• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.163-168
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• 2003

본 연구는 하절기 홀스타인 젖소의 행동과 체온(내서성)에 관하여 환경효과를 추정하기 위하여 1999년 7월 6일부터 13일까지 수행하였다. 행동지수를 조사하기 위하여 Holstein 젖소 77두를 공시하였으며 사양은 NRC 사양표준에 의거 농후사료와 옥수수 사일리지 위주로 관리하였다. 체온은 스탄촌에 계류된 상태에서 오후 1시부터 3시 사이에 직장내 온도를 측정하였으며 이때 기온은 $29.0^{\circ}C$ 이었다. 건유 및 착유 상태, 산차에 따라 체온이 달랐으나(p<0.01), 행동지수에 대하여 착유우와 건유우는 오전 9시부터 정오까지, 오후 1시부터 4시까지는 차이가 없었다. 착유우의 직장내 체온은 39.0${\pm}0.03^{\circ}C$으로서 건유우의 체온(38.6 ${\pm}0.04^{\circ}C$)보다 높았다. 오후 1-4시까지는 3산차 이하의 개체들이 4산차 이상의 개체들에 비하여 행동지수가 높았고, 산차의 증가에 따라 감소하는 경향이었다. 우유 성분과 체온과의 상관에 대하여 유당을 제외한 지방, 단백질, 무지고형분율 및 총고형분 등과는 부의 표현형 상관을 나타내었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.1683-1689
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• 2001

The levels of urea nitrogen both in blood (BUN) and milk (MUN), and milk protein (MP) reflect protein and energy intake in dairy herd feeding. Blood and milk constituents may be changes rhythmically and influence by different sampling time within a day and after feeding. Trials were conducted using five dietary treatments in both lactating and dry cows to study the effects of sampling time on concentrations of BUN, MUN and whole blood ammonia nitrogen (BAN) in practical dairy cow feeding in Taiwan. The conventional feed ingredients and forages including corn silage, alfalfa hay, timothy or pangola hay and corn grain were used as major source of the diet to follow practical dairy cow feeding. Five different diets were varying in amounts (low=L; standard=S; high=H) of crude protein (P) and energy (E) according to the NRC (1989). The energy to protein ratios in kcal/kg for the PSES, PLES, PHES, PSEH and PSEL were 10.82, 12.54, 9.41, 12.53 and 9.13 in lactating cows, and 11.38, 13.33, 9.78, 13.28 and 9.74 in dry cows, respectively. Results showed that after feeding at 9:30, BUN reached peak at 13:30 and was significantly higher than those to that sampled at 14:30 to 18:30 (p<0.05) in dry cows. Therefore the best blood sampling time for urea nitrogen assay in dry cows is 4 hours after morning feeding. In lactating cows, BUN of 13:30 was significantly higher than those of 8:30 to 11:30 (p<0.05), but there were no significant difference between the BUN values of other sampling time. Hence the suitable blood sampling time for BUN value in lactating cows was located on 3 to 8 hours after morning feeding, but the best time was 4 hours after morning feeding. MUN content is significantly higher in the afternoon collected bulk milk than the fore-strip morning milk (p<0.05), therefore the best sampling time for MUN is from afternoon collected bulk milk. Diurnal BAN changed without traceable rhythmic pattern and was negatively correlated to the BUN (r = -0.78). It is suggested that BAN may not be a good indicator for monitoring dairy cow feeding.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.182-189
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• 2011

Dyeing properties of cow leather was investigated with Tumeric powder. The effects of dyeing conditions, mordanting conditions, color change, and color fastnesses were studied. The results were as follows. The dye uptake increased as dye concentration, dyeing temperature, and bath ratio increased. In the effect of dyeing time, the highest dye uptakes showed at 20 minutes and decreased after that point. Pre mordanting was more effective than the post mordanting, and the dye uptakes improved all mordanted fabrics. The highest K/S values showed in pre-Al sample, and the lowest K/S values showed in post-Cu one. The values of Hunter on the samples were more changeable $L^*$ and $b^*$ than $a^*$, and all samples showed Yellow color in Munsell value. But the mordanting methods and mordanting agents were not significant in the color changes. The light fastness of dyed samples showed 1 grade, the dry cleaning and abrasion fastnesses did not improved except post-Fe wet sample.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.48-53
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• 2005

