• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.333-338
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• 2013

Sources of energy and rumen undegradable protein (RUP) have been used to meet nutrient requirements for high producing dairy cows. However studies for manipulation the levels of energy and RUP in diets have been mainly achieved using dairy cows at early-lactation period. The objective of this study thus, was to investigate the effects of different energy and rumen undegradable protein (RUP) levels on dry matter intake and milk yield in Holstein cows at mid-lactation period. Basal diet was prepared as TMR to meet nutrient requirements for dairy cows at mid-lactation according to NRC recommendation. Cows of control group (Con) were fed only basal diets while ground corn (0.5 kg/d), heat-treated soybean meal (0.5 kg/d), and their mixture (0.25 kg of each supplements/d) were added to diets for cows of treatment groups (T1, T2, and T3 respectively) to modulate the level of energy and RUP contents in diets. Addition of energy or RUP source in basal TMR did not affect in total DMI while TMR intake tended to be higher in Con compared to T3. Cows fed T3 diets tended to show increased milk yield and MUN content than those of Con. Cows for T2 as well as T3 had lower ADG (P<0.05) compared with those of Con. We concluded that the addition of RUP source in diets for dairy cows on mid-lactation period might cause the decrement of DMI and ADG.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.429-444
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• 2011

1. Objective This study is aimed to present the effective classification of Soeumin symptomatology and the standardized signs for classification which can be applied for KCD, ICD and the insurance codification system. 2. Methods 1) Differentiate Soeumin symptomatology based on exterior-interior patterns, favorable-unfavorable patterns, and mild-severe-dangerous-urgent patterns. 2) Investigate the standard signs and symptoms to claasify Soeumin symptomatology based on exterior-interior patterns, favorable-unfavorable patterns, and mild-severe-dangerous-urgent patterns. 3. Results and Conclusions 1) The diagnosis criteria for Soeumin exterior-interior disease is based upon signs & symptoms of cold/heat, condition of stool, state of digestive system(such as digestion and appetite)among others. 2) The diagnosis criteria for Soeumin favorable-unfavorable disease is generally based upon whether the vital force of the spleen is damaged or not. More specifically, for the exterior disease, whether or not sweating is present. For the interior disease, whether or not dry mouth, body ache(a main symptom of the exterior state), and anxiousness are present. 3) For the Soeumin Wool-gwang disease, the diagnosis criteria of mild-severe disease is whether or not chills is present and the degree of body fever. 4) For Soeumin Mang-yang disease, the diagnosis criteria of dangerous-urgent disease is whether or not chills is, the degree of sweating and urine condition. 5) For the Soeumin Greater-Yin disease, Abdominal-pain bowel irritability pattern and Epigastric discomfort pattern are early state signs, Jaundice pattern is mild-state sign, edema & Greater-Yang disease Yin-toxin pattern are terminal state signs. 6) For the Soeumin interior disease, Abdominal-pain bowel irritability pattern and Epigastric discomfort pattern are of the dangerous state pattern, Jang-gual and Exuberant-Yin-repelling-Yang pattern are of the urgent state patterns.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.673-679
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• 1998

