• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.339-345
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• 1995

For the effective treatment of aphthous stomatitis, the matrix type mucoadhesive patches containing triamcinolone acetonide have been formulated. The drug layer was obtained by drying the polymer gel which was prepared with carbomer 934P, ammoniomethacrylate copolymer, titanium dioxide and polyethylene glycol 400. The effects of the content of additives on physical characteristics of the polymer gel and the drug layer were evaluated. The addition of carbomer increased the yield point and the zero-shear viscosity of polymer gel as well as the thickness, the water absorption ratio, the adhesive time and $T_{50%}$ of drug layer. The adhesive time and the water absorption ratio of drug layer were also improved by the addition of ammoniomethacrylate copolymer, but the addition of titanium dioxide had decreased the zero-shear viscosity of polymer gel and the adhesive time of drug layer.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.20-27
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• 2017

Background: We evaluated whether eye movements could reflect the efficacy of antiepileptic drugs in patients with epilepsy. Methods: Thirty patients with epilepsy of unknown cause as well as age- and sex-matched normal controls were enrolled in this study. We divided the patients into drug-controlled epilepsy (n = 22) and drug-resistant epilepsy (n = 8) groups according to their seizure controls. We analyzed the differences in the parameters of the eye movements in these two groups compared with normal controls using video-based electro-oculography. In addition, we investigated the differences in the cerebellar volumes of these two groups using whole-brain T1-weighted images. Results: The latency and accuracy of saccade in patients with epilepsy were significantly different from normal controls, but they were not different between patients with drug-controlled epilepsy and drug-resistant epilepsy. However, the gain of pursuit was significantly decreased in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy compared with normal controls (p = 0.0010), whereas it was not different between patients with drug-controlled epilepsy and normal controls (p = 0.9646). In addition, the patients with drug-resistant epilepsy had lower cerebellar volumes than normal controls (p = 0.0052), whereas the cerebellar volumes in patients with drug-controlled epilepsy were not different from normal controls (p = 0.5050). Conclusions: We demonstrated that pursuit eye movements could reflect the efficacy of antiepileptic drugs in patients with epilepsy, a finding that may be related to cerebellar dysfunction.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 2022

Drug-drug interactions are a major cause of hospitalization and deaths related to drug use. A large fraction of these is due to inhibition of enzymes involved in drug metabolism and transport, particularly cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes. Understanding basic mechanisms of enzyme inhibition is important, particularly in terms of reversibility and the use of the appropriate parameters. In addition to drug-drug interactions, issues have involved interactions of drugs with foods and natural products related to P450 enzymes. Predicting drug-drug interactions is a major effort in drug development in the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory agencies. With appropriate in vitro experiments, it is possible to stratify clinical drug-drug interaction studies. A better understanding of drug interactions and training of physicians and pharmacists has developed. Finally, some P450s have been the targets of drugs in some cancers and other disease states.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.63-73
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• 1986

The use of biodegradable polymetric materials as drug carriers is a relatively new dimension in polymeric drug delivery systems. A number of biodegradable or bioerodible polymers, such as poly(lactic/glycolic acid) copolymer, poly($\alpha$-amino acid), polyanhydride, and poly (ortho ester) are currently being investigated for this purpose. These polymers are useful for matrix and reservoir-type delivery devices. In addition, when chemical functional groups are introduced to the biodegradable polymer backdone, such as poly (N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide), the therapeutic agent can be covalently bound directly or via spacer to the backbone polymer. These polymer/drug conjugates represent another new dimension in biodegradable polymeric drug delivery systems. In addition, examples of biodegradable polymeric durg delivery systems currently being investigated will be discussed for the purpose of demonstrarting the potential importance of this new field.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.138-144
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• 2011

In order to minimize such adverse drug reactions, governments and international organs have been on the watch for them. Also in South Korea, a system has been established in order that adverse drug reactions may be reported to Korea Food and Drug Administration(KFDA). This study is to analyze drugs to cause adverse reactions, the adverse reactions and patients concerned on the authority of the data of Korea FDA, which is expected to be the preliminary data on preventable adverse reactions. This study was conducted on the 74,037 cases of adverse drug reactions reported to Korea FDA between January 2007 and June 2010. Fentanyl, iopromide and tramadol caused adverse reactions with high frequencies. Oseltamivir showed a high frequency between 2009 and 2010 due to the influence of the new influenza A. Also, OTC drugs accounted for approximately 5% of the adverse reactions. In 2009, adverse drug reactions remarkably increased (2,106 cases; 10.1%) in infants and children due to the new influenza-A(H1N1). The patients aged between 31 and 64 accounted for approximately 55% during the given period. There was no significant intergender difference. In relation to regions, the adverse reactions most frequently occurred in the gastrointestinal system and the integumentary system for three and half years. In addition to anticancer drugs and immunosuppressive drugs that are known to cause adverse reactions frequently, not a few of OTC drugs and external preparations caused such reactions. In particular, the drugs containing specific ingredients caused adverse reactions more frequently than others from 2007 until the first half of 2010. It is advisable for prescribers to acquaint themselves with such adverse reactions and to prescribe drugs other than them. They also have need to sensibly cope with adverse drug reactions just in case they have no substitute drugs. In addition, patients also need to be trained to understand possible adverse reactions in order that they can sensibly accommodate them or choose healthcare services. The results of this study are expected to be helpful to minimize adverse drug reactions.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.331-336
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• 2011

