• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.107-129
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• 2007

The purpose of this research is to understand features of the present condition of green tea food by analyzing the data on tea foods presented in Korean literature after the 1990's (two articles from professional journals related to tea culture, and three books related to tea food). The main conclusions are as follows: 1. It is found from separating 354 different kinds of green tea foods into three categories - main dishes, side dishes and desserts - that there are 137 kinds of side dishes, 123 kinds of desserts, and 94 kinds of main dishes from green tea foods. Upon dividing these into smaller categories, there are 40 rice dishes, 27 noodle dishes, 18 gruel dishes and 9 dumpling dishes found among the main dishes; 26 pan fried dishes, 24 potherb/cooked potherbs dishes, 17 deep-fried dishes, 15 soup/broth dishes, 14 grilled dishes, 11 smothered dishes, 10 hard -boiled/fried dishes, 6 kimchi dishes, 4 dried food dishes, 4 jelly dishes, 4 stew dishes, and 2 raw fish dishes among the side dishes; and 37 snack dishes, 36 punch/drink dishes, 26 rice cake dishes, and 24 bread dishes are found among the desserts. 2. There are 201 kinds of green tea foods using powders, 107 kinds using wet tea leaves, 61 kinds using dry tea leaves, 57 kinds using water of drawn tea, and 17 kinds using wild tea leaves, according to analysis of teas used for green tea foods. There is more use of powder for snacks, punch and drinks, rice cakes, noodles, and breads, and more use of wet tea leaves for rice, pan fried food, and potherb/cooked potherb dishes. It is also shown that there is more use of water from drawn tea for rice, punch and drinks, noodles, and gruels, more use of dry tea leaves for snack, rice, breads, and more use of wild tea leaves for deep-fried and pan fried kinds of tea foods.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.437-444
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• 2011

The object of this experiment was to investigate the food habits of sika deer fed with various roughage sources. The experimental trials were conducted at Unbong Animal Genetic Resources Station in 2008. The experimental roughages include five sources and 25 species in all; grasses and legumes: 5 species (mixed grasses, orchardgrass, tall fescue, alfalfa, white clover), native grasses and weeds: 5 species (mixed native grasses, Miscanthus sinensis Anderss, Arundinella hirta (Thunb.) Tanaka, barnyard grass, short awn, forage crops (hay, silages and straw): 5 species (barley + hairy vetch, Wheat + hairy vetch, rye silage, barley silage, baled rice straw), browse and fallen leaves: 5 species (mixed browse, oriental white oak, Quercus serrta Thunb., oriental cherry fallen leaves, Japanese chestnut fallen leaves), and imported hays and straws: 5 species (timothy hay, tall fescue straw, annual ryegrass straw, klinegrass hay, alfalfa hay). Five sika deer were used as experimental animals and the averaged body weight was 95+5.4kg. The chemical composition and dry matter digestibility of each roughage source and species were significantly different at the sampling area, plant species, growth stages and cutting period(p<0.05). The sika deer ate more roughages which had low fibrous contents, but high dry matter digestibility. Among all the 25 species of roughages, the favorite intake roughage sources ranking by sika deer was observed like this: browse and fallen leaves (32.2%), grass and legumes (27.0%), native grasses and weeds (22.0%), imported hays (12.9%) and forages crops (5.5%) respectively. Although, the sika deer ate more browse leaves, but ate more roughage which had low fibrous contents (NDF and ADF), but high drymatter digestibility. On the other hand, compared to each roughage source, total intake amount by sika deer was showed as browse and fallen leaves (32.2%). Based on the result, the food habit of sika deer seems to be closer to the typical browser.

