• 한국한의학연구원논문집
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.155-163
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• 2008

State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China lead Research on Chao medicine's Constitutional Treatment project by which could involve the following principles. First, constitution can be identified, second, constitution correlates to ones susceptibility to diseases, third, constitution can be harmonized, fourth, prescription made according to ones constitution and patterns. These ideas is originated by Lee Je-ma's theory of Four Constitution Type in "DongEuiSooSeBoWon"(Longetivity and Life Preservation in Eastern Medicine). This is much similar to currents trends of personalized medicine in western medical sciences. Therefore further developing Lee's theory would have significant value on various fields of medicine.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제78권2호
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• pp.56-63
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• 2015

A small number of viable tuberculosis bacilli can reside in an individual with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) without obvious clinical symptoms or abnormal chest radiographs. Diagnosis and treatment for LTBI are important for tuberculosis (TB) control in public and private health, especially in high-risk populations. The updated 2014 Korean guidelines for TB recommend that tuberculin skin tests, interferon-gamma release assays, or a combination of the two can be used for LTBI diagnosis according to age and immune status of the host as well as TB contact history. The regimens for LTBI treatment include isoniazid, rifampicin, or isoniazid/rifampicin. However, results of drug susceptibility test from the index case must be considered in selecting the appropriate drug for recent contacts. Standardized LTBI diagnosis and treatment based on the new 2014 guidelines will contribute to the effective TB control in Korea as well as to the establishment of updated guidelines.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2002년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2
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• pp.397.1-397.1
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• 2002

A human immune globulin preparation (histobulin\ulcorner) are made to bind a small amount of histamine (0.15 $\mu$g) to the protein (12 mg) to increase the resistance of histamine susceptibility in the treatment of allergic diseases. Strict control of histamine content of the drug are required since intake of histamine might result in hypo- or hypertension. headache. or anaphylactic shock syndromes. HPLC analytical method with pre-column fluorescent derivatizalion after clean-up by solid-phase extraction (SPE) was developed. (omitted)

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.228-233
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• 2014

This study was performed to examine antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus spp. strains from retail raw meat and fish products purchased in 2012. 43 Enterococcus spp. strains were isolated from a total of 207 samples (beef, pork, chicken, fish) with contamination rate of 20.8%. The isolated strains were identified as E. faecalis (22 strains), E. gallinarum, E. hirae (5 strains), E. avium (4 strains), E. faecium (3 strains), E. duram, E. casseliflavus (2 strains). Susceptibility to 10 antibiotics was tested, and the highest resistance was observed to tetracycline. And antimicrobial resistance rates were presented below 20% with most of the other antimicrobial agents. The isolated Enterococci from chicken showed higher resistance also to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin, not only to tetracycline, compared to the isolated Enterococci from beef, pork and fish. Sixteen isolates (37.2%) were sensitive to all antibiotics. Four isolates (9.3%) were resistant to 3 or more antibiotics. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) was not identified. According to the results of genetic similarity pattern analysis via PFGE and rep-PCR, Enterococci strains showed different patterns from these collected in 2011. This indicates that there is no genetic similarity among all the strains.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제30권12호
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• pp.1862-1869
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• 2020

The spread of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance has posed a serious threat to public health owing to its effects on the emergence of pandrug-resistant bacteria. In this study, we investigated the prevalence and characteristics of mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli isolated from retail meat samples in Korea. In total, 1,205 E. coli strains were isolated from 3,234 retail meat samples in Korea. All E. coli strains were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing and were examined for the presence of mcr-1 gene. All mcr-1-positive E. coli (n = 10, 0.8%) from retail meat were subjected to pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). The transferability of mcr-1 gene was determined by conjugation assays. The mcr-1-positive strains exhibited diverse clonal types. Our mcr-1 genes were located in plasmids belonged to the IncI2 (n = 1) and IncX4 (n = 8) types, which were reported to be prevalent in Asia and worldwide, respectively. Most mcr-1 genes from mcr-1-positive strains (9/10) were transferable to the recipient strain and the transfer frequencies ranged from 2.4 × 10-3 to 9.8 × 10-6. Our data suggest that the specific types of plasmid may play an important role in spreading plasmid-mediated colistin resistance in Korea. Furthermore, our findings suggest that the retail meat may be an important tool for disseminating plasmid-mediated colistin resistance.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.13-19
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• 2011

