• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.39-51
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• 1976

As an accempt to increase thc efficiency of land use and the food production to achieve the national goal in the food self-sufficiency, nine cropping systems on the upper-land were examined in pure-stand and in mixtures of soybean, corn, potato and radish. The important conclusions of this study were summarized as follows; 1. The flowering date of soybean was two or three days earlier in pure-stand than in the mixture with corn. The maturing date two days earlier in the pure-stand than in the mixture with corn. The flowering and maturing dates were not different among various cropping systems in corn. 2. The stem length of soybean was significantly different among various cropping systems. Soybean in pure-stand was shorter in stem length than with corn. 3. The number of pods per soybean plant did not give any significant differences among various cultivation methods. 4. The length of internode and the number of nodes per soybean plant in the mixture with corn were greater than in the pure-stand. In the number of branches per plant this was reversed. 5. The average stem dry weight of soybean per 10a was not significantly different among various cultivation methods. 6. The soybean yield per 10a in the pure-stand was obviously greater than the mixture and there were significant differences among cultivation method within the mixture with corn in soybean yield. 7. The 1,000-grain weight of soybean was significantly different and those in the pure-stand was heavier than those in the mixture with corn. 8. Grain weight per soybean plant and the stem diameter in the pure-stand were significantly lesser than those in the mixture with corn. 9. In the comparisons of corn in the pure-stand and in the mixture with soybean, plant height, number of ear per 10a, mean ear weight and remember of grain per plant, 100-grain weight, ear length, ear girth and number of ear pel plant were not significantly different among various cultivation methods except for the grain yield per 10a. 10. In the economic analysis, the mixture with soybean and corn gave the greatest gross income. The combination 7 was the best which was 47.6% increase income comparing with the soybean pure-stand. 11. As it can be assumed, soybean plant was influenced greatly than corn by various cropping system. It is necessary to study more complex cropping system finding and giving more desirable multiple cropping system for the farmer.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.123-130
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• 1978

Asp. oryzae D and H strains were cultured in the wheat bran and Czapek-Dox liquid media containing garlic powder in order to investigate the effect of garlic on the enzyme production and growth of Asp. oryzae. The results obtained were as follows; 1. Wheat bran media containing 0.5 to 2% garlic powder yielded increased in acid protease activity of the Asp. oryzae D strain while the best activity appeared at 2 to 6% in alkaline protease and 0.5% in neutral protease. 2. The protease activities of Asp. oryzae H strain was similar to that of the control in wheat bran media containing 0.5 to 8% garlic powder, but the peak appeared at the garlic powder concentration of 30%. 3. Garlic powder increased the $\alpha$-and Glucoamylase activities of Asp. oryzae H strain. 4. Garlic powder inhibited the both Asp. oryzae strains from the cellulase production. 5. Czapek-Dex liquid media containing 0.5 to 6% garlic powder yielded increase in dry mycerial weight in comparison with the control, and the increament was much more in case of the Asp. oryzae H strain. 6. As the amount of the garlic powder added to the Czapek-Dox liquid media increased, the pH of the cultured media of Asp. oryzae D strains was on the decrease while the media of H strain increased. 7. As the amount of the garlic powder added increased, the acidity of the cultured Czapek-Dex media increased. 8. The growth rate of the two Asp. oryzae strains were remarkably inhibited and no growth appeared in wheat bran and Czapek-Dox media containing garlic powder more over 10%. 9. The utility rate of reducing sugar was the highest in the Czapek-Dox liquid media containing 1 to 2% garlic powder.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.287-292
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• 2009

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of garlic extract (GE) supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics and meat composition in broilers. Dietary treatment were control (corn-soy based diet, 0 ppm), and diets added with 100 or 200 ppm GE. Starter and finisher diets were fed from 0 to 3 wk and 4 to 5 wk, respectively. Supplementation of GE had no effect on weight gain, but there was trend towards improvement in growth rate in birds fed diets containing 100 ppm GE during overall period, while birds fed 100 ppm GE had better feed efficiency (p<0.05) than birds fed control diet during finisher period. Birds fed GE had greater (p<0.05) nutrient digestibility of dry matter than birds fed control diet. The TBARS values of breast muscle obtained from birds fed 100 and 200 ppm GE were lower than breast muscle of control birds on day 8 and 12 of storage. The breast muscle of birds fed 200 ppm GE had higher (p<0.05) $L^*$ values than breast muscle of birds fed control and 100 ppm GE diets. The carcass characteristics, meat and bone composition, CIE $a^*$ and $b^*$ values did not differ among the dietary treatments. In conclusion, supplementation of GE enhanced feed efficiency and nutrient digestibility in broilers.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2006

