• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권9호
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• pp.1296-1302
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• 2009

Ninety six beak-trimmed 72 week-old Lohmann Brown hens were randomly divided into four equal groups. Each group comprised 4 replicates. Isoenergetic and isonitrogenous experimental diets contained low calcium (3.5%); optimum calcium (4.2%); low Ca (3.5% Ca)+1% Clinoptilolite (CLP); low Ca (3.5% Ca)+2% CLP. Data were collected biweekly and the experiment lasted 6 weeks. Egg production, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, egg weight, tibia Ca, P, ash and eggshell thickness were not affected by addition of CLP to the diets (p>0.05). There were no significant differences in egg shell strength and ash when data were analyzed individually in measurement periods ($74^{th}$, $76^{th}$ and $78^{th}$ weeks). However, according to pooled data ($74^{th}$-$78^{th}$ weeks), eggshell strength was increased (p<0.05) only by 2% CLP supplementation versus low Ca (3.5%) diet, and shell ash was significantly increased by 2% CLP supplementation compared with the other diets. The damaged egg ratio on 1% and 2% CLP diets was significantly decreased between 76-78 weeks'data when compared with the low Ca diet. However; damaged egg ratio on the 2% CLP diet was significantly decreased when pooled data (74-78) were compared with no CLP diets. The differences in marketable egg ratio paralleled damaged egg ratio. The plasma calcium level at the end of experiment was increased on the 2% CLP diet when compared with the low Ca (3.5%) diet (p<0.05). Furthermore, at the end of the experiment a marked decrease of manure moisture was observed on both CLP diets (p<0.01). In conclusion, Clinoptilolite (2%) supplementation to layer diets tends to improve eggshell quality and manure dry matter (1% and 2% CLP) after six weeks.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.465-468
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• 1992

Urinary purine derivatives and creatinine excretion was measured in a total of 4 white Alpine sheep. They were given diets 718 to 1060 g/kg dry matter (DM) of roughage. The crude protein content of this diets was on average $93.87{\pm}5.57g$ in kg DM. Purine derivatives-N excretion increased linearly with incremental DM intake and was significantly correlated (n = 16) with amounts of digestible organic matter (DOM) intake: allantoin-N (mg) = 1.205 (${\pm}0.070$) $\times$ DOM (g) - 136.709 (${\pm}37.399$), r = 0.9770, RSD = 22.97; uricacid-N (mg) = 0.131 (${\pm}0.041$) $\times$ DOM (g) + 11.380 (${\pm}21.881$), r = 0.6306, RSD = 13.44; Hypoxanthine-N (mg) = 0.049 (${\pm}0.014$) $\times$ DOM (g) - 28.640 (${\pm}7.708$), r = 0.6544, RSD = 4.73; total purine derivatives-N (mg) = 1.385 (${\pm}0.083$) $\times$ DOM (g) - 90.261 (${\pm}44.552$), r = 0.9706, RSD = 27.47. Microbial protein synthesis per kg DOM was estimated of 113 g. The urinary creatinine-N excretion was on average 9.10 mg/kg live weight (LW) with a standard error of 0.12 mg creatinine-N per kg LW. The excretion of creatinine excreton was not related to feed intake. Daily creatinine excretion (mg/d) was calculated from individual LW measurements and the average creatinine excretion (mg/kg LW). It was possible to predict the daily urinary purine derivatives excretion (r = 0.9720 for allantoin, r = 0.9886 for total purine derivatives) from the ratio of purine derivatives (mg/100 ml) and creatinine (mg/100 ml) in the urine and the daily creatinine excretion.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.105-114
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• 1999

