• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2013

다금바리, 자바리 및 능성어는 농어목(Perciformes Order) 바리과(Serranidae Family)에 속하며, 고급횟감으로 인기가 높은 어종이다. 자바리 및 능성어의 경우 몸통부분에 줄무늬가 선명하게 있으나 성어가 되면서 점차 불분명해지는 특징이 있어 무늬의 유무로 인하여 다금바리와 구별하기는 쉽지 않다. 또한 자바리는 제주도에서 다금바리라는 명칭으로 불리고 있으며, 일부 유통업자들이 자바리 및 능성어를 다금바리로 유통시키는 사례가 있어 종 특이 프라이머를 이용한 판별법을 마련하게 되었다. 종 특이 프라이머를 설계하기 위하여 유전자은행(www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)에 등록되어있는 다금바리(Accession No. AY947575), 자바리(Accession No. JN603832), 능성어(Accession No. AY947559), 우럭(Accession No. DQ678295) 등의 16S DNA부위의 염기서열을 대상으로 하였으며 비교 및 분석에는 소프트웨어인 BioEdit ver. 7.0.9.0 프로그램을 사용하였다. 그 결과 다금바리, 자바리, 능성어를 판별할 수 있는 각각의 NS-003-F/NS-005-R(136 bp), EB-001-F/EB-002-R(181 bp), ES-001-F/ES-001-R(123 bp) 프라이머를 개발하였으며, PCR 조건을 확립하였다. 또한 적용성 검토를 위하여 우럭, 참돔을 대상으로 실시한 결과 비 특이적 밴드가 형성되지 않는 것을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서 개발된 다금바리 등에 대한 판별법은 시중에 불법적으로 유통 가능성이 있는 제품을 신속하고 과학적으로 판별할 수 있어 식품안전관리에 활용도가 매우 클 것으로 기대된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.2619-2623
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• 2014

Aim: To investigate signaling pathways for reversal of EGF-mediated multi-drug resistance (MDR) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) models. Materials and Methods: HCC MDR cell strain HepG2/adriamycin (ADM) and SMMC7721/ADM models were established using a method of exposure to medium with ADM between low and high concentration with gradually increasing concentration. Drug sensitivity and reversal of multi-drug resistance by EGF were determined and the cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. Phosphorylation of ERK1, ERK2, ERK5 and expression of Bim were detected by Western blotting. Results: The results showed that HepG2/ADM and SMMC7721/ADM cells were resistant not only to ADM, but also to multiple anticancer drugs. When used alone, EGF had no anti-tumor activity in HepG2/ADM and SMMC7721/ADM cells in vitro, while it increased the cytotoxicity of ADM. EGF induced cell apoptosis and G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest in HepG2/ADM And SMMC7721/ADM cells, while enhancing activity of p-ERKs and up-regulated expression of BimEL. Conclusions: EGF might enhance the chemosensitivity of HepG2/ADM and SMMC7721/ADM cells via up-regulating p-ERKs and BimEL protein.

• 약학회지
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.511-520
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• 2000

Various bupivacaine-loaded microspheres were prepared from poly (d,l-lactide) (PLA) or poly (d,l-lactic-co-glycolide) (PLGA) by a solvent evaporation method for the sustained release of drug. PLA and PLGA microspheres were prepared by w/o/w and w/o/o multiple emulsion solvent evaporation, respectively. The effects of process conditions such as emulsification speed, emulsifier type, emulsifier concentration and internal/external phase ratio on the characteristics of microspheres were investigated. The prepared microspheres were characterized for their drug loading, size distribution, surface morphology and release kinetics. Drug loading efficiency was higher in the microspheres prepared by w/o/o multiple emulsion than that by w/o/w multiple emulsion method, because the solubility of bupivacaine HCI was decreased in oil phase compared with water phase. The prepared microspheres had an average diameter between 1 and $2\;{\mu}M$ in all conditions of two methods. In morphology studies the PLA microspheres showed an irregular shape and smooth surface, but PLGA microspheres had a spherical shape and smooth surface. The release pattern of the drug from microspheres was evaluated on the basis of the burst effect and the extent of the release after 24h. The in vitro release of bupivacaine HCl from microspheres showed a large initial burst release and $60{\sim}80%$ release within one day in all conditions of two methods. The extents of the burst release against PLA and PLGA microspheres were $30{\sim}50%$ and $50{\sim}80%$ within 20min, respectively. This burst release seems to be due to the smaller size of microspheres and the solubility of drug in water.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.312-317
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• 2016