The tryptic enzyme activities from hepatopancreas, foregut, midgut and feces were examined to optimize the feeding method in whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. The highest tryptic enzyme activity was found in hepatopancreas. The enzyme activities of hepatopancreas were 4 times higher than those of foregut per mg dry weight at 30 minutes feeding. Post feeding period, the activities of hepatopancreas increased continuously up to 30 hours after feeding. Trypsin activities of foregut showed about 3 times higher than did those of midgut. Average activity of foregut reached the pick with $303{\pm}68\;(mean{\pm}SE)$ nmol/mg/min at two hours after feeding and kept the activity up to 4 hours after feeding and thereafter the activity decreased. Average tryptic enzyme activity of midgut increased to $96{\pm}26nmol/mg/min$ up to two hours after feeding and it decreased to $52{\pm}17nmol/mg/min$ at five hours after feeding eventhough the gastric evacuation rate was still 50% by then. Foregut clearance occurred in 30 minutes after feeding and midgut weight increased up to 2 hours after feeding. Also we found that the maximal food ingestion in foregut was equivalent to the average 0.3% of its body weight by 30 minutes after feeding. Up to 5 hours after feeding, the weight ratio of midgut to body weight reduced, but still the weight ratio of foregut to body weight kept the similarity until then. These indicated that the tryptic enzyme activity and the clearance rate are different among the digestive organs and between forgot and midgut during the post feeding period in whiteleg shrimp.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.523-529
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• 2011

This study has been performed to examine the influence of the size of particles on the stabilization in the aerobic stabilization equipment connected with MBT system. The biodegradable waste inside the reactor (60% of food waste, 25% of paper waste, 2% of wood waste and 5% of compost) has been charged in same composition. The degree of stabilization was compared and analyzed after charging with adjustment of particle size in 5 mm, 10 mm, 20 mm, 50 mm, 100 mm and state of no separation. The experiment revealed that highest temperature beyond $65^{\circ}C$ was shown in the particle size of less than 50 mm in change of temperature and the highest temperature was about $50^{\circ}C$ in reactor of 100 mm and no separation. The proportionality between generated quantity of $CO_2$ and particle size was not observed, even the highest in generated quantity was shown in over 100 mm. The weight changes based on wet and dry conditions in the reaction process showed the 30% and 46% of reduction in the smallest particle size of 5 mm and it showed the trend of the lower reduction rate at the bigger particle size. The water soluble $COD_{Cr}$ and TOC showed the reduction rate of 60% in reactor of particle size in 100 mm and no separation while the reduction rate comparing to the initial stage of reaction in the reactor of less than 50 mm was 80%. Such result derived the conclusion of acceleration in the decomposing stabilization of biodegradable material due to the decomposing rate of organic substance as the particle size of biodegradable waste gets smaller. It is concluded as necessary to react in adjustment under 50 mm of particle size as much as possible.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.117-125
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• 1980

In order to investigate the utilization efficiency of dietary protein in the rat body and effects of dietary fat on its protein metabolism, 51 Sprague-Dawly rats of 6 weeks old weighing approximate)y 106g were subjected to feeding trials for 4 weeks and then subsequently to metabolic trials for 3 weeks using six different diets composed of three different levels of protein (10%, 20% and 30%) with low (20%) and high (40%) fat content for each protein level, total energy being fixed at 4000 Kcal/kg by addition of an appropriate amount of carbohydrate, and the following results were obtained. 1) The body weight gain increased in the low fat diets with increasing protein level whereas it decreased in the high fat diets. Food efficiency also increased in the low fat diets with increasing protein level, but no do deffinitive trend was observed in the high fat diets. The protein efficiency was generally higher at low protein level and tended to decrease as the protein level increased, regardless of the amount of fat intake. 2) As the protein level was increasing, digestibility of dry matters and carbohydrate were decreasing whereas that of protein was slightly increasing. On the other hand, digestibility of fat was always very high regardless of the amounts of dietary protein and fat. 3) The gross energy intake was affected both by protein and fat contents in the diets: The energy metabolism efficiency was decreasing with increasing protein level and at the same protein level the energy utilization was considerably higher in the low fat diets than in the high fat. 4) From the above-mentioned experimental results it may be concluded that the best formula of diet for growing rats is probably composed of 20% protein, 20% fat and 60% carbohydrate.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.341-358
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• 1992

