• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
• /
• v.9 no.6
• /
• pp.1007-1016
• /
• 2023

In this study, the effect of functional substances such as polyphenols and flavonoids contained in large quantities in red ginseng and herbal medicines on the antioxidant activity properties and flavor effect were investigated by increasing the content and activity of functional ingredients by convert red ginseng through a steaming heat-drying process compared to the traditional dry processing method of ginseng and herbal medicines. According to the experimental results, the addition of pre-heat treatment significantly increased antioxidant properties such as DPPH radical scavenging ability, polyphenols, and flavonoids. In addition, during the steaming and heat-dried red ginseng manufacturing process, the amino-carbonyl browning reaction was promoted, resulting in increased brownness and a savory flavor. However, the content of ginsenosides, the main medicinal ingredient in red ginseng, became the main cause of the bitter and harsh taste. In addition, the bitter and harsh taste of red ginseng has been significantly improved by roasting and producing powder, but on the other hand, Radix Angelicae sinensis, polymorphic angelica and Peony, which are used as main medicinal ingredients in oriental medicine for nutritional tonic prescriptions such as 10 herbal medicine and 4 herbal medicine have a very strong herbal medicine-specific flavor and have a bitter and harsh taste. It is so strong that in order to use it as an instant extraction material, it was reviewed that a steaming and heating manufacturing method was needed during the manufacturing process.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.44 no.1
• /
• pp.105-112
• /
• 2002

In order to investigate the effects of heat treatment of three animal by-products(feather meal, tallow meal, viscera meal) on in situ ruminal degradation characteristics and gastrointestinal availability of dietary crude protein(CP), three ruminally and duodenally cannulated dry Holstein cows were employed. Cows were fed a diet containing 60% concentrate and 40% orchard grass hay, and had free access to water and mineral block. Experimental feeds were processed for 4 hr at 149$^{\circ}C$ in a forced-air oven, and were passed through a 1-mm screen. Degradation kinetics of feed protein in the rumen were fitted to an exponential type model, and intestinal availability was estimated by the mobile nylon bag technique. Effective CP degradabilities in the rumen for feather meal, tallow meal and viscera meal were 30.2%, 75.0% and 56.4% at 5% passage rate per hour(k=0.05), respectively. In addition, heat treatment increased effective ruminal CP degradability on feather meal and viscera meal treatments, whereas decreased in tallow meal treatment(P$<$0.05). Gastrointestinal CP disappearances of feather meal, tallow meal and viscera meal were 56.2%, 18.6%, and 37.9%, respectively. In addition, heat treatment decreased the gastrointestinal CP disappearance on feather meal and viscera meal treatment, but increased in tallow meal treatment(P$<$0.05). Intestinal availability of rumen undegradable protein(A-UDP) was 80.4% for feather meal, 83.8% for tallow meal and 86.9% for viscera meal. In addition, heat treatment increased A-UDP on feather meal and tallow meal treatment, 94.0% and 91.3%, respectively, but decreased on viscera meal treatment, 76.5%(P$<$0.05).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.48 no.4
• /
• pp.555-562
• /
• 2006

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) with or without ruminally protected fat and niacin on the thermoregulatory ability, milk yield and milk composition of lactating dairy cows during summer in Korea. Thirty mid-lactating Holstein cows (134±12.4 DIM and 23.4±2.3kg/d of milk yield) were divided into three groups (10 animals/group). Cows were housed in a free-stall barn and were provided with forced- air ventilation (wind velocity = 4 m/s) using 41 cm diameter fans. Diet one was formulated to contain low DCAD (+15 DCAD) while the remaining two diets were higher in DCAD (+30 DCAD). One higher DCAD diet was formulated to contain by-pass fat and the second higher DCAD diet contained the niacin along with by-pass fat. The maximum ambient temperature during July was 28.5℃ which could be seen as a period of mild heat stress. As summer progressed, August was characterized as a severe heat stress condition with maximum ambient temperature (32.4℃) and THI (74.0). Dry matter, crude protein and total digestible nutrients intake was not affected by the DCAD level and supplementation of ruminally protected fat or niacin. Milk production was higher in cows fed diets supplemented with fat and niacin than those fed un-supplemented diet. No difference in milk yield was observed in cows fed diets supplemented with fat or niacin plus fat. Milk fat and rectal temperature were not affected by the DCAD level and supplementation of ruminally protected fat or niacin. However, respiration rate was decreased in cows fed diets supplemented with either fat or fat and niacin compared to those fed. The results of the present study indicated that higher DCAD (+30) and supplementation of fat along with niacin can somehow mitigate the negative effects of heat stress on milk yield and physiology of lactating Holsteins during July and August in Korea. In present study reduced respiration rate and increased milk yield in lactating cows may be attributed to the cooling effect of supplemented fat along with vasodilatory functions of niacin. (Key Words: DCAD, Heat stress, THI, milk yield, Milk fat, Holstein)