본 시험은 파종량 및 파종시기가 추파 호밀(Secale cereale L.)의 사초특성, 수량 및 사료가치에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가를 알아보기 위하여 1997년에서 1998년 4월 20일까지 서울대학교 농업생명과학대학 부속 실험목장 사초 시험 포장에서 실시되었으며, 파종량으로서 ha 당 100, 150 및 200kg을 주구로 하고 파종시기로서 9월 5일, 9월 20일, 10월 5일 및 10월 20일 파종을 세구로 하는 분할구 시험법으로 3반복 설계 배치하였으며, 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 호밀의 출수 시작일은 파종기에 따라서 뚜렷한 영향을 받지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 1일 기준으로, 파종시기가 15일 지연됨에 따라 출수 시작일이 1일 지연되어짐으로서 호밀의 출수시작일과 파종시기간에는 1:15 비율이 나타났다. 호밀의 건물 함량은 파종량간에는 200 kg/ha 파종구에서 13.6%로 가장 낮게 나타났다. 파종시기간에는 각각 15.2, 14.2, 14.3 및 13.8%로 파종시기가 지연됨에 따라 건물 함량이 낮아졌으며 (P<0.05), 호밀의 건물 함량에 대하여 파종량과 파종시기간에는 고도의 교호작용(P<0.01)이 인정되었다. 호밀의 ADF 함량은 파종량간에 유의적인 차이가 없었으나 파종시기간에는 각각 32.2, 31.6, 31.6 및 29.3%로 파종시기가 늦어짐에 따라 함량이 낮아졌으며, 파종량과 파종시기간에는 교호작용이 인정되었다. 또한 NDF 함량도 ADF 함량과 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 조단백질(CP) 함량은 파종량간에는 차이가 없었으나 파종시기가 늦어짐에 따라서 각각 17.3, 17.7, 18.2 및 18.9%로 증가하였다. In vitro 건물소화율(IVDMD)도 파종량간에는 차이가 없었으나 파종시기가 늦어짐에 따라서 각각 77.5, 80.6, 80.9 및 80.9%로 증가하였다. 호밀의 건물수량은 100 kg/ha 파종구가 9,059 kg/ha로 가장 높았고 200kg/ha 파종구가 7,647 kg/ha로 가장 낮았다(P<0.01). 파종시기간에는 10월 5일 파종구(8,945 kg/ha)가 가장 높게 나타났으며 10월 20일 파종구(7,249 kg/ha)에서 가장 낮게 나타났다(P<0.01). 또한 호밀의 건물 수량에 대하여 파종량과 파종시기간에는 유의적인 교호작용이 인정되었다(P<0.01). CP 및 IVDDM 수량도 건물 수량과 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 본 시험의 결과를 종합하면 우리 나라 중부지방에서 사초용 호밀을 재배시 건물 수량의 증수를 위해서 파종은 9월 20일에서부터 10월 5일 사이에 하는 것이 가장 유리하며 조기 파종할 경우 100~150kg/ha, 만기 파종할 경우는 200 kg/ha로 파종량을 증가시키는 것이 바람직하다고 생각된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권11호
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• pp.1563-1567
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• 2017

Objective: The influence of substituting steam-flaked corn (SFC) for dry rolled corn (DRC) on feedlot cattle growth performance and dietary net energy when cattle are allowed either ad libitum or 2-h restricted access to the finishing diet was evaluated. Methods: Treatment effects were tested using 96 crossbred steers ($251{\pm}2kg$) during the initial 56 d of the finishing phase. Cattle were blocked by weight and randomly assigned within blocks to 16 pens (4 pens/treatment). Bunk space was sufficient (41 cm/head) to allow all steers access to the feed bunk at the same time. Treatments consisted of two finishing diets containing (dry matter basis) 77.1% corn grain processed by dry rolling (density = 0.50 kg/L) or steam flaking (density = 0.36 kg/L). Cattle were fed twice daily at 06:00 and 14:00 h, allowing for approximately 5% residual. In the case of restricted feeding, steers were allowed access to feeders for 1 h following each feeding, after which residual feed was withdrawn. Results: There were no treatment interactions on dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), gain efficiency (G:F), or dietary net energy (NE). Restricting feed access time reduced (p<0.01) feed intake, and hence, ADG. Substitution of SFC for DRC increased (p<0.01) ADG, feed efficiency (G:F), and estimated dietary NE, without affecting DMI. Based on tabular net energy of maintenance ($NE_m$) value (2.18 Mcal/kg) for DRC, the estimated $NE_m$ value for SFC using the replacement technique, averaged 2.44 Mcal/kg; an improvement of 10.7%. The ratio of observed-to-expected dietary NE was not affected by feed access time. Conclusion: Substitution of SFC for DRC in finishing diets for feedlot cattle enhanced ADG, gain efficiency, and the NE value of the diet. Although restriction of feed access time depressed DMI and ADG, it did not affect the comparative benefit of steam flaking toward enhancement of ADG, G:F, and dietary NE.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.137-143
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• 1991

