• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권8호
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• pp.1095-1104
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• 2015

To evaluate the effects of the pelleting and the addition of sodium monensin on production, the chemical and lipid composition of milk and butter physical characteristics, 4 Holstein dairy cows (135 days of lactation) with an average milk production of 14.7 kg/d, were supplemented with a concentrate containing ground canola seeds. The cows were assigned to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design with a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments: i) ground maize, soybean meal, mineral and vitamin supplements, and ground canola seeds (CG); ii) CG concentrate with 31.5 mg of monensin added per kg of dry matter (DM); iii) CG pelleted concentrate; iv) CG concentrate with monensin addition pelleted. There was no difference in milk production and composition. The addition of monensin increased milk concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), the PUFA/saturated fatty acids (SFA) ratio, and omega 6. The pelleting increased the concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids, the PUFA/SFA ratio, and the omega 6/omega 3 ratio, but decreased the concentration of SFA. The association between pelleting and the addition of monensin increased the concentration of conjugated linoleic acids by 46.9%. The physical characteristics of butter were not affected by the evaluated diets. We concluded that the concentrate with 31.5 mg of monensin added per kg DM basis combined with the pelleting improves the lipid composition of milk from Holstein cows that are on pasture and supplemented with ground canola seeds, without changing the production, milk composition, and spreadability of butter.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.208-215
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• 2017

This study was designed to investigate the carryover effects of high-forage to concentrate (F: C) diet in bred heifers on feed intake, feed efficiency (FE) and milk production of primiparous lactating Holstein cows. The experiment was conducted for 589 days (d) from onset of pregnancy through to the end of first lactation. Twenty-four bred heifers (Body weight: $BW=345.8{\pm}45.4kg$ and $15{\pm}1.2mon$ of age) randomly assigned to two groups of 3 pens containing 4 heifers each and fed high forage (HF) diet with F: C ratio of 91.7: 8.3% and low forage (LF) diet with F: C ratio of 77.8: 22.2% throughout the pregnancy period. After calving, lactating cows were fed total mixed ration (TMR) based diet. No differences (p > 0.05) were observed in dry matter intake (DMI) of bred heifers and primiparous lactating cows in both HF and LF groups. The FE of mid-to-late lactation period was higher (p< 0.05) in HF than LF group. However, the HF group showed higher (p < 0.05) milk yield, 4 % fat corrected milk (FCM) and energy corrected milk (ECM) than LF group during the 305 d lactation. The LF group showed higher (p < 0.05) milk fat, crude protein (CP), milk urea nitrogen (MUN), solid not fat (SNF) and somatic cell count (SCC) than HF group. It is concluded that restriction of F: C ratio to 91.7: 8.3% to bred heifers has the potential carryover effects to maintain higher milk yield and FE with no adverse effect on feed intake and milk composition of primiparous lactating Holstein cows.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.232-236
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• 2008

This experiment was performed to investigate the effects of two energy levels and four lysine:digestible energy (DE) ratios on the apparent digestibility of nutrients in finishing pigs. The experiment was conducted using a $2{\times}4$ randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replicates. Twenty-four cross-bred finishing barrows ((Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire)${\times}$Duroc) with an average body weight of $64.2{\pm}0.69kg$ were assigned to one of eight treatments. Each barrow was placed in an individual metabolism crate and dietary treatment and water was provided ad libitum. Diets were designed to contain lysine:ME ratios of 1.5, 1.8, 2.1 and 2.4 g/Mcal at 3.35 and 3.6 Mcal/kg of diet in a $4{\times}2$ factorial arrangement. Dry matter (DM), ash, Ca and P digestibility were not affected by energy density or lysine:DE ratios. Crude fat digestibility increased as the energy density increased from 3.35 to 3.6 Mcal of DE/kg. Increasing the lysine:DE ratio also increased crude protein digestibility. There were no interactions between energy density and lysine:DE ratio in terms of nutrient digestibility. Nitrogen excretion via feces was not affected by energy density and lysine:DE ratio, while nitrogen excretion via urine was significantly affected by energy density and lysine:DE ratio. The apparent digestibility of all amino acids except for isoluecine, arginine and aspartic acid as well as average values of essential amino (EAA), non-essential amino acids (NEAA) and total amino acid digestibility (p>0.05) were not affected by energy density. The apparent digestibility of all amino acids except for leucine, proline, alanine and tyrosine, NEAA and total amino acid digestibility were significantly affected by lysine: DE ratio (p<0.05). Interactive effects of energy and lysine:DE ratio also significantly affected amino acid digestibility except for isoleucine, alanine, cystine, leucine, phenylalanine, glutamine and proline (p<0.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that maintaining the appropriate lysine:DE ratio becomes more important as the energy density of the diet increases. Consequently, increasing the lysine:DE ratio can result in increased crude protein digestibility and urinary nitrogen excretion, although apparent protein digestibility and nitrogen excretion were not affected by energy density Furthermore, increasing the lysine:DE ratio also increased the apparent digestibility of essential amino acids, except for leucine, regardless of energy density. The optimum lysine:DE ratio for maximum essential amino acid digestibility of the $64.2{\pm}0.69kg$ pig is approximately 2.4 g of lysine/Mcal of DE.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권12호
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• pp.1725-1733
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• 2016

