• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2013

The Hongjimun Ogansumun (Five-arched floodgates) is composed mainly of biotite granite, pink feldspar granite and granodiorite that are very similar with granitic rocks around the Seoul. Main damage in the floodgates was gray, yellow and predominantly white discoloration on the surface of stone blocks. All floodgates showed more discoloration in the wall than ceiling, and there were growing stalactite on the ceiling. Scientific analyses determined that the white discoloring substrates were mainly calcite. Therefore, conservation treatment was carried out to remove the substrates by using dry cleaning, high pressure cleaning and chemicals. The floodgates have been restored to good state, but it is still significantly necessary to install drainage on the top of the gates.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.319-323
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• 1991

To determine how closely related to field lodging for several characters affecting the field lodging for several characters affecting field lodging, and to obtain the basic information for selection of lodging resistance genotype, an experiment was conducted with 10 varieties from May to Oct., 1990 at the experimental field in Sunchon Xational University. Culm length, dry weight per unit culm length (W/1), bending moment per unit culm diameter (W1/d), lodging index (L), bending load ratio (W1/P), and index of critical lodging load(W$_{s}$$^{2}$/1$^4$) were the most closely related characters to field lodging. Culm length showed highly significant positive correlation coefficient with field lodging(r=0.7607), but it may be undesirable to judge lodging resistance of genotype by culm length itself without consideration of culm stiffness. Considering the difficulty and time-consuming to measure the character, clum length, W/1, W1/d, and W$_{s}$$^{2}$/1$^4$ were easy to measure and hence would be the most useful variables to judge the lodging resistance of genotype. Culm diameter, cross sectional area of culm, thickness of culm wall, and the second inertia moment of cross section of culm were not correlated with field lodging at all. Breaking strength of culm showed significantly negative correlation coefficient (r=-0.3986) with field lodging.ing.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.169-174
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• 1988

An experiment was conducted to determine the feeding value of Arundinella hirat silage making by different methods ie., added starch 3%, formic acid 1% (FA), anhydrous ammonia ($NH_3$) 3%, and dried poultry waste (DPW) 3%. The samples were analyzed organic acid, cell wall constituent (NDF), cell contents (NDS), lignincutin-silica (ADL), hemicellulose (H: CHO) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD) by pepsin-cellulase technique. The feeding value of silages were compared with corn siiage. The results are summarized as follows; 1.Formic acid treated to silage was lower pH(4.0), but anhydrous ammonia (8.37) and DPW added silage (8.72) were higher than that of the other treatment silages. 2.Fermentative quality of corn silage, starch, DPW, $NH_3$, control and FA treated silage were marked 100,81, 77,63,62 and 58, respectively. 3.Silage with $NH_3$, (23.57%) and DPW (10.42%) of content of protein were higher than that of other treated silages. 4.Silage with $NH_3$, was significantly lower contents of NDF, but did not ADF of among the treated silages. 5.In the contents of ADL, starch added silage was significantly decreased (p < 0.05), but did not the other treatment. 6.DMD of in vitro by pepsin-cellulase of silage with starch was increased three folds as equal to corn silage but did not increased the other treated silages. 7.Correlationship of latic acid an total acid, and NDS were a positive but lactic acid and NDF was a negative correlation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.1252-1258
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• 2018

Objective: This study was carried out to determine the effects of cumin essential oil on the silage fermentation, aerobic stability and in vitro digestibility of alfalfa silages. Methods: Alfalfa was harvested at early bloom (5th cutting) stage in October and wilted for about 3 hours. The research was carried out at three groups which were the control group where no additive control was done (CON), cumin essential oil (CMN3) with 300 mg/kg and CMN5 with 500 mg/kg cumin essential oil addition. Alfalfa was ensiled in plastic bags. The packages were stored at $8^{\circ}C{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ under laboratory conditions. All groups were sampled for physical, chemical and microbiological analysis 120th day after ensiling. At the end of the ensiling period, all silages were subjected to an aerobic stability test for 7 days. In addition, enzimatic solubility of organic matter (ESOM), metabolizable energy (ME), and relative feed value (RFV) of these silages were determined. Results: pH level decreased in the cumin groups compared to CON (p<0.05), thus inhibiting proteolytic enzymes from breaking down proteins into ammonia. In addition, it increased ESOM amount, and concordantly provided an increase of ME contents. Similarly, dry matter intake and RFV ratio increased. After opening the silage, it kept its aerobic stability for three days. Conclusion: Cumin essential oil improved fermentation, and affected chemical and microbiological characteristics of silages. Especially the addition of 300 mg/kg cumin provided cell wall fractionation through stimulating the activities of enzymes responsible. It also increased the number and activity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) through providing a development of LAB.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.281-291
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• 1995

The objective of this work is to obtain the experimental data for the heat transfer processes occurring both on the inside and outside surfaces of containment steel wall with dry and wet outer surface conditions in the passive containment cooling system. The test model represented a 60$^{\circ}$ section of a containment vessel based on the AP 600 geometry. Major linear dimensions of the test model ore reduced tv a factor of ten. To simulate the decay heat a steam generator heated by electricity was placed in the test model. The maximum heat flux was 8.91 kW/$m^2$. Two types of tests were performed. The one was the tort on the natural convection of air without water film flow. The other was the evaporative heat transfer test with the falling water film flow and natural air draft. no test result shooed that the heat transfer capability by the natural convection from the containment to the air without oater film flow was limited at about 1.48 kW/$m^2$ heat flux. It was found that the heat removal capability was remarkably enhanced in the tests with the waster film flow and air draft. The obtained heat transfer data ore compared with the existing correlations.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2008.11b
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• pp.2165-2170
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• 2008