축산폐기물중(畜産廢棄物中) 우분(牛糞)과 돈분(豚糞)을 호기성(好氣性) 퇴적법(堆積法)에 의해 부숙(腐熟)시킨후(시제품(試製品)) 토양(土壤)에 몇가지 수준(水準)으로 처리(處理)하여 옥수수의 생육(生育), 수량(收量)과 토양 및 소화율(消化率)에 미치는 영향에 관한 시험을 실시(實施)한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 생육상황(生育狀況)은 시제품처리구들이 대조구에 비해 모두 양호하였고 수량면(收量面)에서는 부숙우분의 경우 2,000kg/10a처리구가 부숙돈분의 경우 2,500kg/10a처리구가 제일 많았다. 2. 시제품처리에 따라 토양유기물함량(土壤有機物含量)은 증가(增加)하였고 대조구에 비해 부숙우분의 경우 7~41% 부숙돈분의 경우 4~60%정도 증가시켰다. 유효인산(有效燐酸)의 경우 시제품처리에 따라 유의성있게 증가하였다. 칼륨흡착비(吸着比)(KAR)는 부숙우분을 처리함에 따라 다소 증가하는 경향이었다. 3. 식물체(植物體)의 양분흡수(養分吸收)에 있어서 T-N $P_2O_5$는 두시제품 공히 차이가 없으나 양(陽)이온의 흡수(吸收)는 $K_2O$ >CaO>MgO의 순이었다. 4. 청예(靑刈) 옥수수의 소비율(消化率)은 배양시간이 경과할수록 증가하였으나, 시제품처리구 간에는 차이가 없었다.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.9-20
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• 1998

This research was conducted to investigate the effects on the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus and the number of maggots in the feces from the experimental pigs fed probiotics additives, and the variance of NH3-concentration(ppm) generated in the experimental pig-pens. The experiment was performed twice in the W-farm(under the condition of sufficient energy and protein in Spring) and B-farm(insufficient energy and protein in Summer). The experiment was designed with 5 treatments (control and 4 treatments according to the kinds of additives used). In the W-farm experiment, 75 three-way crossbred pigs weighing average 38kg were randomized with 3 replications for 102 days. In the B-farm experiment, 105 three-way crossbred pigs weighing average 33kg were randomized with 3 replications for 130 days. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The amount of dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus in the feces was not significantly different among the treatments. But the amount of OM, N and P shows a tendency to be somewhat lowered in the treatment A. On the otherhand, the amount of dry matter was somewhat lowered in the treatment B. The amount of such matters in the W-farm was somewhat lowered than those in B-farm. But there was not significant difference between W-farm and B-farm. 2. On the variance of the number of maggots developed in the pig's feces according to each treatment, the number of maggots in the treatments added probiotics were markedly decreased in comparison with those of the control(T), and it was significantly different(p＜0.01). Especially the decrease in the treatment A and B was much remarkable. 3. The addition of probiotics to the pigs' feeds made the NH3-concentration generated in the pig-pens decrease markedly. especially the NH3-concentration in the treatment A had the highest decreasing ratio among all the treatments. The decreasing ratio of NH3-concentration of the treatments added probiotics as compared to control(T) was 59.1∼80.0%(average 70.3%) in the treatment A, 56.8∼80.0%(ave. 68.5%) in the treatment B and 24.4∼46.0%(ave. 35.0%) in the treatment C and D. On the variance of the NH3-concentration according to the experimental times)seasonal conditions), the NH3-concentration generated in the pig-pens was gradually increased from April to August, on the other hand it was decreased in the September. By the result of this study, it was appeared that the probiotics added to the pigs' feeds made the NH3-concentration decrease in the pig-pens to the extent of safety degree(25 ppm and less) permitted to swine especially in the treatment A and B.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.287-292
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• 2016