• Korean Deer Journal
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• no.10
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• pp.26-35
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• 1990

Seaeonal Changes in chemical composition, in vitro dry matter digestibility(IVDMD). dry matter(DM) yields and DM intake of browse(leaves of trees and shrubs) by four sika deer(Cervus nippon) bucks were studied from 1998 to 1989 under deforested slope moun

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.206-209
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• 1997

The effect of supplementation of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterrophyllus) tree leaves and mashkalai (Vigna mungo) barn on the intake and digestibility of freshly cut common grass by Black Bengal goats was evaluated. Twelve castrated goats of approximately 5-6 months age were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments: freshly cut common grass ad libitum, common grass+100g Jackfruit tree leaves and common grass+100g mashkalai bran. Although digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen and neutral detergent fibre were very similar in the grass alone and mashkalai bran supplemented goats but the values were significantly (P < 0.01) higher than those observed in the Jackfruit leaves supplemented goats. Supplementation of mashkalai bran promoted higher (p < 0.05) digestible nutrients intake with the consequent higher daily live weight gain (75 g) than those fed grass alone (31 g). It could be concluded that mashkalai bran could be a suitable supplement for goats consuming common grass in the tropics and subtropics.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.32-32
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• 2017

To increase rice production, manipulating plant architecture, especially developing new high-yielding cultivars with erect leaves, is crucial in rice breeding programs. Leaf inclination angle determines the light extinction coefficient (k) of the canopy. Erect leaves increase light penetration into the canopy and enable dense plantings with a high leaf area index, thus increasing biomass production and grain yield. Because of erect leaves, the high-yielding indica rice cultivar 'Takanari' has smaller k during ripening than 'Koshihikari', a japonica cultivar with good eating quality. In our previous study, using chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) derived from a cross between 'Takanari' and 'Koshihikari', we detected seven quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for leaf inclination angle on chromosomes 1 (two QTLs), 2, 3, 4, 7, and 12. In this study, we developed a near-isogenic line (NIL-3) carrying a 'Takanari' allele for increased leaf inclination angle on chromosome 3 in the 'Koshihikari' genetic background. We compared k, dry matter production, and grain yield of NIL-3 with those of 'Koshihikari' in the field from 2013 to 2016. NIL-3 had higher inclination angles of the flag, second, and third leaves at full heading and 3 (- 4) weeks after full heading and smaller k of the canopy at the ripening stage. Biomass at full heading and leaf area index at full heading and at harvest did not significantly differ between NIL-3 and 'Koshihikari'. However, biomass at harvest was significantly greater in NIL-3 than in 'Koshihikari' due to a higher net assimilation rate at the ripening stage. The photosynthetic rates of the flag and third leaves did not differ between NIL-3 and Koshihikari at ripening. Grain yield was higher in NIL-3 than 'Koshihikari'. Higher panicle number per square meter in NIL-3 contributed to the higher grain yield of NIL-3. We conclude that the QTL on chromosome 3 increases dry matter and grain production in rice by increasing leaf inclination angle.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.132-137
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• 2016

Enhanced production of individual phenolic compounds by subcritical water hydrolysis (SWH) of pumpkin leaves was investigated at various temperatures ranging from 100 to $220^{\circ}C$ at 20 min and at various reaction times ranging from 10 to 50 min at $160^{\circ}C$. Caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and gentisic acid were the major phenolic compounds in the hydrolysate of pumpkin leaves. All phenolic compounds except gentisic acid showed the highest yield at $160^{\circ}C$, but gentisic acid showed the highest yield at $180^{\circ}C$. The cumulative amount of individual phenolic compounds gradually increased by 48.1, 52.2, and $78.4{\mu}g/g$ dry matter at $100^{\circ}C$, $120^{\circ}C$, and $140^{\circ}C$, respectively, and then greatly increased by $1,477.1{\mu}g/g$ dry matter at $160^{\circ}C$. The yields of caffeic acid and ferulic acid showed peaks at 20 min, while those of cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and procatechuic acid showed peaks at 30 min. Antioxidant activities such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and ferric reducing antioxidant power values gradually increased with hydrolysis temperature and ranged from 6.77 to 12.42 mg ascorbic acid equivalents/g dry matter and from 4.25 to 8.92 mmol $Fe^{2+}$/100 g dry matter, respectively. Color $L^*$ and $b^*$ values gradually decreased as hydrolysis temperature increased from $100^{\circ}C$ to $140^{\circ}C$. At high temperatures ($160^{\circ}C$ to $220^{\circ}C$), L* and b* values decreased suddenly. The $a^*$ value peaked at $160^{\circ}C$ and then decreased as temperature increased from $160^{\circ}C$ to $220^{\circ}C$. These results suggest that SWH of pumpkin leaves was strongly influenced by hydrolysis temperature and may enhanced the production of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.97-105
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• 2017