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.139-149
• /
• 2004

It was aimed to find out an efficient method of drying hot pepper, of which powder is used as one of the main ingredients in Korean dish preparation including Kimchi. Before sun or heat drying fruits harvested were horizontally cut into three pieces punched with an auger of 4 mm in diameter, or used as the whole fruit. Various drying methods were used including sun drying, drying under a plastic house, sun drying after heat drying for 5 hours at $70^{\circ}C$, $80^{\circ}C$, or $90^{\circ}C$, heat drying only at $50^{\circ}C$, $60^{\circ}C$, or $70^{\circ}C$, and changing temperature of $70^{\circ}C$, $5hours+60^{\circ}C$ until coplete dry, $80^{\circ}C+60^{\circ}C$, or $90^{\circ}C+60^{\circ}C$. The results are summarized as follows. With sun drying of the whole fruit, in required about 10days to reach the satisfactory level of dryness as indicated by its moisture content of below 10% in general. In case of heat drying combined with sun drying, it required 5 to 7 days. For cut fruits, it required 1 or 2 days less than for whole or pinholed fruits until drying. Under heat of alternation temperature drying, cut fruits also dried 15-20 hours earlier compared with whole of pinholed fruits. There were not significant differences for the recovery rate of the fruit with various drying methods. The occurrence of white fruits, which are caused by one of physiological disorders during drying, and rotten fruits was reduced with the cut fruit drying. The damages were very high with the PE house drying, but very little with the heat drying.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2010.11a
• /
• pp.131.1-131.1
• /
• 2010

This study was conducted for engineering optimization for the gasification process which is the key factor for success of Taean IGCC gasification plant which has been driven forward under the government support in order to expand to supply new and renewable energy and diminish the burden of the responsibility for the reduction of the green house gas emission. The gasification process consists of coal milling and drying, pressurization and feeding, gasification, quenching and HP syngas cooling, slag removal system, dry flyash removal system, wet scrubbing system, and primary water treatment system. The configuration optimization is essential for the high efficiency and the cost saving. For this purpose, it was designed to have syngas cooler to recover the sensible heat as much as possible from the hot syngas produced from the gasifier which is the dry-feeding and entrained bed slagging type and also applied with the oxygen combustion and the first stage cylindrical upward gas flow. The pressure condition inside of the gasifier is around 40~45Mpg and the temperature condition is up to $1500{\sim}1700^{\circ}C$. It was designed for about 70% out of fly ash to be drained out throughout the quenching water in the bottom part of the gasifier as a type of molten slag flowing down on the membrane wall and finally become a byproduct over the slag removal system. The flyash removal system to capture solid particulates is applied with HPHT ceramic candle filter to stand up against the high pressure and temperature. When it comes to the residual tiny particles after the flyash removal system, wet scurbbing system is applied to finally clean up the solids. The washed-up syngas through the wet scrubber will keep around $130{\sim}135^{\circ}C$, 40~42Mpg and 250 ppmv of hydrochloric acid(HCl) and hydrofluoric acid(HF) at maximum and it is turned over to the gas treatment system for removing toxic gases out of the syngas to comply with the conditions requested from the gas turbine. The result of this study will be utilized to the detailed engineering, procurement and manufacturing of equipments, and construction for the Taean IGCC plant and furthermore it is the baseline technology applicable for the poly-generation such as coal gasification(SNG) and liquefaction(CTL) to reinforce national energy security and create new business models.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.16 no.7
• /
• pp.952-961
• /
• 2003

