• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.3 no.3
• /
• pp.247-252
• /
• 1990

Nine Holstein cows in mid lactation period were utilized to examine the effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin (BST) of tow companies (Company A, Company B) on milk production and milk composition under the feeding conditions of Korea. Treatments were 0 (Control), 25 mg BST/day from company A (BST A) and 25 mg BST/day from company B (BST B) injected subcutaneously, once daily beginning at $200{\pm}20$ days postpartum and continuing for 28 days. Cows were fed ad libitum a total mixed diet throughout the experimental period. BST treatments increased average 4% fat corrected milk yields and milk energy output over the 28-day treatment period. However, no differences were observed in dry matter intake, gross efficiency, energy intake and percent milk energy. Although there was a tendency for increased milk fat percent, there were no differences in milk composition and yields of major milk components except for milk fat yield with BST injection. Somatic cells of all groups were also characteristic of a well managed herd. Neither mean body condition score nor body weight was significantly (p <0.05) changed before and during BST treatment. BST concentration in milk remained in the range of control animals throughout the experimental period of BST treatment. Results indicate that short-term injection of recombinant bovine somatotropin from two companies to lactating dairy cow resulted in similar increased in milk yield without alteration of major milk components or feed intake.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.501-506
• /
• 2001

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplemental unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) on fermentation characteristics, especially on gas production, cellulose degradation and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration by mixed ruminal microorganisms. In order to attain this objective, unsaturated fatty acids including oleic acid (C 18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2) and arachidonic acid (C22:4) were added at varying level. Mixed ruminal microbes used in this experiment were obtained from the rumen of a cannulated Holstein cow. Medium pH values after 7 d incubation were significantly affected by type and level of unsaturated fatty acids (p<0.01). All of UFA inhibited total gas production, and especially treatment of arachidonic acid at the levels of 0.01% gave the lowest gas. production after 7 d incubation (p<0.01). Comparison of the population of protozoa revealed that UFA did not have any significant effect on the total protozoa number. The addition of UFA did not effect dry matter degradation. Volatile fatty acid (VFA) composition of the culture was influenced little by UFA, although the considerable amount of iso-type VFA were detected in UFA supplemented incubations. The ratio of acetic acids to propionic acids, however, was lower than control in all the treatments after 7 d incubation (p<0.01).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.13 no.8
• /
• pp.1094-1101
• /
• 2000

Thirty-six crossbred (70% Holstein Friesian) cows in mid-lactation were assigned to one of four treatments. The dietary treatments were concentrate based, containing 13.5, 27.0, 40.5 and 54.0% of cassava in concentrate replacing ground maize (16.0% CP). There were curvilinear responses to intake of organic matter, non-structural carbohydrate and metabolisable energy. Cassava and corn fed in a ratio of 50:50 maximised organic matter, metabolisable energy intake; milk yield, milk protein and lactose yield. Milk fat yield was not affected by levels of inclusion. Dietary treatment did not influence ruminal pH, ammonia and volatile fatty acid concentrations or plasma glucose. The low market price for cassava resulted in a lower concentrate feed cost. The optimal level of cassava in a dairy cow diet is suggested as being between 20.0 and 30.0% of cassava in dry matter intake when fed with rice straw.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.14 no.10
• /
• pp.1409-1418
• /
• 2001

Two trials were carried out during two different grazing seasons to evaluate effect of grass silage supplementation, when amount of pasture is limited on dry matter intake (DMI), milk production, and gross energetic efficiency (GEE) of grazed lactating cows on a high forage-based diet. Fifty-one Holstein cows were randomly assigned to one of two dietary treatments: high pasture group or high silage group. In the spring flush, pasture and silage DMI, milk yield, milk fat percentage, and GEE were not different between the dietary groups. After the spring flush, pasture and silage DMI were higher for the high silage group than for the high pasture group. After the spring flush, although these were the higher total DMI of the high silage group than the high pasture group, milk yield was significantly (p<0.05) higher for the high pasture group than the high silage group. Milk fat percentage tended to be higher for the high silage group than the high pasture group. The GEE was significantly (p<0.05) higher for the high pasture group than the high silage group during after the spring flush. This study indicated that supplementation of grass silage, especially after the spring flush, can have a significant effect of increasing of forage intake and maintenance of the milk fat percentage; but not increase milk yield and GEE.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.338-342
• /
• 1996