The experiment was conducted to determine in situ rumen degradability of soybean meal (SM), fish meal (FM), sesame cake (SC) and Italian ryegrass hay (IRGH) and the effect of supplementing the above protein meals to IRGH on digestibility and balance of nutrients in three Saanen goats. For measuring the degradability, nylon bags containing each meal were incubated in the rumen of one fistulated dry cow for 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hrs. Degradability revealed that SM protein was highly degradable in the rumen (99.1%), while FM protein was less degradable (76.8%) with SC protein being intermediate (91.2%) at 48 hrs of incubation (p < 0.01). Degradation rate of the potentially degradable fraction was estimated to be 12.12, 5.88 and 5.88%/hr for SM, FM and SC, respectively. In the metabolism trial, all goats were offered daily 900 g IRGH and one of the supplements, SM (100 g), FM (75 g) or SC (100 g). Intake of DM, OM, CP and GE was similar among diets. However, digestibility of OM for SC diet was significantly lower than that for diets supplemented with FM and SM (p < 0.10). Nitrogen (N) excreted in faeces (p < 0.05) and in urine (p < 0.10) was, respectively, higher and lower for SC diet than that for the other two diets. The same tendency was observed in energy losses in faeces (p < 0.10) and in urine (p < 0.05). There was no difference in energy loss in methane or in heat production among diets. Consequently, no significant difference was observed in N retention (2.13, 0.42 and -0.11 g/day for FM, SC and SM diet, respectively) or in energy retention (-1.49, -2.14 and -2.70 MJ/day for FM, SM and SC diet, respectively). These results showed that protein supplements affected the digestion of diets based on grass hay with 7.45% CP in DM in goats, although there was no significant influence on N or energy retention.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.12
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• pp.1712-1720
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• 2014

Little is known about the gender differences in energetic requirements of goats in early life. In this study, we determined the energy requirements for maintenance and gain in intact male, castrated male and female Saanen goat kids using the comparative slaughter technique and provide new data on their body composition and energy efficiency. To determine the energy requirements for maintenance, we studied 21 intact males, 15 castrated males and 18 females ($5.0{\pm}0.1kg$ initial body weight (BW) and $23{\pm}5d$ of age) using a split-plot design with the following main factors: three genders (intact males, castrated males, and females) and three dry matter intake levels (ad libitum, 75% and 50% of ad libitum intake). A slaughter group included three kids, one for each nutritional plane, of each gender, and all three animals within a group were slaughtered when the ad libitum kid reached 15 kg in BW. Net energy requirements for gain were obtained for 17 intact males, eight castrated males and 15 females ($5.1{\pm}0.4kg$ BW and $23{\pm}13d$ of age). Animals were fed ad libitum and slaughtered when they reached 5, 10, and 15 kg in BW. A digestion trial was performed with nine kids of each gender to determine digestible energy, metabolizable energy and energy metabolizability of the diet. Our results show no effect of gender on the energy requirements for maintenance and gain, and overall net energy for maintenance was $205.6kJ/kg^{0.75}$ empty body weight gain (EBW) ($170.3kJ/kg^{0.75}$ BW) from 5 to 15 kg BW. Metabolizable energy for maintenance was calculated by iteration, assuming heat production equal to metabolizable energy intake at maintenance, and the result was $294.34kJ/kg^{0.75}$ EBW and $k_m$ of 0.70. As BW increased from 5 to 15 kg for all genders, the net energy required for gain increased from 9.5 to 12.0 kJ/g EBW gain (EWG), and assuming $k_g=0.47$, metabolizable energy for gain ranged from 20.2 to 25.5 kJ/g EWG. Our results indicate that it is not necessary to formulate diets with different energetic content for intact male, castrated male and female Saanen goat kids weighing from 5 to 15 kg.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.700-708
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• 2013

Pyroprocessing has been developed for the purpose of resolving the current spent nuclear fuel management issue and enhancing the recycle of valuable resources. Pyroprocessing has been developed with the dry technologies which are performed under high temperature conditions excluding any aqueous processes. Pyro-processes which are based on the electrochemical principles require pretreatment processes and a voloxidation process is considered as a pretreatment step for an electrolytic reduction process. Various kinds of gas conditions are applicable to the voloxidation process and the understanding of Cs behavior during the process is of importance for the analyses of waste characteristics and heat load on the overall pyroprocessing. In this study, the changes of chemical compounds with the gas conditions were calculated by analyzing gas-solid reaction behavior based on the chemical equilibria on a Cs-Te-O system. $Cs_2TeO_3$ and $Cs_2TeO_4$ were selected after a Tpp diagram analysis and it was confirmed that they are relatively stable under oxidizing atmospheres while it was shown that Cs and Te would be removed by volatilization under reducing atmosphere at a high temperature. This work provided basic data for predicting Cs behavior during the voloxidation process at which compounds are chemically distributed as the first stage in the pyroprocessing and it is expected that the results would be used for setting up material balances and related purposes.