In the first part of the study, rates of estrus occurrence and success of A.I. service in the Thai-native and Friesian crossbred, and purebred Friesian cows fed in the National Dairy Training and Applied Research Institute in Chiang Mai, Thailand were traced monthly throughout a year. An electric fan and a water sprinkler cooled the stall for the purebred cows during the hot season (March-September). Both rates in pure Friesians were at their highest in the cold-dry season (October- February), but they decreased steadily during the hot-dry season (March-May) and were at their lowest in the hot-wet season (June-September). Seasonal change of a similar pattern was observed in the incidence of estrus, but not in the success rate of insemination in the crossbred cows. By the use of reproductive data, compiled in the same institute, on the 75 % cross- and purebred Friesian cows, and climatological data in Chiang Mai district, effects of ambient temperature and humidity on the reproductive traits of cows were examined by regression analysis in the second half of the study. Significant relationships in the crossbred, expressed by positive-linear and parabola regressions, were found between reproductive parameters such as days to the first estrus (DTFE), A.I. service (DTFAI), and conception, the number of A.I. services required for conception and some climatic factors. However, regarding this, no consistent or intelligible results were obtained in purebred cows, perhaps because electric fans and water sprinklers were used for this breed in the hot season. Among climatic factors examined, the minimum temperature (MINT) in early lactation affected reproductive activity most conspicuously. As the temperature during one or two months prior to the first estrus and A.I. service rose, DTFE and DTFAI steadily became longer, although, when MINT depleted below $17-18^{\circ}C$, the reproductive interval tended to be prolonged again on some occasions. The maximum temperature also affected DTFE and DTFAI, but only in limited conditions. The effect of humidity was not clear, although the inverse relationship between DTFE and minimum humidity during 2 months before the first estrus in the crossbred seemed to be significant. Failure to detect any definite effect of climate on the reproductive traits of pure Friesians seemed to indicate that forced ventilation by electric fans and water sprinklers were effective enough to protect the reproductive ability of this breed from the adverse effects of a hot climate.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.37 no.12
• /
• pp.1627-1631
• /
• 2008

This study was to analyze the physiology activity of barley leaf extract using different drying methods. Yield of RL (raw leaf) and barley leaves dried did not show significant difference by various drying methods. There was no significant difference in total phenolic content by dry method. However, total flavonoid content was high in HD (dried after heat treatments) barley leaf after RL. There was no significance in barley leaf dried by SD (dried in the shade), FD (vacuum freeze dried) and MW (dried by microwave) after the microwave. Superoxide dismutase-like activity was high over 90%: $95.6{\pm}0.3%$ in RL, $94.9{\pm}0.7%$ in HD barley leaf, $92.0{\pm}1.3%$ in SD barley leaf, $91.5{\pm}0.4%$ in FD barley leaf, and $92.5{\pm}0.2%$ in MW barley leaf using the microwave. Significantly higher antioxidant activity was shown as compared to the control group of sesamol ($88.426{\pm}0.802%$), tocopherol ($88.8{\pm}0.6%$), and BHT ($86.6{\pm}0.8%$). Also, except for RL and MW barley leaf, all showed over 80% peroxyl radical scavenging activity and over 90% inhibition rate of xanthine oxidase. The results of this study show that total phenolic content and total flavonoid content by dry method were dependent on the drying temperature with no impact on antioxidant activity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.115-119
• /
• 1997