Objective: Midazolam is mainly metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A. Inhibition or induction of CYP3A can affect the pharmacological activity of midazolam. The aims of this study were to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model and evaluate the effect of CYP3A-mediated interactions among ketoconazole, rifampicin, and midazolam. Methods: Three-treatment, three-period, crossover study was conducted in 24 healthy male subjects. Each subject received 1 mg midazolam (control), 1 mg midazolam after pretreatment with 400 mg ketoconazole once daily for 4 days (CYP3A inhibition phase), and 2.5 mg midazolam after pretreatment with 600 mg rifampicin once daily for 10 days (CYP3A induction phase). The population PK analysis was performed using a nonlinear mixed effect model ($NONMEM^{(R)}$ 7.2) based on plasma midazolam concentrations. The PK model was developed, and the first-order conditional estimation with interaction was applied for the model run. A three-compartment model with first-order elimination described the PK. The influence of ketoconazole and rifampicin, CYP3A5 genotype, and demographic characteristics on PK parameters was examined. Goodness-of-fit (GOF) diagnostics and visual predictive checks, as well as bootstrap were used to evaluate the adequacy of the model fit and predictions. Results: Twenty-four subjects contributed to 900 midazolam concentrations. The final parameter estimates (% relative standard error, RSE) were as follows; clearance (CL), 31.8 L/h (6.0%); inter-compartmental clearance (Q) 2, 36.4 L/h (9.7%); Q3, 7.37 L/h (12.0%), volume of distribution (V) 1, 70.7 L (3.6%), V2, 32.9 L (8.8%); and V3, 44.4 L (6.7%). The midazolam CL decreased and increased to 32.5 and 199.9% in the inhibition and induction phases, respectively, compared to that in control phase. Conclusion: A PK model for midazolam co-treatment with ketoconazole and rifampicin was developed using data of healthy volunteers, and the subject's CYP3A status influenced the midazolam PK parameters. Therefore, a population PK model with enzyme-mediated drug interactions may be useful for quantitatively predicting PK alterations.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.203-203
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• 2002

Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a beta-herpesvirus with worldwide distribution, exhibits host persistence, a distinguishing characteristic of all herpesviruses. This persistence is dependent upon restricted gene expression in infected cells as well as the ability of productively infected cells to escape from normal cell-mediated anti-viral immunosurveillance. Type I (IFN-α/β) and type II (IFN-γ) interferons are major components of the innate defense system against viral infection. They are potent inducers of MHC class I and II antigens and of antigen processing proteins. Additionally, IFNS mediate direct antiviral effects through induction effector molecules that block viral infection and replications such as 2′, 5-oligoadenylate synthetase (2, 5-OAS). IFNS function through activation of well-defined signal transduction pathways that involve phosphorylation of constituent proteins and ultimate formation of active transcription factors. Recent studies have shown that a number of diverse viruses, including CMV, EBV, HPV mumps and Ebola, are capable of inhibiting IFN-mediated signal transduction through a variety of mechanisms. As an example, CMV infection inhibits the ability of infected cells Is transcribe HLA class I and II antigens as well as the antiviral effector molecules 2, 5-OAS and MxA I. EMSA studies have shown that IFN-α and IFN-γ are unable to induce complete signal transduction in the presence of CMV infection, phenomena that are associated with specific decreases in JAKl and p48. Viral inhibition of IFN signal transduction represents a new mechanistic paradigm for increased viral survival, a paradigm predicting widespread consequences in the case of signal transduction factors common to multiple cytokine pathways.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.1002-1008
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• 2003