Finger millet straw and rice straw are the major source of dry roughage in southern India. They distinctly vary in their morphological and nutritional characters. Hence an effort was made to study the nutrient utilization, milk yield and composition in crossbred dairy cows fed either finger millet (group 1) or rice straw (group 2) as a source of dry roughage. The cows in both the groups were fed as per requirement with concentrate, green fodder and straw in the ratio of 30:45:25 parts (DM). At the end of 50 days of preliminary feeding a digestibility trial was conducted for 7 days and pooled samples of feed, fodder, feces, urine and milk were analysed for macro and micro nutrient content. Finger millet straw contained more CP, Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Zn and Co than rice straw and rice straw contained higher ADF, ash and silica. The intake of DM, CP, EE, NDF, ADF and most micronutrients (Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn and Co) was significantly higher in cows fed finger millet straw. The digestibility of DM, CP, NDF and ADF was significantly higher in cows fed finger millet straw and the gut absorption of Ca, Cu, Mn and Co was significantly higher in cows fed finger millet straw. The dietary requirement of all micronutrients in both the group of cows could be met irrespective of the type of roughage fed except that of Ca, which was low (0.61 and 0.40%) in rice straw fed cows. The average daily milk yield (L/cow) was also higher (7.0 L) in cows fed finger millet straw as compared to cows fed rice straw (6.3 L). The average milk composition also did not differ except that of milk fat which was significantly (4.7 and 4.5%) low in cows fed rice straw. The overall results of this study have indicated that finger millet straw is a better source of dry fodder than rice straw and while feeding rice straw as the sole roughage to dairy cows there is need to supplement additional calcium as this could be one of the limiting nutrients for milk production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.563-566
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• 2010

Using an open-circuit system, we compared the methane ($CH_4$) emission from dry cows fed first-cut Timothy silage ($1^{st}$ TY), second-cut Timothy silage ($2^{nd}$ TY), second-cut Italian ryegrass silage ($2^{nd}$ IR), third-cut Italian ryegrass silage ($3^{rd}$ IR), or second-cut red clover silage ($2^{nd}$ RC) as the sole feed. The methane emission ranged from 258.2 L $day^{-1}$ to 396.5 L $day^{-1}$. The methane emission from dry cows fed red clover silage was relatively lower than that from dry cows fed grass silage. However, the methane emission per unit digestible neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake (dNDFI) did not differ significantly between the experimental silages. The methane emission was significantly correlated with the NDF intake and digestibility. Methane emission had a significant correlation with the quadratic function of dNDFI. The differences in the daily volume of methane emission from cows fed different forages can be explained by dNDFI.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.279-285
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• 2001

The change of the body condition score(BCS) and milk production graph as days in milk by lactation number show that the productivity of cow is on the increase as increase the lactation number, but the health condition is much worse because of the inappropriate nutrition intake. Metabolic profiles test(MPT) results indicate that the early-lactation for directly after the parturition to the peak production of milk during the total lactation period is the time of the more likely to be exposed to lack of energy, protein, minerals. To solve this problem, the early-lactation cows should be sufficiently supplied the required nutrients and should maximum intake the supplied nutrients not to be suddenly decline body weight and BCS from postparturition to the peak production of milk. To maximize the dry matter intake of a cow, there is have got to improve the management of body weight for heifer's skeletal development and in the dry period which is carelessly deal by mostly farms. This study presents that the use of measurement of body weight, graph of body condition score, distribution of milk production, metabolic profiles test in the monitoring for dairy herd health management is very valuable.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.484-494
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• 2019

This paper presents a preliminary investigation of the optimum nutrients combination required for bioremediation of spent-engine oil contaminated soil using Box-Behnken-Design. Three levels of cow-manure, poultry-manure and inorganic nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK) fertilizer were used as independent biostimulants variables; while reduction in total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) and total soil porosity (TSP) response as dependent variables were monitored under 6-week incubation. Ex-situ data generated in assessing the degree of biodegradation in the soil were used to develop second-order quadratic regression models for both TPH and TSP. The two models were found to be highly significant and good predictors of the response fate of TPH-removal and TSP-improvement, as indicated by their coefficients of determination: $R^2=0.9982$ and $R^2=1.000$ at $p{\leq}0.05$, respectively. Validation of the models showed that there was no significant difference between the predicted and observed values of TPH-removal and TSP-improvement. Using numerical technique, the optimum values of the biostimulants required to achieve a predicted maximum TPH-removal and TSP-improvement of 67.20 and 53.42%-dry-weight per kg of the contaminated soil were as follows: cow-manure - 125.0 g, poultry-manure - 100.0 g and NPK-fertilizer - 10.5 g. The observed values at this optimum point were 66.92 and 52.65%-dry-weight as TPH-removal and TSP-improvement, respectively.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.723-743
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• 2022