Recent findings have shown that microbial nitrogen flow and digestible energy of diets are increased when urea is combined with a slow-release urea (SRU) in diets with a starch to acid detergent fibre ratio (S:F) 4:1. This affect is attributable to enhanced synchrony between ruminal N availability for microbial growth and carbohydrate degradation. To verify the magnitude of this effects on lamb performance, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of combining urea and a SRU in diets containing S:F ratios of 3:1, 4:1, or 5:1 on performance, dietary energetics and carcass characteristics of finishing lambs. For that, 40 Pelibuey${\times}$Katahdin lambs ($36.65{\pm}3kg$) were assigned to one of five weight groupings in 20 pens (5 repetition/treatments). The S:F ratio in the diet was manipulated by partially replacing the corn grain and dried distiller's grain with solubles by forage (wheat straw) and soybean meal to reach S:F ratios of 3:1, 4:1 or 5:1. An additional treatment of 4:1 S:F ratio with 0.8% urea as the sole source of non-protein nitrogen was used as a reference for comparing the effect of urea combination vs. conventional urea at the same S:F ratio. There were no treatment effects on dry matter intake (DMI). Compared the urea combination vs urea at the same S:F ratio, urea combination increased (p<0.01) average daily gain (ADG, 18.3%), gain for feed (G:F, 9.5%), and apparent energy retention per unit DMI (8.2%). Irrespective of the S:F ratio, the urea combination improved the observed-to-expected dietary ratio and apparent retention per unit DMI was maximal (quadratic effect, $p{\leq}0.03$) at an S:F ratio of 4:1, while the conventional urea treatment did not modify the observed-to-expected net energy ratio nor the apparent retention per unit DMI at 4:1 S:F ratio. Urea combination group tended (3.8%, p = 0.08) to have heavier carcasses with no effects on the rest of carcass characteristics. As S:F ratio increased, ADG, G:F, dietary net energy, carcass weight, dressing percentage and longissimus thoracis (LM) area increased linearly ($p{\leq}0.02$). Combining urea and a slow-release urea product results in positive effects on growth performance and dietary energetics, but the best responses are apparently observed when there is a certain proportion (S:F ratio = 4:1) of starch to acid detergent fibre in the diet.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.118-123
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• 2013

This study was carried out to select optimal shade materials among four-layered polyethylene (PE) net (FLPN), aluminium-coated PE sheet (APSS), and blue PE sheet (BPSS) in condition of paddy field cultivated 6-year-old ginseng. The order of light-penetrated ratio and air temperature by shade materials was BPSS > APSS > FLPN. Light-penetrated ratio of BPSS before two fold shade was more 3 times and 2 times than that of FLPN and APSS, respectively. Air temperature of BPSS was also higher $1.6^{\circ}C$ and $1.4^{\circ}C$ than that of FLPN and APSS, respectively. BPSS showed good cultural environment because all of light-penetrated ratio and air temperature were become higher in spring and fall season but lower in summer season by additional shade with two-layered PE net. Survived-leaf ratio was highest in BPSS and lowest in FLPN causing a little water leak on a rainy day. Rusty-root ratio was also highest in FLPN because soil moisture content was increased by water leak. The order of root yield was BPSS > APSS > FLPN, and the cause of highest yield in BPSS was higher light-penetrated ratio during spring and fall season, higher survived-leaf ratio, and lower rusty-root ratio than that of APSS and FLPN. BPSS showed highest total ginsenoside content because of high light-penetrated ratio, blue light effect, and the difference in dry matter partitioning ratio such as low taproot ratio, and high lateral root ratio.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.111-120
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• 2009