The instability of hirsutenone (HST), a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) and ovarian carcinoma, is one of the main concerns for the development of drug product. In the present study, aqueous stability of HST was investigated by kinetic analysis, and the effect of several factors covering temperature, nitrogen gas ($N_2$) flushing, and selection of proper antioxidant was compared. Cosolvent system composed of distilled water and methanol (9:1 v/v) was used as a vehicle to dissolve HST at the concentration of $200{\mu}g/mL$. Samples of aqueous solution were prepared under the absence or presence of antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid (AA), sodium edetate (EDTA), and ascorbyl palmitate (AP), and subjected for stability test. The degradation of HST in aqueous solution was followed by the first order kinetics with an extremely short half life of less than a week at room temperature, and was accelerated as the temperature increased. $N_2$ flushing brought a little enhancement in stability compared to control solution, but the effect was insufficient. The addition of AA and EDTA (0.1%) significantly enhanced the stability of HST at $40^{\circ}C$, but the addition of AP (0.01%) was limited due to its water insolubility and revealed no promising result. The stability of HST was increased proportionally by the amount of AA added, showing the difference in degree of stabilization as an order of magnitude. Finally, we conclude that HST was stabilized by the addition of a suitable antioxidant, suggesting AA as the most effective stabilizer.

• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 2003.09b
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• pp.544-544
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• 2003

We investigated the inhibitory effect of whitening materials with growth factor or alone on melanomas derived from Human (B-16) and mouse (SK-MEL-31) using melanin content. Melanin content was determined by the absorbance value at 470nm per cells. we used the growth factors known as activators of Adenylate cyclase, Protein kinase C and tyrosine kinase pathway separately. In addition, we compared the action of UV-induced with non-biological growth factor with whitening materials in melanomas derived from Human and mouse. The results showed that the aspect of inhibitory effect of whitening materials on B16 and SK-MEL-31 was not different. And, the action of each growth factor involved in the differentiation and proliferation of melanoma on the inhibition of melanogenesis in B-16 and SK-MEL-31 using whitening agents showed no difference. Also, The action of UV -induced and non-biological growth factors didn't exhibit different pattern on the effect of whitening agent in B-16 and SK-MEL-31.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.758-771
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• 2020

This study was to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) from 4,264 retail meat samples including beef, pork, and chicken in Korea between 2013 and 2018. A broth microdilution antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed for S. aureus. Molecular typing by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), spa typing, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), was performed on mecA-positive S. aureus strain. S. aureus was isolated at a rate of 18.2% (777/4,264), of which MRSA comprised 0.7% (29 strains). MLST analysis showed that 11 out of the 29 MRSA isolates were predominantly sequence type (ST) 398 (37.9%). In addition, ST72, ST692, ST188, ST9, and ST630 were identified in the MRSA isolates. The spa typing results were classified into 11 types and showed a high correlation with MLST. The antimicrobial resistance assays revealed that MRSA showed 100% resistance to cefoxitin and penicillin. In addition, resistance to tetracycline (62.1%), clindamycin (55.2%), and erythromycin (55.2%) was relatively high; 27 of the 29 MRSA isolates exhibited multidrug resistance. PFGE analysis of the 18 strains excluding the 11 ST398 strains exhibited a maximum of 100% homology and a minimum of 64.0% homology. Among these, three pairs of isolates showed 100% homology in PFGE; these results were consistent with the MLST and spa typing results. Identification of MRSA at the final consumption stage has potential risks, suggesting that continuous monitoring of retail meat products is required.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.67-73
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• 2011

The purpose of licensing system is to ensure that the medicines are examined for safety, efficacy and quality. Nevertheless, off-label or unlicensed drug usages in pediatric practice is widespread in Korea and worldwide. Psychotropics are one of the most commonly used off-label or unlicensed drugs. The most valid approach to face this dilemma will be to have more evidences from pediatric pharmacological studies. Clinicians, in addition, need to monitor closely their off-label or unlicensed drug prescriptions to minimize the trial and error in practice. Researchers should publish their experiences and provide guidelines. Pharmaceutical companies, regulatory authorities, and consumer organizations should endeavor altogether for the children's right to get safe and efficacious drugs as adults do. Here, the definition as well as the current status of off-label and unlicensed drug prescriptions will be introduced. Critical issues regarding the off label drugs are discussed. In addition, I will describe the present condition as to the off-label and unlicensed drugs in child and adolescent psychiatry and the authorization process of off-label drug prescription in Korea. Lastly, direction we should like to take in this field will be mentioned.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 1987

The effect of drug addition on the bovine serum albumin (BSA)-edible dye complex was studied by spectrophotometric method. The edible dyes tested were amranth, erythrosine, tatrazine and sunset yellow. The moles of bound dye per protein mole and free energies for edible dyes bounded were determined at pH 7.4. The values of free energy change by the addition of drughs to BSA-edible dye were ranged fro -6, 260 to 08030 cal/mole. In the wide range of edible dye concentration (0.3-$7{\times}10^{-5}$$^{-5}$ M), acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) showed pattern of displacement different from that of dye. It was assumed that ASA has different binding mechanisms from edible dye.