The chemical and microbial properties and acceptability of milk and soymilk inoculated with Bifidobacterium were studied at each storage time (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 days). Soymilk, milk, low-heat milk, low-fat milk, non-fat dry milk with Bifidobacterium longum ATCC 15707 were incubated in a nitrogen-carbon dioxide atmosphere at $4^{\circ}C$ for 30 days. pH and acidity of all the samples were in the range of $pH\;6.6{\sim}pH\;6.9$ and $0.4%{\sim}0.55%$ for 30 days, respectively. The viable cell numbers in non-fat dry milk reached above $8.4{\times}10^9\;CFU/mL$ after 15 days. The glucose content in soymilk was $4.5{\times}10^{-2}{\sim}5.5{\times}10^{-2}\;mM$ at 10 days of storage. Milk and soymilk containing B. longum at $4^{\circ}C$ were found to be different in taste, odor, off-flavor at each storage time (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 days). Sensory scores indicated that milk containing bifidobacteria was poorly affected by the storage time, but milk at 4 days of storage was quite close in odor and off-flavor to milk with storage time 0. Soymilk containing bifidobacteria at 2 and 4 days of storage had significantly higher acceptability of taste than soymilk with storage time 0.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.339-346
• /
• 2018

A geological repository system consists of a disposal canister with packed spent fuel, buffer material, backfill material, and intact rock. The buffer is indispensable to assure the disposal safety of high-level radioactive waste. Since the heat generated from spent nuclear fuel in a disposal canister is released to the surrounding buffer materials, the thermal properties of the buffer material are very important in determining the entire disposal safety. Especially, since thermal expansion can cause thermal stress to the intact rock mass in the near-field, it is very important to evaluate thermal expansion characteristics of bentonite buffer materials. Therefore, this paper presents a thermal expansion coefficient prediction model of the Gyeongju bentonite buffer materials which is a Ca-bentonite produced in South Korea. The linear thermal expansion coefficient was measured considering heating rate, dry density and temperature variation using dilatometer equipment. Thermal expansion coefficient values of the Gyeongju bentonite buffer materials were $4.0{\sim}6.0{\times}10^{-6}/^{\circ}C$. Based on the experimental results, a non-linear regression model to predict the thermal expansion coefficient was suggested and fitted according to the dry density.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.33 no.5 s.112
• /
• pp.69-82
• /
• 2005

These studies were carried out (1) to investigate the growth characteristics of Sedum album L. in the field, (2) to propose a suitable shallow peen roof system for this plant, and (3) to evaluate plant growth in the proposed system over the long term. The growth characteristics, such as morphological properties, growth habit, shade tolerance, and flowering, were surveyed. In experimental shallow green-roof systems, the effects of drainage type, substrate type, and soil depth on plant growth were investigated. Then drought tolerance was investigated. After planting Sedum album L. in the proposed system survival rate, cover, and resistance to insects, heal and cold were evaluated for about 2 years. The results of these studies are summarized below. 1. In the field, the aboveground part of Sedum album L. did not die back during the winter. Plant height was 4$\sim$7 cm. Roots were distributed to a depth of 5$\sim$7 cm. Sedum album L. is a compact ground-cover plant that spreads vigorously. Shading condition of less than $30\%$ of full sunlight didn't cause any trouble, but shading conditions above $87\%$ made the shape of the shoots and leaves abnormal. The plant bloomed from June to August and had a rather large compound umbel of white, star-shaped flowers. 2. Two systems, a drainage-blend-10 cm soil depth and a reservoir$\cdot$drainage-blend-15 cm soil depth, performed best in terms of cover, fresh weight, and dry weight. The first has an advantage for green roofs because it is lighter than the latter. 3. In drainage-blend-10 m soil depth and modified reservoir · drainage-blend-10 cm soil depth system no plants died for about 4 months after stopping the irrigation. The visual quality of the latter system was above 5 for 4 months and that of the former was under 5 after 2 months. In the field, however, the drought tolerance of Sedum album L. grown in the former would be enough to withstand the dry season. Considering the urban ecosystem and the importance of healthy growth the modified reservoir $\cdot$ drainage-blend-10 cm soil depth system was finally recommended. This system was composed of a 4 cm thick drainage layer and drain outlets placed at a height of 2.5 cm. 4. In the proposed system, the survival rate was $100\%$, and there was no injury induced by insects and heat. The leaf density decreased a little in winter. Cover increased throughout the year. Sedum album L. was planted with a cover of 72$cm^{2}$ on 3 April 2003; on 16 June 2003 and 15 June 2004, cover was $132.66\pm$5.87 $cm^{2}$(1.8 times) and $886.98\pm$63.51 $cm^{2}$(12.3 times), respectively.