• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.853-862
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• 2010

This study was conducted as a nationwide project in order to obtain data on the content and intake of sodium in school meals. For this purpose, we selected two elementary and two middle schools in Daejeon as well as four elementary schools in the Chungcheong area. We measured the sodium and potassium contents of 842 dishes as well as their intake levels over 154 days. Sodium content was analyzed using an AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometer). The average meal intakes of second and fifth grade elementary school students were 244 g/meal and 304 g/meal, respectively. The meal intake of middle school students was 401 g/meal. Boys tended to eat slightly more than did girls, and students tended to eat more in the spring than in the summer. The average sodium intake per meal was 642 mg (570 mg by elementary school students, 1068 mg by middle school students), which was 32.1% of the UL (Tolerable Upper Intake Level, 2,000 mg per day) according to the KDRIs (Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans). The sodium intake per meal was not significantly differ between boys and girls or between spring and summer (p>0.05). This study provides fundamental data that can be used to establishment a nutrition policy concerning the adequate content of sodium in school meals.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.736-742
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• 2005

Xyloglucan (XG), which exhibits thermal sol to gel transition, non-toxicity, and low gelation concentration, is of interest in the development of sustained release carriers for drug delivery. Drug-loaded XG beads were prepared by extruding dropwise a dispersion of indomethacin in aqueous XG solution (2 wt.-$\%$) through a syringe into corn oil. Enteric coating of XG bead was performed using Eudragit L 100 to improve the stability of XG bead in gastrointestinal (GI) track and to achieve gastroresistant drug release. Release behavior of indomethacin from XG beads in vitro was investigated as a function of loading content of drug, pH of release medium, and concentration of coating agent. Adhesive force of XG was also measured using the tensile test. Uniform-sized spherical beads with particle diameters ranging from 692 $\pm$ 30 to 819 $\pm$ 50 $\mu$m were obtained. The effect of drug content on the release of indomethacin from XG beads depended on the medium pH. Release of indomethacin from XG beads was retarded by coating with Eudragit and increased rapidly with the change in medium pH from 1.2 to 7.4. Adhesive force of XG was stronger than that of Carbopol 943 P, a well-known commercial mucoadhesive polymer, in wet state. Results indicate the enteric-coated XG beads may be suitable as a carrier for oral drug delivery of irritant drug in the stomach.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.11
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• pp.1562-1568
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• 2011

We studied the amounts of trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids in child-favored foods. Confectioneries, breads, donuts and hamburgers were included in this study. The total fatty acid content and the amount of each type of fatty acid were determined by gas chromatography with a flame-ionized detector. Confectioneries were shown to have the highest content of crude fat. The mean content was 24.2${\pm}$6.9 (range: 4.6~41.1) g/100 g food. The mean content of crude fat in donuts, bread and hamburgers was 23.9${\pm}$5.8 (range: 14.1~39.5) g/100 g food, 15.7${\pm}$7.9 (range: 1.4~30.0) g/100 g food, and 9.5${\pm}$3.4 (range: 4.5~18.5) g/100 g food, respectively. Bread had the most trans fatty acids at 1.3 g/100 g food. This result inferred that manufacturers have tried to reduce the trans fat content. The mean content of saturated fatty acids in confectioneries, donuts, bread, and hamburgers was 11.6${\pm}$4.8 (range: 2.0~22.7) g/100 g food, 11.2${\pm}$4.0 (range: 4.8~23.2) g/100 g food, 6.9${\pm}$4.1 (range: 0.6~15.4) g/100 g food, 3.0${\pm}$1.0 (range: 1.0~5.8) g/100 g food, respectively. This content depended on crude fat. The composition of fatty acids varied according to the oil and fat used in the manufacturing process of each food, and the natural content. Foods that were fried in vegetable oil tended to be especially low in saturated fat.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.145-151
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• 2014

Purpose: The material properties of contact lenses were measured by varying the amounts of an initiator and a cross-linking agent that are the basis for the manufacture of contact lenses, and the drug delivery effects depending on the material properties of contact lenses were compared. Methods: Contact lens samples were manufactured using HEMA by varying the concentration of the cross-linking agent and the initiator. To investigate the changes in physical characteristics depending on the material properties, the results of the experiments on the amount of drug elution, water content, refractive index, and the amount of protein adsorption were compared. Results: For the contact lenses manufactured by varying the amount of the initiator, the water content hardly changed, and the refractive index also hardly changed. The amount of drug elution was not much affected by the changes in the initiator, but the amount of elution increased as the water content increased. The amount of protein adsorption was hardly affected by the changes in the initiator, but the amount of adsorption increased as the water content decreased. Conclusions: The changes in the properties were hardly affected by the changes in the amount of the initiator, but were significantly affected by the changes in the amount of the cross-linking agent. As the amount of the cross-linking agent increased, the water content decreased, while the refractive index increased. Also, when the water content increased, the amount of drug elution increased, while the amount of protein adsorption decreased.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.328.2-328.2
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• 2002