The cooling load in winter season is significant in many commercial buildings and hotels because of the usage of office equipments and the high efficiency of wall insulation. Therefore, the development of a multi-heat pump which can cover heating and cooling simultaneously for each indoor unit is required. In this study, the characteristics and performance of a simultaneous heating and cooling heat pump in the cooling-only and cooling-main operating mode was investigated experimentally with a variation of indoor air dry bulb temperature which is from $21^{\circ}C$ to $35^{\circ}C$. EEV opening was adjusted from 20% to 24% during the tests. When the indoor air temperature varied, the performance in the cooling-only mode was more sensitive to the temperature than in the cooling-main mode. The total capacity and COP were increased by 53.8% and 48.1%, respectively, in the cooling-main, while those were increased by 19.6% and 19.3% in the cooling-only mode. The performance differences between the two operating modes became larger at lower temperatures, especially for the COP.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.187-201
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• 2002

The KN-12 cask is designed to transport 12 PWR spent nuclear fuels and to comply with the requirements of Korea Atomic Energy Act, IAEA Safety Standards Series No.57-1 and US 10 CFR Part 71 for a Type B(U)F package. It provides containment, radiation shielding, structural integrity, criticality control and heat removal for normal transport and hypothetical accident conditions. W.H 14$\times$14, 16$\times$16 and 17$\times$17 fuel assemblies with maximum allowable initial enrichment of 5.0 wt.%, maximum average burn-up of 50,000 MWD/MTU and minimum cooling time of 7 years being used in Korea will be loaded and subsequently transported under dry and wet conditions. A forged cylindrical cask body which constitutes the containment vessel is closed by a cask lid. Polyethylene rods for neutron shielding are arranged in two rows of longitudinal bore holes in the cask body wall. A fuel basket to accommodate up to 12 PWR fuel assemblies provides support of the fuels, control of criticality and a path to dissipate heat. Impact limiters to absorb the impact energy under the hypothetical accident conditions are attacked at the top and at the bottom side of the cask during transport. Handling weight loaded with water is 74.8 tons and transport weight loaded with water with the impact limiters is 84.3 tons. The cask will be licensed in accordance with Korea Atomic Energy Act 3nd fabricated in Korea in accordance with ASME B&PV Code Section 111, Division 3.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.132-136
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• 2002

The rice straw managements are essential for maintaining soil fertility as well as reducing chemical fertilizer application in paddy field. A field experiment was conducted on moderately well draining alluvial paddy soil to investigate the decomposition pattern of rice straw. The mesh bags containing the rice straw harvested in the previous year were placed at soil surface and buried into around 10cm depth and recovered periodically for determining the straw decomposition. Pot experiments were conducted to investigate the fates of N released from $^{15}$ N-labeled rice straw under different levels of N fertilizer application. The overall decomposition patterns of rice straw were similar for the two incorporation depths in transplanted paddy field. The straw incorporated at transplanting date showed weight loss of about 50%, 70% and 90% after 2 months, 5 months, and 2 years, respectively. The decompositions of straw cell wall components showed somewhat different pattern. The decompositions of cellulose and silica were similar to that of dry weight while the decomposition of lignin was slower than that of cellulose and silica. N was released from rice straw 42% and 65 % of the initial N after one month and after five months, respectively. P release was faster than N release. Recoveries of rice straw-$^{15}$ N by rice plants were 10.2, 13.4 and 14.9% in 0, 120 and 240 mg N pot$^{-1}$ , respectively. Soil recoveries of rice straw $^{15}$ N were 17.3, 20.6 and 18.9% in 0, 120 and 240mg N pot$^{-1}$ , respectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.267-272
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• 1984

${\beta}-Fructofuranosidase$ was immobilized covalently on the oxidized microbial wall of a Penicillium spp. 'PS-8', which is totally different from the conventional whole cell immobilization in concept. The immobilization of ${\beta}-fructofuranosidase$ by a series of treatments; oxidation of microbial cells with sodium metaperiodate, enzyme loading on the oxidized cells, extrusion, and crosslinking induced by glutaradehyde, were carried out. The final product had a good mechanical strength and showed 26% of the applied enzyme activity. The specific activity was 750 units per g of the dry cell product. The immobilized enzyme showed the kinetic parameters as follows; optimum pH at 5, optimum temperature at $55^{\circ}C$, activation energy of 19 kJ $mol^{-1}$, and apparent Km of 55 mM.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.37-44
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• 2019

The value of Jeju Batdam has been reexamined as it is listed as a nationally important agricultural heritage and globally important agricultural heritage systems. However, it is already exposed to threats such as reduction of agricultural population and cultivation area. Despite efforts like the agricultural heritage system to preserve traditional agriculture, there is few basic investigation into the current status of Jeju Batdam. The purpose of this study is to estimate the length of Jeju Batdam. We used the continuous cadastral map of Jeju area to extract the boundaries of the field lot. In the cadastral map, the farmland was selected by selecting dry fields, paddy fields and orchards. 300 sample site were selected from the extracted farmland, and the boundaries between the Internet map and the parcels were superimposed and the differences were confirmed on the drawing. After that, field survey was conducted to confirm the boundary of the parcels and the existence of actual Batdam. It is estimated that the length estimated from this study is at least 23,983km and maximum 142,353km, which is at least 1,830km longer than 22,108km announced in 2007. Since Jeju Batdam is based on land parcel boundary, it is an objective and efficient method to utilize intellectual information. In addition, because it is subordinate to farmland, new information can be extracted reflecting the change of land use and make the spatial database based on the cadastral maps.