In order to estimate energy budgets of Palaemon macrodactylus, larvae of the shrimp were reared in the laboratory at constant conditions $(25^{\circ}C: 31-32\%o),$ and then juvenile to adult of the shrimp were reared at $15^{\circ}C\;and\;25^{\circ}C$ in the laboratory. Energy used by the reared shrimps were calculated from estimates of data on feeding, growth, molting, metabolism, nitrogen excretion, and energy content. Juveniles and adults reared in the laboratory, which fed on Artemia nauplii, had an average daily growth rates of 0.079 mm/day at $15^{\circ}C\;and\;of\;0.122mm/day\;at\;25^{\circ}C$. The average growth factor* of P. macrodactylus males and females ranged from $3.2\%$ for adult to $13.2\%$ for juveniles individuals, respectively. Intermolt periods were related to body size of the shrimp and to temperature. Average laboratory growth curves were calculated from data on growth factors and intermolt periods to body size of the shrimp at $15^{\circ}C\;and\;25^{\circ}C$. The calorie contents of the shrimp, their molts, eggs and larvae were determined by biochemical composition and oxygen bomb calorimetry. The average amount of energy used in growth for larvae and juvenile to adult were 4.94 cal and 4.55 cal per dry weight in milligram, respectively. The ammount of oxygen used in metabolism was calculated from size, temperature-specific respiration rate. To convert the ammount of oxygen used in respiration into the equivalent energy lost heat was estimated from the data on chemical composition for the larvae and adult, the values was 4.58 cal/ml $O_2$. The energy content per egg was 0.078 cal. The assimilation efficiency estimated by nitrogen content of food and egested faeces gave $61.5\%$ for the larvae. The efficiencies for juvenile to adult ranged between $79.4\%$ and $90.1\%$ The gross growth efficiencies $(K_1)$ and net growth efficiencies $(K_2)$ of P macrodactylus showed $18.33\%\;and 32.63\%$ for total larval stages, ranged from $21.30\%\;to\;31.04\%\;and\;from\;30.03\%\;to\;39.34\%$ for juvenile to adult, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.8-9
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• 2017

Soybean yield has been low and unstable in Japan and other areas in East Asia, despite long history of cultivation. This is contrasting with consistent increase of yield in North and South America. This presentation tries to describe perspective of breaking stagnation of soybean yield in East Asia, considering the factors of the different yields between regions. Large amount of rainfall with occasional dry-spell in the summer is a nature of monsoon climate and as frequently stated excess water is the factor of low and unstable soybean yield. For example, there exists a great deal of field-to-field variation in yield of 'Tanbaguro' soybean, which is reputed for high market value and thus cultivated intensively and this results in low average yield. According to our field survey, a major portion of yield variation occurs in early growth period. Soybean production on drained paddy fields is also vulnerable to drought stress after flowering. An analysis at the above study site demonstrated a substantial field-to-field variation of canopy transpiration activity in the mid-summer, but the variation of pod-set was not as large as that of early growth. As frequently mentioned by the contest winners of good practice farming, avoidance of excess water problem in the early growth period is of greatest importance. A series of technological development took place in Japan in crop management for stable crop establishment and growth, that includes seed-bed preparation with ridge and/or chisel ploughing, adjustment of seed moisture content, seed treatment with mancozeb+metalaxyl and the water table control system, FOEAS. A unique success is seen in the tidal swamp area in South Sumatra with the Saturated Soil Culture (SSC), which is for managing acidity problem of pyrite soils. In 2016, an average yield of $2.4tha^{-1}$ was recorded for a 450 ha area with SSC (Ghulamahdi 2017, personal communication). This is a sort of raised bed culture and thus the moisture condition is kept markedly stable during growth period. For genetic control, too, many attempts are on-going for better emergence and plant growth after emergence under excess water. There seems to exist two aspects of excess water resistance, one related to phytophthora resistance and the other with better growth under excess water. The improvement for the latter is particularly challenging and genomic approach is expected to be effectively utilized. The crop model simulation would estimate/evaluate the impact of environmental and genetic factors. But comprehensive crop models for soybean are mainly for cultivations on upland fields and crop response to excess water is not fully accounted for. A soybean model for production on drained paddy fields under monsoon climate is demanded to coordinate technological development under changing climate. We recently recognized that the yield potential of recent US cultivars is greater than that of Japanese cultivars and this also may be responsible for different yield trends. Cultivar comparisons proved that higher yields are associated with greater biomass production specifically during early seed filling, in which high and well sustained activity of leaf gas exchange is related. In fact, the leaf stomatal conductance is considered to have been improved during last a couple of decades in the USA through selections for high yield in several crop species. It is suspected that priority to product quality of soybean as food crop, especially large seed size in Japan, did not allow efficient improvement of productivity. We also recently found a substantial variation of yielding performance under an environment of Indonesia among divergent cultivars from tropical and temperate regions through in a part biomass productivity. Gas exchange activity again seems to be involved. Unlike in North America where transpiration adjustment is considered necessary to avoid terminal drought, under the monsoon climate with wet summer plants with higher activity of gas exchange than current level might be advantageous. In order to explore higher or better-adjusted canopy function, the methodological development is demanded for canopy-level evaluation of transpiration activity. The stagnation of soybean yield would be broken through controlling variable water environment and breeding efforts to improve the quality-oriented cultivars for stable and high yield.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.213-222
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• 2014