This paper presents stability of tyhoid vaccine -attenuuated vaccine(oral) and killed vaccine{vi polysaccharide)- 5 classes with various temperature(3 points: iced temperature, refrigeration temp.. indoor temp.). Analytical techniques -vi polysaccharide content. pH. sterility. assay - have been used for the quantity of pharmacologically active chemical entries. From this study. we have found the attenuated vaccine is show iced temp. 258% and indoor temp. 0.02% compare with refrigeration temp. in assay examination and the killed vaccine is not found different. (omitted)

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.284-288
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• 2011

The test method for biologics of lot release system is based on 'Test procedure and specification for biological products,' generally, thimerosal content is measured by chemical analysis using O.D. In this study, the comparative analysis was carried out using the gold amalgamation method for thimerosal content was compared to the existing methods, which are described above. The gold amalgamation method, which uses atomic absorption spectrophotometry, was meets all the method validation acceptance criteria. It is considered to be proper as the assay and identification test for thimerosal. In this study, the comparative analysis was performed three times. As a result, gold amalgamation method is more convenient and easy to perform as this assay doesn't have pre-treatment procedure. Also this assay showed good precision and reproducibility compared to the conventional method. Therefore, it is appropriate to alternate the assay method of thimerosal from the conventional chemical analysis to gold amalgamation method to improve the credibility of lot release system and the quality control of biologics, by standardizing test method.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.223-228
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• 2000

Testing the volume of injection in container is to ensure that the nominal content of a container can be administered to the patient. The method to test the volume of injection in container is described in European Pharmacopeia (EP) and United States Pharmacopeia (USP). However there is no method to test the volume of injection in Korean Pharmacopeia (KP). So we surveyed the method practiced by 53 pharmaceutical companies in Korea by a questionnaire and tested commercially available injections by discharged volume. As the result, we agreed with the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) test method for discharged volume. It was suggested that the ICH test method for discharged volume of injection in container would be adopted.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.211-216
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• 2011

The chitosan-coated liposomes (chitosomes) were designed to improve the stability in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and to enhance the efficacy for oral drug delivery of liposomes. The phosphatic acid (PA)-incorporated anionic liposomes were surface-coated with water soluble chitosan (WSC) by electro-ionic interaction. The shape of the chitosomes observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was spherical in all the formulations and the coating layer by WSC could be founded through TEM images. The mean size and the zeta potential values of the chitosomes increased significantly with depending on the content of WSC added for coating the liposomes. The stability of the chitosomes in the GI tract was confirmed through the change of relative turbidity of the liposomal suspension. The plain liposomes (plasomes) suspension without adding WSC clearly showed the change of relatively turbidity in simulated gastric fluid (SGF), while the change degree of turbidity of the chitosomes in the SGF decreased as increasing of WSC content added for coating liposome. In the 5-CF release study from the plasomes and chitosomes, the plasomes released >90% of the initial 5-CF content at 4 h of release measurement. In contrast, the chitosomes released below 40% of initial content of 5-CF. In conclusion, these results indicate that the chitosomes can be used as a potential carrier for effective oral drug delivery.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.145-151
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• 1981

The effect of ginseng methanol extract on hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme in rat was investigated. The ginseng methanol extract (100mg/kg) was administered orally to Sprague Dawley rats for 7days and the contents of cytochrome $P_{450}$ and NADPH cytochrome c reductase in liver were measured by the method of Stanton et al. and Mazel respectively. The content of liver cytochrome $P_{450}$ and NADPH cytochrome c reductase in the rats treated with ginseng methanol extract (100mg/kg) were increased by 21.9% and l6.6% respectively and their increases were statistically significant. Single i.p. injection of phenobarbital (100mg/kg) to the rats produced approximately 25% increase in cytochrome $P_{450}$ content in this investigation and further stimulation was produced in the rats pretreated with ginseng methanol extract (100mg/kg). On the other hand, single i.p. injection of 95% $CCl_{4}$ (0.5ml/kg) showed 29% decrease in cytochrome $P_{450}$ content and 10.5% decrease in NADPH cytochrome c reductase activity. The degree of inhibition of cytochrome $P_{450}$ content in the rats pretreated with ginseng methanol extract (100mg/kg) was similar to that observed in the $CCl_{4}$ alone treated group, but NADPH cytochrome c reductase activity was increased by 65% in the rats pretreated with ginseng methanol extract (100mg/kg). These results suggest that ginseng is the hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme inducing agent in the rat and the effect is similar to phenobarbital.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.354-358
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• 1996

This experiment was conducted to find out the effects of L-phenylalanine on the saikosaponin content of callus induced from Bupleurum falcatum leaf segments. In the fresh and dry weight of callus, the addition of 2,4-D than L-phenylalanine was significantly effective. However, the L-phenylalanine treatment rather than 2,4-D was effective for high saikosaponin accumulation in the callus of Bupleurum falcatum.