BACKGROUND : Environmental stress has a major effect on the growth and yields of vegetables, and can significantly affect nutritionally important phytochemicals, causing large economic losses. METHODS AND RESULTS : The present study was aimed at exploring the effects of water stress on the carotenoid and proline contents in kale leaves to understand drought tolerance of kale plants. Kale was randomly divided into two groups at 57 days after sowing (DAS). One of the groups was well-watered (WW) and the other was water stressed (WS). Harvesting of kale leaves was started one day after treatment (58 DAS) and continued for 10 days (~67 DAS). We investigated the status of plant growth (leaf number, length, width, fresh weight) of kale throughout the study. Carotenoid (lutein, ${\alpha}-carotene$, zeaxanthin, ${\beta}-carotene$) and proline contents were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Our results showed that the total carotenoid contents ranged from 926.0 to 1,212.0 mg/kg dry wt. (at 3 and 2 days, respectively) in WW treatment and 887.8 to 1,157.4 mg/kg dry wt. (at 10 and 4 days, respectively) in WS treatment. The ratio of individual carotenoid to the total carotenoid contents of kale leaves was 51.4 for lutein, 4.44 for zeaxanthin, 2.76 for ${\alpha}-carotene$, and 41.4% for ${\beta}-carotene$. Total carotenoid contents showed a significant reduction from 7 days (1,037.2 mg/kg dry wt.) to 10 days (887.8 mg/kg dry wt.) in WS treatment. The lutein content did not show a significant difference in WW between 7 and 10 days after treatment but showed a significant difference in WS treatment. The ${\alpha}-carotene$ content showed no significant difference between the treatments. However, zeaxanthin content was higher during 4-10 days and ${\beta}-carotene$ content was lower during 6-10 days in WS than in WW on each harvest day. In WW, the proline content showed no significant difference, but in WS, the proline content started to increase at 7 days and almost doubled in 10 days. CONCLUSION : The marked increase in zeaxanthin and proline contents in kale leaves indicated that the two phytochemicals are associated with drought tolerance in the plant.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.58-64
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• 1999

The chemical composition and ruminal dry matter digestibilities of leaves, stems and roots of Aralia cordata Thunberg were determined and compared each other as a roughage sources for ruminants. The crude protein contents were higher for leaves(12.4%) than for leaves+stems (9.7%), stem(5.1%) and roots (3.8%) (P<0.05). The crude fat contents were higher for leaves (3.7%) than for roots (2.1%) and stems (1.3%) (P<0.05). The crude fiber contents were lower for roots (12.3%) than for leaves (15.0%), leaves+stems (27.7%) and stems (40.3%) (P<0.05), respectively. The contents of neutral detergent fiber were lower for leaves (30.2%) than for leaves+stems (42.0%), roots (50.8%) and stems (60.0%) (P<0.05), respectively. The contents of acid detergent fiber were lower for root(18.3%) than for leaves(21.4%). leaves+stems (37.5%) and stems (49.6%) (P<0.05), respectively. The calcium content of leaves(2.4%) were higher than those of stems and roots (0.97% and 0.69%), however the phosphorus contents were similar among leaves, stems and roots(0.25%, 0.19% and 0.35%). Ruminal dry matter digestibilities for 12, 24, 48 and 72hr of leaves(38.9%, 65.9%, 79.8% and 82.4%) and roots(38.9%, 59.8%, 77.6% and 78.5%) were higher than stems(31.1%, 44.1%, 49.5% and 52.6%). Furthermore the digestibilities of leaves were higher than those of alfalfa hay(37.4%, 48.8%, 67.8% and 71.8%) and although the digestibilities of stems which were the lowest among the parts were higher than those of acasia wood chip(12.6%, 18.2%, 21.6% and 24.3%).