• 한국유가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.37-61
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• 2005

Microcapsules consisting of natural, biodegradable polymers for controlled and/or sustained core release applications are needed. Physicochemical properties of whey proteins suggest that they may be suitable wall materials in developing such microcapsules. The objectives of the research were to develop water-insoluble, whey protein-based microcapsules containing a model water-soluble drug using a chemical cross-linking agent, glutaraldehyde, and to investigate core release from these capsules at simulated physiological conditions. A model water soluble drug, theophylline, was suspended in whey protein isolate (WPI) solution. The suspension was dispersed in a mixture of dichloromethane and hexane containing 1% biomedical polyurethane. Protein matrices were cross-linked with 7.5-30 ml of glutaraldehyde-saturated toluene (GAST) for 1-3 hr. Microcapsules were harvested, washed, dried and analyzed for core retention, microstructure, and core release in enzyme-free simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) at 37$^{\circ}C$, A method consisting of double emulsification and heat gelation was also developed to prepare water-insoluble, whey protein-based microcapsules containing anhydrous milkfat (AMF) as a model apolar core. AMF was emulsified into WPI solution (15-30%, pH 4.5-7.2) at a proportion of 25-50% (w/w, on dry basis). The oil-in-water emulsion was then added and dispersed into corn oil (50 $^{\circ}C$)to form an O/W/O double emulsion and then heated at 85$^{\circ}C$ for 20 min for gelation of whey protein wall matrix. Effects of emulsion composition and pH on core retention, microstructure, and water-solubility of microcapsules were determined. Overall results suggest that whey proteins can be used in developing microcapsules for controlled and sustained core release applications.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.59 no.8
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• pp.17.1-17.13
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• 2017

Background: Omega-3 long-chain (${\geq}C_{20}$) polyunsaturated fatty acids (${\omega}3$ LC-PUFA) confer important attributes to health-conscious meat consumers due to the significant role they play in brain development, prevention of coronary heart disease, obesity and hypertension. In this study, the ${\omega}3$ LC-PUFA content of raw and cooked Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle from genetically divergent Australian prime lambs supplemented with dietary degummed crude canola oil (DCCO) was evaluated. Methods: Samples of LTL muscle were sourced from 24 first cross ewe and wether lambs sired by Dorset, White Suffolk and Merino rams joined to Merino dams that were assigned to supplemental regimes of degummed crude canola oil (DCCO): a control diet at 0 mL/kg DM of DCCO (DCCOC); 25 mL/kg DM of DCCO (DCCOM) and 50 mL/kg DCCO (DCCOH). Lambs were individually housed and offered 1 kg/day/head for 42 days before being slaughtered. Samples for cooked analysis were prepared to a core temperature of $70^{\circ}C$ using conductive dry-heat. Results: Within raw meats: DCCOH supplemented lambs had significantly (P < 0.05) higher concentrations of eicosapentaenoic (EPA, $20:5{\omega}3$) and EPA + docosahexaenoic (DHA, $22:6{\omega}3$) acids than those supplemented with DCCOM or DCCOC; Dorset sired lambs contained significantly (P < 0.05) more EPA and EPA + DHA than other sire breeds; diet and sire breed interactions were significant (P < 0.05) in affecting EPA and EPA + DHA concentrations. In cooked meat, ${\omega}3$ LC-PUFA concentrations in DCCOM (32 mg/100 g), DCCOH (38 mg/100 g), Dorset (36 mg/100 g), White Suffolk (32 mg/100 g), ewes (32 mg/100 g) and wethers (33 mg/100 g), all exceeded the minimum content of 30 mg/100 g of edible cooked portion of EPA + DHA for Australian defined 'source' level ${\omega}3$ LC-PUFA classification. Conclusion: These results present that combinations of dietary degummed crude canola oil, sheep genetics and culinary preparation method can be used as effective management tools to deliver nutritionally improved ${\omega}3$ LC-PUFA lamb to meat consumers.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.19
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• pp.1-8
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• 2001