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens is a Serious clinical problem in the treatment of infectious diseases that increase mortality, morbidity, hospitalization length, and the cost of healthcare. In particular, $Streptococcus$ $pneumoniae$ is a major etiologic pathogen of pneumonia, sinusitis, otitis media, and meningitis. As the definition of penicillin resistance to $S.$ $pneumoniae$ was recently changed, macrolide-resistant $S.$ $pneumoniae$ is a major resistant pathogen in the community. Infections caused by antibiotic-resistant strains are associated with incorrect use of antibiotics and critical clinical outcomes. For the appropriate use of antibiotics to treat infections, physicians always should have up-to-date information on the current epidemiologic status of antibiotic resistance for common pathogens and their susceptibility to antimicrobials. Appropriate selection of antimicrobials, strict control of infection, vaccination, and development of a feasible national policy of infection control are important strategies for the control of antimicrobial resistance. This review article focuses on the current status of antibiotic-resistant $S.$ $pneumoniae$ in community-acquired pneumonia in Korea.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.831-837
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• 1995

연구목적: 폐결핵 치료에서 약재내성은 큰 문제가 된다. 특히 다제 약제 내성은 환자 자신 뿐만 아니라 예방의학적 측면에서도 큰 문제가 되고 있다. 3차 의료기관에 오는 폐결핵 환자들에서 약제 내성의 발현 정도, 양상 및 관계되는 요인 등을 조사하여 내원 환자들의 향후 치료에 도움이 되는 지표를 알아 보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1986년 부터 1994년 사이 고신의료원 내과를 방문하여 폐결핵으로 진단되어 약제내성 검사를 한 141명의 환자를 대상으로 약제 내성률과 과거 치료 병력, 흉부 X-선 사진상 폐의 침범 정도와 공동의 유무 등의 관계를 후향적으로 조사하였다. 성적: 141 명중 59명(41.8%)에서 한 가지 약제 이상에 내성야 있었고 INH와 RIF에 동시 내성이 있는 경우는 139명중 29명(20.9%)였다. 과거에 결핵 치료를 63명중 40명(63.5%)에서 약제 내성이 있었고 24명(38.1%)에서 다제 약제 내성이 있었다. 과거 결핵치료 병력이 없는 78명중 19명(24.4%)에서 약제내성이 있었고 5명(6.5%)에서는 다제 약제 내성이 있었다. 약제별로는 INH내성이 39.0%로 가장 높았고 RIF(21.6%), EMB(16.3%), PAS(10.8%), SM(8.7%), PZA(8.0%) 순이었다. INH, RIF 및 PZA에 대한 내성은 과거 치료 병력이 있는 경우에서 높았고(odds ratio 각각 3.3, 7.2 및 10.8), 흉부 X-선 사진상 침범부위가 RIF 및 SM에 대한 내성률이 유의하게 높았다(odds ratio 각각 2.9, 2.8). 결론: 높은 약제 내성률로 보아 약제 감수성검사는 모든 환자들에게 시행해야 하겠으며, 그 결과가 나오기 전까지는 4가지 이상의 약제를 사용하는 것이 안전할 것으로 생각된다. 그리고 특히 과거에 치료한 병력이 있거나 진행된 폐결핵 환자의 경우는 철저한 임상적 및 세균학적인 추적관찰이 필요할 것으로 생각한다.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 1985