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.101-108
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• 1975

The nitrogen economy and primary production of a Helianthus annuus "Manchurian" population were studied with special reference to the pattern of seasonal changes of vertical distributions of dry matter and nitrogen quantities, and its quantitative significance was discussed in relation to the pattern of the plant population growth, distribution ratios among organs, and turnover rates of dry matter and nitrogen. The population was established in plant density of 11.1plant/$m^2$ at the experimdntal field of Kyungpook National University, Daegu. During the period of population developemnt (April-September, 1973), the annual inflow rates and outflow rates of dry matter and nitrogen were 5560 gDM/$m^2$/year and 89 gN/$m^2$/year, respectively. The distribution ratios of dry matter and nitrogen to leaves were 28% and 45%, to stems 48% and 18%, to roots 13% and 5%, and to flowers and seeds 11% and 32%, respectively. The maximum turnover rates of inflow of dry matter and nitrogen were attained in May-June, and were 216%/month and 210%/month, respectively. The amount of nitrogen demand was 52gN/$m^2$/year (58%) for the foliage growth, 13 gN/$m^2$/year(15%) for the stem growth, 20 gN/$m^2$/year(23%) for the reproductive organs, and 4 gN/$m^2$/year(4%) for the growth of the underground parts. The amount of nitrogen supply by the nitrogen withdrawn from senescing leaves and stems was 25gN/$m^2$/year(28%) and the amount of nitrogen absorption by the root from the environmental soil was 64 gN/$m^2$/year(72%). The ratiio of the a mount of produced dry matter to that of assimilated nitrogen during a year was calculated for this annual plant population as 60, which can be used as the nitrogen utility index.ity index.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.73-77
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• 2014

Field and nutrient cultures of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) were used to establish foliar symptoms related to boron (B) concentration in leaves and soils, and to evaluate radish as a time-saving model system for B nutrition. Application of excess B, 8 kg/ha versus the recommended 1.5 kg/ha, to field plantings of 2-, 3-, and 4-yr-old American ginseng plants just prior to crop emergence caused, within 4 wk after crop emergence, leaf symptoms of chlorosis followed by necrosis starting at the tips and progressing along the margins. The B concentration in leaves of 2-4-yr-old plants receiving 1.5 kg/ha Bwas $30{\mu}g/g$ dry mass compared to $460{\mu}g/g$ dry mass where 8 kg/ha B was applied. Similarly, B concentration in soils receiving the lower B concentration was 1.8 mg/g dry mass and $2.2-2.8{\mu}g/g$ dry mass where the higher B concentration was applied. Application of 8 kg/ha B reduced the dry yield of 3rd-yr roots by 20% from 2745 kg/ha to 2196 kg/ha and 4th-yr roots by 26% from 4130 kg/ha to 3071 kg/ha. Ginseng seedlings and radish were grown under greenhouse conditions in nutrient culture with four B concentrations ranging from 0 mg/L to 10 mg/L. At 5 mg/L and 10 mg/L ginseng and radish developed typical leaf B toxicity symptoms similar to those described above for field-grown plants. Increasing B in the nutrient solution from 0.5 mg/L to 10 mg/L decreased, in a linear fashion, the root and leaf dry mass of ginseng, but not radish. Given the many similarities of ginseng and radish to B utilization, radish might be used as a timesaving model system for the study of B, and other micronutrients, in the slow-growing perennial ginseng.