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of nursery soils and seeding density on seedling growth characteristics in automatic facility for raising of rice seedlings. The seedling characteristics were evaluated for the 10-day and 15-day old seedlings grown in six different nursery soils including farm-made soils. Two levels of seeding amount, 250 g and 300 g/tray ($60{\times}30{\times}2.5$ cm), were applied to compare the seedling characteristics according to seeding density on different nursery soils. There were wide difference in soil components among the nursery soils tested. In acidity of nursery soils, 'Bunoog 2' was the highest, pH 5.1, and 'Samkyung' was the lowest, pH 8.6. The content of available phosphate was the highest value, 843 ppm, in 'Bunong 1' and the lowest (74 ppm) in farm-made soils. The total nitrogen content of 'Bunong 1, 2, 3' and 'Weonjo' soils was higher than there of 'Samkyung' and farm-made soils. There was no difference in plant height among three types of 'Bunong' soils (Bunong 1, 2, 3), but the seedling height grown in farm-made soils was shorter than there in other nursery soils. The plant heigh was slightly taller as the increase of seeding amount from 250 g to 300 g/tray, and the difference in plant height was larger in 15-day old seedlings as compared with 10-day old seedlings. Dry weight of seedlings grown for 15 days in three 'Bunong' soils was heavier than those in other nursery soils. Based on the growing characteristics of seedlings grown in different nursery soils, the heat result was obtained from a nursery soil, 'Bunoog 2', among six marketing nursery soils tested.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.75-85
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• 2018

The Grenpell tower fire in England in June of 2016 is a representative example of damage caused by a vertical fire spreading through external insulation. Organic insulation materials, which are widely used in external insulation, have the disadvantage that they have good insulation performance but are vulnerable to fire. Aluminum composite panels are used as exterior wall finishing materials, and plastics used in aluminum are regarded as the cause of vertical fire spread. Due to the steel frame used to secure the aluminum composite panel to the outer wall, a cavity is formed between the outer wall and outer wall finish. When a fire occurs on the outer wall, the flammable outer wall as well as the flame generated from the heat-insulating material spreads vertically through the cavity, resulting in damage to people and property. In Korea, material unit performance tests are carried out by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport notice 2015 - 744. However, in the UK, the BS 8414 test is used to measure the vertical fire spreading time on the outer wall in real scale fire tests. In this study, the risk of external wall fire was evaluated in an actual fire by conducting a real scale wall fire test (BS 8414), which was carried out in Europe, using aluminum composite panels of semi-noncombustible materials suitable for current domestic standards. The purpose of this study was to confirm the limitations of material unit evaluation of finishing materials and to confirm the necessity of introducing a system to prevent the spread of outer wall fire through an actual scale fire test.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.165-174
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• 2004

In order to simultaneously vitrify the ion exchange resin(IER) and combustible dry active waste(DAW) generated from Korean nuclear power plants, a vitrification pilot test was conducted using an induction cold crucible melter(CCM) . The energy necessary for startup of the glass using a Ti-ring was evaluated as about 290 kWh. The power supplied from a high frequency generator to melt the glass properly was ranged from 160 to 190 kW without any interruption. When the mixture of the IER and DAW was fed into the CCM, the concentration of CO was lowered up to 1/40 compared to feeding the IER solely. It may be caused by the DAW which can produce about 1.8 times higher heat compared to the IER. When the swelling phenomenon occurred in the glass melt, the concentration of $NO_2$, oxidizing gas, was higher than NO, reducing gas. Total feed amounts of the IER and DAW were 368 and 751 kg, respectively. And then, about 74 of volume reduction factor was achieved.