본 연구는 2012년부터 2014년까지 국립축산과학원 축산자원개발부 초지사료과 시험포장(충남 천안, 논)에서 이탈리안 라이그라스를 벼 입모중 파종 후 벼 수확시기에 따른 이탈리안 라이그라스의 생육특성 및 조사료 생산성을 평가하기 위해 수행하였다. 국내육성 이탈리안 라이그라스 조생종 '코윈어리'를 9월 하순에 파종 후 10일 간격으로 3회에 나누어 벼를 수확해서 재배하였을 때, 벼 수확시기가 늦어짐에 따라 월동 전 분얼수, 월동 전 초장, 월동률 및 건물수량 모두 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 가을에 벼를 IRG 파종 10 후에 수확한 것에 비해 20일 후와 30일 후에 벼를 수확한 경우에 월동 전 분얼수는 평균 19 및 40% 감소하였다. 월동률은 평균 13 및 19% 감소하였으며, 건물수량은 평균 8 및 19% 감소하였다. 벼 입모중 이탈리안 라이그라스 파종 재배시험에서 출수기는 매년 다르게 나타났으며, 봄철 IRG 수확 시 초장은 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합해볼 때, 논에서 입모중 파종으로 이탈리안 라이그라스를 재배할 경우, 이탈리안 라이그라스 '코윈어리' 품종은 파종 후 벼 수확시기를 가능한 빨리 하는 것이 조사료 생산성을 높이는 방법이라고 판단된다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.124-130
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• 1986

본(本) 시험(試驗)은 춘파초지조성시(春播草地造成時) 목초(牧草)의 정착(定着)과 수량(收量) 및 식생변화(植生變化)를 조사(調査)하기 위(爲)하여 조성시(造成時)의 기비량(基肥量)을 2수준(水準)($N:P_2O_5:K_2O=80:200:70$ 및 160:200:140kg/ha), 관리시(管理時)의 질소(窒素) 및 가리(加里) 분시방법(分施方法)을 3수준(水準)(봄 다비(多肥), 균등분시(均等分時), 가을 다비(多肥))으로 하여 분할구법(分割區法) 4반복으로 포장(圃場) 배치(配置)하여 1984년 3월부터 1985년 10월까지 축산시험장(畜産試驗場)에서 실시(實施)하였던 바 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 총(總) 건물수량(乾物收量)은 조성시(造成時)의 기비수준(基肥水準)이나 관리시(管理時)의 분시방법간(分施方法間)에 대차(大差)없었다. 2.화본과목초(禾本科牧草)의 총(總) 건물수량(乾物收量)은 조성시(造成時) N=160, $P_2O_5=200$ 및 $K_2O=140kg/ha$ 시용(施用)한 처리(處理)가 4,854kg/ha로서 보비(普肥)에 비(比)해 16% 증수(增收)되었으며 분시방법간(分施方法間)에는 별차이(別差異)가 없었다. 3. 두과목초(荳科牧草)의 총(總) 건물수량(乾物收量)은 조성시(造成時) 증시(增施)한 구(區)가 보비(普肥)에 비(比)해 23% 감소(減少)되었으며 분시방법간(分施方法間)에서는 봄 다비(多肥)에 비(比)해 균등분시(均等分施)는 3%, 가을다비(多肥)는 9% 감소(減少)되었다. 4. 야초(野草)의 건물수량(乾物收量)은 조성시(造成時)의 기비수준(基肥水準)에는 대차(大差)없었으나 분시방법(分施方法)에서는 봄 다비(多肥)에 비(比)해 균등분시(均等分施)는 6% 감소(減少)되었고 가을 다비구(多肥區)는 11% 증가(增加)되었다. 5. 식생구성비율(植生構成比率)에 있어서 조성시(造成時)의 다비(多肥)는 보비(普肥)에 비(比)해 화본과(禾本科)는 증가(增加)되었고 두과(荳科)는 감소(減少)되었으며 분시방법(分施方法)에 있어서는 균등분시(均等分施)가 비교적(比較的) 양호(良好)하였다. 6. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)를 종합(綜合)해 볼 때 춘파초지조성시(春播草地造成時)의 목초(牧草) 정착(定着)을 위(爲)한 기비량(基肥量)은 N : 160, $P_2O_5$ : 200 및 $K_2O$ : 140kg/ha가 수량(收量) 및 식생유지면(植生維持面)에서 좋을 것으로 생각되며 분시방법(分施方法)은 균등분시(均等分施)가 좋을 것으로 사료(思料)된다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.33-38
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• 2011