Ferulic acid (3-methoxy, 4-hydroxy cinnamic acid) is a flavoid component possessing antioxidant property. The compound is currently under development as a new drug candidate for the treatment of the dementia. The objective of this preformulation study was to determine the physicochemical properties of ferulic acid. The n-octanol to water partition coefficients of ferulic acid were 0.375 and 0.489 at the pHs of 3 and 10, respectively. Accelerated stability study for ferulic acid indicated that the t 90 value for the drug was estimated to be 459 days at $25^{\circ}C$. Ferulic acid was also found to be unstable under the relative humidity of more than 76%, probably because of the hygroscopic nature of the drug. In order to study compatibility of ferulic acid with typical excipients, potential change in differential scanning calorimetry spectrum was studied in 1: 1 binary mixtures of ferulic acid and typical pharmaceutical excipients (e.g., Aerosil, Avicel, CMC, Eudragit, lactose, PEG, PVP, starch and talc). Avicel, CMC, PVP and starch were found to be incompatible with ferulic acid, indicating the addition of these excipients may complicate the manufacturing of the formulation for the drug. Particle size distribution of ferulic acid powder was in the size range of 10-190 $\mu$m with the mean particle size of 61 $\mu$m. The flowability of ferulic acid was apparently inadequate, indicating the granulation may be necessary for the processing of the drug to solid dosage forms. Two polymorphic forms were obtained by recrystallization from various solvents used in formulation. New polymorphic form of ferulic acid, Form II, was obtained by recrystallization from 1,4-dioxane. The equilibrium solubility for Form I was approximately twice of that for Form II. The dissolution rate of Form II was higher than that of Form I in the early phase (<6 min). Therefore, these physicochemical information has to be taken in the consideration for the formulation of ferulic acid.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.61-71
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• 2024

본 연구는 그린커피빈추출물이 「건강기능식품의 기준 및 규격」에 추가로 등재될 경우를 대비하여 표준화된 클로로겐산 시험법을 설정하고, 카페인이 동시 분석되도록 최적화하는 연구를 진행하였다. 최적화된 시험법을 마련하기 위해 기기분석 및 전처리 조건을 비교·분석하여 클로로겐산과 카페인을 30% 메탄올 추출하여 인산용액과 인산 함유 아세토니트릴으로 액체크로마토그래프를 통해 330 nm, 280 nm에서 분석하도록 시험법을 설정하였다. 시험법 밸리데이션 결과, 직선성 정량범위 내에서 상관계수(R²) 0.999 이상의 유의수준을 보였고, 클로로겐산과 카페인 검출한계는 0.5와 0.2 ㎍/mL, 정량한계는 1.4와 0.4 ㎍/mL로 나타났다. 정밀도와 정확도 결과는 AOAC 밸리데이션 가이드라인를 통해 적합함을 확인하였고, 클로로겐산 및 카페인 동시분석법을 최종적으로 마련하였다. 또한, 시제품과 유통제품을 통해 제형별 적용성 검토하여 클로로겐산과 카페인을 동시에 정량 가능한 시험법임을 재확인하였다. 최적화된 시험법은 클로로겐산을 함유한 건강기능식품 품질관리에 대한 신뢰성을 더 높일 것으로 본다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.219-226
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• 2019