Beef muscles from mature cows and bulls, especially those originating from the extremities of the carcass, are considered as underutilized due to unsatisfactory palatability. However, beef from culled animals comprises a substantial proportion of the total slaughter in the US and globally. Modern consumers typically favor cuts suitable for fast, dry-heat cookery, thereby creating challenges for the industry to market inherently tough muscles. In general, cull cow beef would be categorized as having a lower extent of postmortem proteolysis compared to youthful carcasses, coupled with a high amount of background toughness. The extent of cross-linking and resulting insolubility of intramuscular connective tissues typically serves as the limiting factor for tenderness development of mature beef. Thus, numerous post-harvest strategies have been developed to improve the quality and palatability attributes, often aimed at overcoming deficiencies in tenderness through enhancing the degradation of myofibrillar and stromal proteins or physically disrupting the tissue structure. The aim of this review is to highlight existing and recent innovations in the field that have been demonstrated as effective to enhance the tenderness and palatability traits of mature beef during the chilling and postmortem aging processes, as well as the use of physical interventions and enhancement.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.278-285
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• 1991

우분(牛糞)을 속성(速成)으로 부숙(腐熟)시켜 양질(良質)의 유기질비료(有機質肥料)로 제조(製造)해서 그 제품(製品)의 부숙(腐熟)이 량호(良好)하게 되었는가 여부(與否)를 판단(判斷)할 수 있는 기준(基準)인 부숙도(腐熟度) 잠정(暫定) 기준치(基準値) 설정시험(設定試驗)에서 여지(濾紙) Chromatography법(法), CEC 법(法) 및 환원당율(還元糖率)을 중점(重點)으로 연구한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 가. 퇴적내(堆積內) 부숙온도(腐熟溫度) 측정(測定)은 부숙도(腐熟度)의 간접적(間接的)인 기준(基準)으로 가장 적합(適合)할 것으로 생각되었다. 나. 건물중(乾物重)의 2% T-N함량(含量)과 20이하(以下)의 C/N율(率)을 부숙도(腐熟度)의 잠정기준치(暫定基準値)로 설정(設定)하는 것은 인난(因難)할 것으로 사료(思料)되었다. 다. 여지(濾紙) Chromatography법(法)는 주재료(主材料)가 우분(牛糞)이고 충전제(充塡劑)가 나무껍질, 나무조각, 톱밥인 목질계통(木質系統)이기때문에 Chromatography가 선명(鮮明)하게 나타나지 않아 부숙도(腐熟度)의 기준치(基準値)로 적용(適用)할 수 없었다. 라. CEC 함량(含量)은 부숙(腐熟)이 진행(進行)될수록 높아졌으며, 부숙온도(腐熟溫度)가 높았던 처리구(處理區)에서 CEC함량(含量)이 높아 '88년(年)에는 우분(牛糞)+나무껍질구>우분(牛糞)+볏짚구이고, '89년 우분(牛糞)+나무조각구>우분(牛糞)+볏짚구이며, '90년 우분(牛糞)+볏짚구>우분(牛糞)+톱밥구가 높았다. 마. 환원당율(還元糖率)('90년(年))은 부숙온도(腐熟溫度)가 가장 높았던 우분(牛糞)+볏짚구 보다 우분(牛糞)+톱밥구가 더 낮았는데 이는 우분(牛糞)과 톱밥의 분리(分離)가 잘 되지 않아서 제품(製品)의 T-Cg함량(含量)이 높았기 때문에 나타난 것으로 보여졌다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.561-572
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• 2002

본 연구는 분만전후 40두의 젖소에 무첨가, Aspergillus oryzae(T2), Saccharomyces cerevisiae 혼합제(T3) 및 효소분비촉진제(T4) 급여시 사료섭취량, 산유량 혈중대사물질 및 대사성 질병에 발생에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 완전임의배치법 10반복으로 수행하였다. 주요 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 분만전 건물섭취량은 처리간에 별 차이가 없었지만 분만일과 분만후 3주 동안에는 Aspergillus oryzae, Saccharomyces cerevisiae 혼합제 및 효소분비촉진제를 급여했을 때가 대조구보다 다소 많았다. 산유량은 사료첨가제를 급여한 구가 무첨가구보다 더 높았으며 특히 효소분비촉진제에서 산유량이 가장 높았다. 혈중 글루코스 및 NEFA 함량은 분만전에는 처리간에 큰 차이가 없었지만 분만일과 분만후 1, 2 및 3일에는 사료첨가제 급여구에서 대조구보다 혈중 글루코스 함량은 더 높고 반면에 NEFA 함량은 더 낮았다. 혈중 Ca 수준은 시험기간동안 처리간에 차이가 없었다. 대사성질병 발생은 대조구에서만 케토시스 1두 발생하였으며, 후산증체는 효소분비 촉진제구는 전혀 발생하지 않았으나 다른 구에서는 공히 2두가 발생하였다. 자궁 내막염은 T2구에서 1두 발생하였다. 결론적으로 전환기 젖소에 사료첨가제를 급여하면 사료섭취량 및 산유량 증가와 더불어 대사성질병 발생이 저하될 것으로 사료된다.