본 연구는 논에서 이탈리안 라이그라스와 두과 사료작물 혼파에 의한 생산성을 구명코자 전라남도농업기술원에서 2004년부터 2008년까지 수행하였다. 처리내용은 이탈리안 라이그라스(코윈어리 품종) 단파에 자운영, forage pea, crimson clover 그리고 hairy vetch을 혼파하는 5처리 3반복으로 실시하였다. 그리고 이탈리안 라이그라스와 두과 사료작물 혼파비율은 단파 기준으로 70:30 비율로 혼파하였다. 논에서 이탈리안 라이그라스 단파와 두과 사료작물 혼파에 의한 건물률은 23.6~26.8%였고 혼파에 따른 건물률은 비슷하였다. 그리고 이탈리안 라이그라스와 forage pea와 혼파에 의한 생초 및 조단백질 수량은 각각 ha당 40,100 kg, 그리고 625 kg/ha으로 유의적으로 많았다(p<0.05). 또한 건물수량은 이탈리안 라이그라스와 forage pea 그리고 hairy vetch 혼파시 ha당 각각 9,470 kg 그리고 9,500 kg 유의적으로 많았다(p<0.05). 이탈리안 라이그라스와 forage pea 혼파 토양의 유효인산 함량이 78 mg /kg으로 많았으며, 이탈리안 라이그라스 단파 K 함량보다 혼파시 0.52~0.88$cmol^+$/kg으로 훨씬 높았다. 따라서 논에서 이탈리안 라이그라스와 forage pea을 혼파하여 건물수량, 조단백질 수량의 증가 및 재배의 안정성 제고에 효과적이었으며, 이탈리안 라이그라스 단파보다는 혼파재배가 바람직한 것으로 평가되었다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.93-104
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• 1996

A field experiment was conducted in Chungju and Jungwon to evaluate growth characteristics, dry matter yield, protein yield and palatability of intercropping comparing with monocropping forage crops by the use of sorghum $\times$ sudangrass hybrid(S.S.H.), five forage soybeans and two forage cowpeas of superior to selected experiment of varieties. All eight treatment plots were replicated three times and cutting date were cut July 6 and September 9. 1. The mean leaf number of S.S.H. in intercropping T2 treatment showed high compared to T1 treatment in all treatment except for Hwangkeum treatment, but T3 treatment was lower than the other treatments. In the leaf number of soybean, Jangbaek treatment was the highest as 47 leaves per plant, cowpea treatments showed high above 50 leaves. The stem diameter of S.S.H. in Jangyeob treatment of T2 treatment was 9.6mm. In legume, cowpea of T3 treatment was high as ranged from 7.9mm to 8.2mm. In stem hardiness of S.S.H., TI treatment was the lower than the other treatments, while Jangbaek treatment of T2 treatment was the highest as $2.0kg/cm^2$. In legume crops, Jangbaek and Baekun treatment were the highest as $1.6kg/cm^2$, but T3 treatment was very low as $0.3~0.6kg/cm^2$. 2. In the mean leaf ratio of S.S.H., T1 treatment was higher than T2 and T3 treatment as 34.9%. In the legume crops, Togyu treatment was the highest as 40.9%. In the mean tiller number of S.S.H., T2 treatment showed high compared to TI treatment, but T3 treatment of was rather decrease than The tiller number of S.S.H. in Jangyeob treatment of T2 treatment was the highest as 4.6 per plant. The dead stubble of S.S.H. was high in order to T3>T1>T2 treatment>, T3 treatment was highly about 2 times compared to T2 treatment. 3. S.S.H. as T3 treatment was resistant to lodging, but T3 and T1 treatment showed highly lodging. In the legums, T3 treatment was resistant to lodging, but T2 treatment showed highly lodging. In the S.S.H. of T2 treatment, the leaf of summer depression was not occurrence, but T3 treatment was higher than the other treatments. 4. The palatability of domestic animals was high in order of T2>Tl>T3, especially Togyu treatment of T2 treatment was the highest at the holstein and deer, and Jangyeob treatment of T2 treatment was the highest in the Korean native cattle. But T3 treatment was lower than other treatments in the holstein and Korean native cattle. 5. Fresh yield of monocropping(T1) was the highest as 94, 650kg/ha, while dry matter yield in Jangyeob treatment of T2 treatment was the highest as 15, 575/ha But fresh yield and dry matter yield of T3 treatment were the lowest(P<0.05). 6. Protein yield in T2 treatment was high, especially Jangyeob treatment of T2 treatment was the highest as 1, 605.5 kg/ha T3 treatment was low in spite of high protein content, because dry matter yield was lower than the other treatments. In conclusion, among T1, T2 and T3 treatment, Jangyeob, Togyu and Baekun treatments of T2 treatment showed optimum varieties for intercropping with S.S.H., because they showed high Dry matter yield, protein yield and palatability.