A total of 211 strains of Staphylococcus aureus which included 118 strains isolated from various clinical specimens of admitted patients of University Hospital with systemic or severe cases of infection and 93 strains from infected skin diseases of out-patients of dermatology clinic located in rural area, were tested for the antimicrobial susceptibility to the 12 drugs of common use and the phage typing. An these were subjected to the study of plasmid profile analysis for the molecular epidemiology of nosocomial infections. University Hospital(UH) isolates showed higher frequency of resistance than local clinic(LC) isolates against 10 drugs excluding tetracycline(Tc), and trimethoprim(Tp). The MIC of UH isolates were above than $128{\mu}g/ml$ against 9 drugs except Tc, gentamicin(Gm), and Tp, but LC isolates did not show such a high level of MIC. There was difference of MIC needed to inhibit 90% of strains(MIC90) against each drugs tested between two groups of UH and LC isolates. UH isolates showed 2 to 4 times higher value of MIC90 by two-fold serial dilution of drug concentration than LC isolates. Tp was considered as an effective drug in treatment of staphylococcal infections whereas ampicillin and Gm were appeared to be ineffective. Seventy-three strains(61.9%) of UH isolates and 70(69.9%) of LC were typable with phages from Colindale Reference Laboratory. The prevailing phage type of UH isolates belonged to lytic group II were 27 strains(22.9%) and those of LC isolates belonged to lytic group II were 23 strains(24.7%). Thirteen strains(11.0%) of UH isolates were multiply resistant to more than 5 drugs to 10 drugs but none of LC isolates. Through the lysis method of Kado and Liu followed by agarose gel electrophoresis, none of 211 strains showed plasmid profile. These results were confirmed by re-examination through the method of Birnboim and Doly.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.305-313
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• 2008

The present study was conducted to investigate the epidemiological characteristics such as isolation rate and antimicrobial drug susceptibility of etiological agents. The specimens (stool or intestine) were collected from 319 calves with clinical diarrhea from 195 farms in Gyeongnam south area (Gosung, Tongyung, Hadong) from June 2005 to August 2006. The isolation rate of Salmonella spp was higher in summer (8.4%) than in winter (4.8%) and the average was 7.2% (23/319 head). Some of Salmonella spp isolated were resistant to penicillin, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, and cephalexin (>90%), but some of them were susceptible to norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and amikacin(>30%). There was no statistical difference in the isolation rate of Eimeria spp between summer(48.9%) and winter(42.3%). For the evaluation of infection level of Eimeria spp oocyst per gram of feces (OPG) was examined, and severe, moderate and light infection level were 11.9%, 12.5% and 22.3%, respectively. In the isolation rates of Eimeria spp the calves under 19 days was lowerthan those over 60 days, but there was not different among herd size.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.205-209
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• 1983

Some investigations on chronic mastitis in dairy cattle in Kyungnam Province during the year 1982 were conducted with the special reference to the causative agents and their drug resistance. Milk samples from 46 isolated cases of chronic mastitis cattle were investigated bacteriologically and the organisms recovered were examined for their drug susceptibility against the major antibiotics used in this country by the use of disk diffusion susceptibility test. Four major causative agents involved in chronic mastitis were in order of prevalence Staphylococcus aureus (32.6%), Escherichia coli (28.3%), Streptococcus agalactiae (8.7%) and Candida albicans (8.7%). Staph. epidermidis, Streptococcus uberis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida subtropicalis were found to be one of the minor agents. The majority of staphylococcal isolates were highly resistant to the most of antibiotics employed while 8% of them were resistant to gentamicin and 32% to chloramphenicol. The percentages of staphylococcal cultures resistant to penicillin, lincomycin. streptomycin, methicillin, oleandomycin, tetracycline, cephalothin, ampicillin and erythromycin were 100%, 96%, 96%, 92%, 84%, 84%, 80%, 76%, and 64% respectively. Streptococcal isolates were also highly resistant to the majority of the drugs used although 85.7% of them were susceptible to gentamicin. All Escherichia coli isolates were found to be resistant to erythromycin, lincomycin and penicillin while the majority of them were resistant to ampicillin (92.9%), carbenicillin (85.7%), oleandomycin (85.7%), streptomycin(85.7%), kanamycin (78.6%), methicillin (78.6%) and tetracycline (71.4%). The percentages of E. coli cultures resistant to gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, cephalothin and chloramphenicol were 21.4%, 21.4%, 35.7% and 50.0% respectively.