조사료 생산에 유망한 동계작물중 보리, 밀, 호밀, 귀리, 트리티케일(라이밀) 등 5종의 총체맥류에 대하여 월동 후 예취시기에 따른 생육 및 조사료 생산성에 관한 생장곡선을 조사하기 위하여 충남 예산군 소재의 충남농업기술원 답리작 포장에서 2006${\sim}$2007년에 수행한 결과는 다음과 같다. 지상부 건물중에서 줄기가 차지하는 비율은 월동 후 점차 증가하다가 어느 정점부터는 감소하는 2차원적인 경향을 보였는데, 줄기의 구성비율이 최고가 되는 시기는 각각 영양 보리 5월 1일, 금강 밀 5월 5일, 곡우 호밀 5월 10일, 신영 트리티케일 5월 11일, 삼한 귀리 5월 13일경이었다. 잎은 월동 후 성숙이 진행될수록 직선적으로 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 이삭이 차지하는 비율은 영양 보리가 출수 후 직선적으로 증가하였는데 밀, 트리티케일, 귀리에 비하여 높았고, 호밀이 가장 낮았다. 영양 보리가 출수기 이후에 다른 총체맥류에 비하여 줄기의 구성비율이 낮고 이삭과 잎의 구성비율이 높은 전형적인 총체맥류에 속하였고, 다음은 밀과 귀리이었으며, 호밀은 알곡 비율이 적은 조사료 작물에 해당하였다. 사일리지 제조에 알맞은 수분 함량(60${\sim}$ 70%에 도달하는 시기는 영양 보리 5월 25일, 금강 밀 5월 25일${\sim}$6월 5일, 삼한 귀리 6월 5일이었고, 이 때 생체수량은 곡우호밀>삼한 귀리>신영 트리티케일>영양 보리>금강 밀 순으로 높았다. 생체수량은 월동 후 생육이 진전됨에 따라 증가하다가 일정시기 이후 감소하는 경향을 보였는데, 중부지역에서 생체수량이 최대로 되는 시기는 영양 보리 5월 7일경, 금강 밀 5월 14경, 곡우 호밀 5월 9일, 신영 트리티케일 5월 17일경, 삼한 귀리 5월 말이었다. 건물수량은 4종의 총체맥류 모두 월동 후 성숙기까지 직선적으로 증가하는 양상을 보였고, 사일리지 제조에 알맞은 수분 함량에 도달하는 시기에 조사한 건물수량은 귀리 > 보리 > 밀 > 트리티케일 > 호밀 순으로 높았다. 상대 생장률은 월동 후 서서히 증가하다가 정점 이후로 감소하는 2차원적인 생장을 보였는데, 월동 후 예취시기가 빠를수록 곡우 호밀이 높은 상대생장률을 보였고, 예취시기가 늦을수록 삼한 귀리가 높았으며, 금강 밀, 영양 보리, 신영 트리티케일은 비슷한 상대생장률을 보였다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.23-28
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• 2002

플러그 육묘의 도장억제를 위한 많은 양의 생장억제제 사용과 사용의 적절한 시기를 선택하기 위해 여러 농도의 daminozide(B-nine)과 uniconazole(Sumagic)용액에 토마토 종자를 침지하는 실험을 수행하였다. Daminozide 1,000,10,000 및 100,000mg.L$^{-1}$과 uniconazole 1,10 및 100mg.L-1 용액 15mL에 처리별로 토마토 종자 약 500립씩을 침지하여 $25^{\circ}C$ 챔버에 1일 또는 3일간 두었다. uniconazole 100 mg.L$^{-1}$과 1,000mg.L$^{-1}$ 1일 동안 침지시킨 것과 대조구를 비교해 볼 때 하배축 길이와 초장의 억제에 있어서는 유의차가 크게 나타났고, 지상부와 지하부 생체중과 건물중, 전체 생체중과 건물중, 유묘 출현률, 엽수, 엽면적, 엽록소 농도, 건물률, 그리고 T저율에서는 유의타가 없거나 크지 않았다. 그러므로 종지침지 처리는 하배축길이와 초장을 억제하는데 유의한 효과를 나타내는 새로운 생장억제제처리 방법의 하나로 가능성을 보여주었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.7-13
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• 1990

