barley or whole crop rye enhanced production yield and feed values, but also it could be a substitute for imported grains as dietary protein sources in the case of feeding Hanwoo.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.123-130
• /
• 2011

This study was carried out to examine the effect of cattle manure and chemical fertilizer application on productivity and nutritive value of silage corn in the reclaimed paddy field of Sukmoon at Dangjin Province in Korea. The cultivars of silage corn used in this experiment were Kwangpyungok and Pioneer (P32B33). The fertilizer was applied according to recommended dose of application. The reclaimed paddy field of Sukmoon was created for farming in 1985 and approximately 5 to 10 years ago rice was cultivated in full-scale. Recently, reclaimed paddy field of Sukmoon has a limitation to cultivate the crops, due to increased salinity caused by drought and poor drainage system. The total area of reclaimed paddy field of Sukmoon was 305 ha, and silage corn was sown on 149 ha of the reclaimed paddy field in nine regions, such as Songsan 28 A and B, Songsan 27 A and B, Songsan 42 A, B and C, and Songsan 43 A and B. The productivity and nutritive value of corn were evaluated collected from each of nine experimental regions. Dry matter (DM) yields of P32B33 in Songsan 28 A and B, and Songsan 27 A were 13 to 15 ton/ha and it was increased 3 to 5 ton/ha as compared to those of Songsan 27 B. DM yields of Kwangpyungok in Songsan 42 A, and Songsan 43 A and B were 23 to 27 ton/ha and it was increased 15 to 16 ton/ha as compared to Songsan 42 A and B. The nutritive value of corn was not significantly different between Kwangpyungok and P32B33, but the yield of Kwangpyungok corn silage was higher compared to P32B33. Therefore, this study suggests that good drainage system is important to maintain normal growth and productivity of corn in the reclaimed paddy field.