Fodder rye(cv. Coolgrazer) was cultivated on paddy soils under different application rates of animal manures (CM=cow manures mixed with sawdust, SM=swine manure mixed with sawdust) during 1994-1995. Rice crop (CV. Geumo) was transplanted in the same plots after fodder rye. The effects of cattle manure application on the yield performance of rye and their influence to growth, yields and quality of rice were evaluated. Fodder rye produced larger plant growth and higher silage yield in the cattle manure application than in the chemical feltilizer (CF). Dry matter yields of rye silage were 3.08 ton(CF), 4.23 ton(CM) and 6.03 ton/ha(SM), respedively. Under heavy application of cattle manures plant height, number of tillers and grains per panicle were increased, but 1,000 grains weight and total yields of rice were decreased. Yields of brown rice were 5.20 ton(CF), 5.15 ton (CM) and 4.95 ton/ha(SM), respectively. Higher concentration of amylose was found in the heavy application of cattle manures. Amylose contents of rice were 16.8%(CF), 19.1%(CM) and 19.4%(SM).

• Mycobiology
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.128-133
• /
• 2004

Twenty plant extracts were tested against mycelial growth, sclerotium formatiom and dry weight of mycelium with sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. The highest(90 mm) mycelial growth was measured in Adhatoda vasica, Tegetes erecta, Allium cepa, and Curcuma longa. The lowest(25 mm) was in Azadirachta indica. No mycelial growth was found in any concentration of cow, buffalo, and goat urine. The highest(90 mm) and the lowest(15 mm) mycelial growth were measured in Biomil and Urea, respectively. No mycelial growth was observed in Zinc. The highest(60 mm) and the lowest(2 mm) mycelial growth were recorded in Macuprex(Dodine; 65% WP) and Boron(100% Boric acid and 17% Boron) respectively. Mycelial growth was totally inhibited in Rovral(Iprodione; 50% WP).

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.66-73
• /
• 2021

Objective: Soy sauce oil, a byproduct of whole soybean processing by the soy sauce industry, was evaluated as a source of linoleic acid for dairy cows for the purpose of manipulating the composition of milk. Methods: Eight dairy Holstein cows fitted with rumen cannulas were used for ruminal administration of soy sauce oil for a 28-day period using a 4×4 Latin square study design with 4 doses (0, 200, 400, and 600 g soy sauce oil/d). Results: Although dry matter intake and milk yield were not affected by soy sauce oil administration, ruminal concentrations of total volatile fatty acids and acetate were decreased, specifically at 600 g/d administration. While milk fat percentage was decreased with administration of soy sauce oil, proportions of linoleic, vaccenic and conjugated linoleic acids in the rumen, blood and milk were increased with increasing soy sauce oil dose. Conclusion: These results suggest that soy sauce oil feeding could be useful for improving milk functionality without adverse effects on animal production performance when fed at less than 400 g/d.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.75-85
• /
• 1998