Nutritional status of cattle in Java in Indonesia was investigated by evaluating P, Ca, Mg, K and Na concentrations in forage and plasma inorganic phosphorus (Pi), Ca and Mg, hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations of cattle during both rainy and dry seasons in 1988. Investigations were conducted at Jonggol (West Java), Malang (East Java) and Majokerto (East Java). Low P content in forage averaging 0.11% on a dry matter basis, high Ca:P ratio in forage in the rainy season (7.7:1) and low plasma Pi concentrations averaging 4.71 mg/dl were observed in Jonggol. In all three places, Ca content in forages was higher than the requirement according to the NRC standard and plasma Ca concentrations were above the critical level. During the rainy season forty percent of cattle in Malang and Mahokerto showed plasma Mg concentrations below 2mg/dl in spite of normal Mg and K content in forage. Forage samples from each place showed a wide variety in Na content, and Na content of two thirds of forage samples was lower than the requirement according to the NRC standard. Hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations in Malang and Majokerto showed higher values than the normal range.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.62-72
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• 1985

파종기(播種期)를 이동(移動)할 때 수수, 수단그라스, 그리고 수수${\times}$수단그라스 교잡종(交雜種)의 생육(生育), 건물축적(乾物蓄積) 및 성분함량(成分含量)의 변화(變化)에 미치는 영향을 알고져 $1981{\sim}'83$년(年)에 포장시험(圃場試驗)으로 실시(實施)하였다. 파종기(播種期)는 4월(月) 16일(日)부터 2주일(週日) 간격(間隔)으로 7처리(處理)를 두었던 바 그 얻어진 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1 수수속작물(屬作物)들을 4월(月) 중순(中旬)(평균(平均) 기온(氣溫) $10^{\circ}C$전후(前後))에 파종(播種)하면 출현소요일(出現所要日)은 $12{\sim}13$일(日)이 걸렸고 6월(月) 하순(下旬)($22^{\circ}C$전후(前後))에 파종(播種)하면 5일(日) 정도로 단축되었다. 출현일(出現日)로부터 출수(出穗)까지의 일수(日數)도 세 작물(作物) 모두 조기파종(早期播種)에서 길었고 만기파종(晩期播種)에서 짧았다. 2. 1회예취시(回刈取時)까지의 시기별(時期別) 초장변화(草長變化)에서 P.931은 조기파종(早期播種)에서는 짧고 늦게 파종(播種)했을 때에 많이 자라서 4.5m이상(以上)에 이르렀으나 수단그라스는 전기간중(全期間中) $2{\sim}2.5m$에 불과했다. 주당(株當) 엽면적(葉面積)은 조기파종구(早期播種區)에서는 8일중순(日中旬)에 최고(最高)에 달했으나 만기파종(晩期播種)에서는 10월(月) 상순(上旬)까지 계속 증가하였다. 3 작물별 년간(年間) 건물수량(乾物收量)은 수수가 가장 많았고 수단그라스가 가장 적었다. 파종기(播種期)가 늦어짐에 따라 각작물(各作物)의 건물수량(乾物收量)은 점차 감소(減少)되어 가는 경향이었지만 P. 931은 6월(月) 하순(下旬)까지도 ha당(當) 10톤 이상의 비교적 높은 수준을 유지(維持)하고 있었다. 4. 각작물(各作物)의 RGR, LWR,은 생육초기(生育初期)에 높았고 8월(月) 중순(中旬) 이후(以後)에는 현저히 감소(減少)하였다. 5. 식물체(植物體)의 부위별(部位別) 단백질(蛋白質) 함량(含量)은 엽(葉)에서는 높았고 경(莖)에서는 낮았으며 생육(生育) 시기별(時期別)로는 어릴 때 높았고 생육기간(生育期間)이 경과(經過)하면서 점차 낮아졌다. NFE의 함량(含量)은 이와 반대(反對)의 경향이었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.667-670
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• 1996

Four Murrah male buffalo calves with an average body weight of $188{\pm}1.6kg$ each fitted with rumen and abomasal cannula were subjected to defaunation followed by refaunation. The animals were offered wheat straw and a concentrate mixture. There was no difference in dry matter, starch and nitrogen intake in defaunated and refaunated buffalo calves. Production of ruminal total volatile fatty acid and acetate : propionate ratio decreased (p < 0.01) whereas, molar proportion of propionate increased (25.8 Vs 19.4% p < 0.01) in defaunated animals. Fermentation of starch in rumen increased (73.9 Vs 65.8%, p < 0.01) but in small intestine decreased (20.2 Vs. 28.2%, p < 0.05) in defaunated calves. The flow of non ammonia nitrogen (NAN) to abomasum (75.1 vs 68.6 g/d, p < 0.01) and its digestion in small intestine (37,6 vs 32.5 g/d, p < 0.01) was improved due to defaunation. However, No difference in the total tract digestibility of starch and nitrogen was found in defaunated and refaunated buffalo calves.