In this study, 2-stage recirculation membrane process was developed for purification of high purity bio-methane for the vehicle fuel application. Pure gas permeation and mixture gas permeation test were done as a function of methane content and pressure in the feed using polysulfone membrane modules. 2-stage membrane plant was designed, constructed in a food waste treatment cite. Dehumidification, dry desulfurization, and desiloxane plants are installed for the removal of $H_2O$, $H_2S$ and siloxane in the biogas. Permeation test were done with the pre-treated methane mixture in terms of methane purity and recovery by adjusting the ratio of membrane area (1:1, 1:3, 2:2) in the first and second membrane modules in the plant. When membrane area of 2 stage increased to $3m^2$ from $1m^2$ at 1-stage membrane area of $1m^2$, the feed rate and $CH_4$ recovery at 95% methane purity were increased from 47.1% to 92.5% respectively. When the membrane area increased two-fold (1:1 to 2:2), $CH_4$ recovery increased from 47.1% to 88.3%. When the feed flow rate was increased, in 1:3 ratio, final purity of the methane is reduced, the methane recovery is increased. When operating pressure was increased, the feed rate was increased and recovery was slightly decreased. From this result, membrane area, feed pressure and feed rate could be the important factor to the performance of the membrane process.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 2015

This study was performed to investigate the adequate standard pot and number of plants per tree of raising seeding pot on the foxtail millet transplanting culture in the southern province. Due to the various application of wellbeing-health food recently, for upbringing of the foxtail millet, millet and sorghum in minor cereals, R & D and policy support is being promoted actively. The foxtail millet growing season is so short from 90 to 130 days, and it is large variations for a growth temperature. The main results are as follows. When it comes to foxtail millet transplantation, seedling quality of 406 holes, 200 holes and 162 holes of raising seeding pot type were not all significant, and field rooting percentage is accounted for all 94 to 95%. Yield of a foxtail millet was exposed in 406holes 305 kg/10a>162holes 303 kg> 200holes 302 kg order, and it was no significance between test processing. When it's the raising seeding transplanting culture, in case of pot culture, 406holes pot culture were reduced the bed soil cost 63%, pot 50%, working hours 18% for 200holes pot. Transplanting seedling quality per a foxtail millet transplanting culture method, dry weight was high inclination as transplanting number of plant is less, and field rooting percentage displayed more than all 95%. Yield appeared to 2 plants seedling transplanting 315kg/10a> 3 plants seedling transplanting 304kg>1 plant seedling transplanting 256kg order. The projected cost per the pot-sort on the raising seeding transplanting culture of foxtail millet, the seedling transplanting culture of 406holes was reduced 40% percentages compared to 200holes as 76,230won/10a. As a result, 406holes pot and 2plants seedling transplanting culture, labor-saving culture was possible.