Algal meal (cell) was produced from the solution of dairy cow wastes by fermentation of ulothrix. sp. and chlorella sp. Raw wastes mainly feces were diluted with ground water to give dry matter concentration of 0.5 w/v of wastes in 20 l amounts of ten plastic containers. Each containers were covered with plastic nets and vinyl films to protect from the insects and rain. Algea cells were harvested every 3 to 5 days and dried by sunlight and artifitial heat. Dried cells were ground by a feed meal, and analyzed and tested for the chemical composition of dry cell, in vitro DM and protein digestibility and the safty of algae. Protein contents in algae meals, ulothrix (29.37%) and chlorella (29.24%) were similar. However, chlorella contained lower Neutral detergent fiber (5.92%) than ulothrix(20,76%), and higher ash (32.86%) and calcium (12.62%) than ulothrix (28.66% and 6.09%) (P<.01). Ulothrix protein had higher for essential amino acids; valine, isoleucine and phenylalanine, than chlorella (P<.05). Algal fats contained high saturated fatty acids, C16:0 and C18:0, for ulothrix and high unsaturated fatty acids, C18:1 and C18:2, for chlorella (P<.01). In vitro digestibility of. ulothrix tended to be higher for DM, but lower for protein than chlorella. The weight gain and survival percentage were higher for pond fishes (loaches, Misgurnus sp. ) fed diet added chlorella meal than diets added ulothrix meal and control diet (P<.05).

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.95-103
• /
• 2016

The objective of this study was to investigate feasibility of semi-dry anaerobic digestion using dairy cattle manure and to evaluate solidified fuel value of semi-dry anaerobic digestate. To evaluate semi-dry anaerobic digestion using dairy cattle manure, 950 mL bottle type anaerobic reactor was set in the constant temperature room maintained at $35^{\circ}C$. To produce anaerobic digestate for making solidified fuel, acrylic cylindrical anaerobic digester(1,000 mm width ${\times}$ 450 mm height) was set in the constant room temperature to carry out batch test of semi-dry anaerobic digestion using same dairy cattle manure. Moisture content of dairy cattle manure and inoculum solution for anaerobic digestion were 80.64% and 96.83%, respectively. The dairy cattle manure and the inoculum solution was mixed by 1:1 ratio(v/v) for anaerobic digestion. Water content and VS/TS(Volatile Solids/Total Solids) of mixture of substrate and inoculum were 89.74% and 83.35%, respectively. In case of non-inoculated anaerobic digester, the biogas was not produced. By the semi-dry anaerobic digestion, the calorific value of the digestate was reduced by 20% compare to fresh dairy cattle manure. In other hand, ash content increased from 15% to 18.4%. The contents of Cr, Pb, Cd and S of pellet produced from anaerobically digested dairy cattle manure were not against the standard regulation for livestock manure solidified fuel. Therefore, it can be used as fuel that anaerobic digestate produced after semi-dry anaerobic digestion using dairy cattle manure.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.118-127
• /
• 2005

The best way to treat livestock manure is a recycling the manure to arable land as an organic fertilizer. In this study, fermented cow manure compost and pig manure compost were used as a raw materials for pelletizing. The changes of physicochemical properties of each composts and pellets were investigated. The aim of this research was to improve availability of livestock manure compost. In pelletizing process of fermented livestock manure compost, the optimal water content to make pellet was around 40%. When clay was mixed by volume more than 15% as a bonding agent, the condition of pelletizing process was beginning to improve. On a dry matter basis, the contents of N, P and K of fermented pig manure compost were 2.05%, 1.89% and 1.31%, respectively. After pelletizing, the contents of compost pelleted with the pig manure compost were 1.96% 1.73% and 0.89%, respectively. The same parameters of cow manure compost were 2.52%, 1.01% and 2.98%, respectively. After processing, the contents of compost pelleted with the cow manure compost were 2.45%, 1.10% and 2.93%, respectively. After pelletizing, there were little change in the content of heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, As and Hg. When pelleted compost dried naturally was submerged in water, it was completely dissolved in 30 minutes. On the other hand, Pelleted compost dried with the mechanical convection oven set $70^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours was completely dissolved in 960 minutes. The volume and weight of pelleted compost were decreased with time. After 30 days of storing, the weight of pelleted compost was decreased by 15% compared with its original weight. The volume of it was decreased by 17~25% in the same time.