이 연구는 식품 중 잔류농약에 대한 국내 모니터링 프로그램의 전반적인 현황을 이해하기 위해 수행되었으며 더 나아가 개선이 필요한 사항이 제안되었다. 이 연구로 부터 국내 잔류농약 모니터링 프로그램 현황은 다음과 같이 요약될 수 있었다. 국내에서는 식품의약품안전처가 잔류농약 모니터링을 총괄한다. 그리고 모니터링 시점(유통 또는 생산단계에서 시료수집)에 따라 모니터링 책임 기관이 다른데, 유통단계의 식품에 대해서는 식품의약품안전처, 지방식품의약품안전청, 지방자치단체가, 생산단계에서는 국립농산물품질관리원(NAQS)과 지방자치단체가 모니터링을 실시한다(부분적으로 판매와 유통단계에서도 실시). 국내의 모니터링 프로그램을 목적에 따라 구분하면 위해평가 모니터링(monitoring for risk assessment)으로 MFDS의 "잔류실태조사"와 NAQS의 "국가잔류조사"가 있고, 지방식품의약품안전청과 지방자치단체에서는 주로 규제 모니터링(monitoring for regulation)을 실시하고 있었다. 수입식품의 경우 통관단계(지방식품의약품안전청 책임)와 유통단계 모두에서 모니터링이 실시되어야 한다. 유통단계 수입식품 모니터링은 MFDS, 지방식품의약품안전청, 지방자치단체가 담당하고 있는 데 아직 체계적이고 지속적인 국가수준의 모니터링 프로그램이 실시되고 있지 않는 것으로 보인다. 국내 잔류농약 모니터링 프로그램과 관련하여 앞에서 기술한 내용과 더 상세한 내용을 토대로 모니터링 프로그램의 개선을 위해 i) 모니터링 프로그램의 목적에 대한 명확성 제고, ii) 수입식품에 대한 모니터링 프로그램의 강화 iii) 일반국민에게 모니터링 결과의 공개(연간보고서와 데이터베이스 발간)를 제안하였다. 식품의 안전성을 확보고 시행하기 시작한 농약 허용물질목록 관리제도(positive list system, PLS)가 성공을 거두기 위해서는 잔류농약 모니터링 프로그램에 대한 철저한 검토와 개선을 위한 노력이 필요한 것으로 생각된다.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.347-367
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to investigate drug abuse and to find related factors among high school students. The subjects for this study were 973 students from 10 high schools in Taegu city. The data were collected from September 30, 1996 to October 30, 1996. The questionnaire developed by Kim Soyoaja (1991) surveyed adolescent drug use and questions on smoking and drinking were readjusted and added by the researcher based on review. The data was analyzed using frequency, percentage, $X^2-test$, t -test, Pearson Correlation Coefficient with the SPSS /PC+. The results of this study were summarized as follows: 1. The proportion of students who drank alcohol 1-2 times or more per year was 52.4% and smoked Cigarette 1 -2 times or more per year was 20.8%. The 7 different drugs(Analgetics 5.7%. sleeping pills and sedatives 4.2%, antihistamines 1.1%. stimulants 7.7%, hallucinogens 0.8%, inhalants 3.3%, and narcotics 0.6%) were also evaluated. 2. There was a significant relationship between drinking and type of school($X^2$=62.97, p<.0l), grades($X^2$=33.86, P<.001), school life($X^2$= 19.04, p<.001), and delinquent friends($X^2$= 64.72, P<.001). 3. There was a significant relationship between smoking and type of school($X^2$=153.65, p<.001), grades ($X^2$=67.53, p<.001), their respect for teachers ($X^2$=33.80, p<.001) school life($X^2$ =50.87, p<.001), and delinquent friends($X^2$ =85.28, p<.001). 4. There was a significant relationship between the 7 different kinds of drug abuse and type of school ($X^2$=14.65, p<.01), grades($X^2$=12.89, p<.01), their respect for teachers ($X^2$=8.46, p<.05), and delinquent friends($X^2$=22.42, p<.001). 5. There was a significant relationship between a parent's habitual drug abuse and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse($X^2$=7.78, p<.01), as well as a parent's attitude toward drugs and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse($X^2$=6.33, p<.05). 6. There was a significant difference between drinking(t=-12.53, p<.001), smoking(t=-15.98, p<.001), the 7 different kinds of drug abuse(t=-5.77, p<.001), and the respondant's delinquent experience. 7. There was a correlation between drinking and smoking(r=.4166, p<.001), drinking and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse(r=.2200, p<.001), smoking and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse(r=.1428, p<.05). There was a correlation between drinking and smoking(r=.5977, p<.001), drinking and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse(r=.2849, p<. 001), smoking and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse(r=.1711, p<.05) among male students. There was a correlation between drinking and smoking(r=.4219, p<.001), drinking and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse(r=.2611, p<.001), smoking and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse(r=.1764, p<.001) among female students. 8. There was a correlation between drinking and family stability(r=.0709, p<.05) drinkry and parent -child relationships (r=.1321, p<.01), drinking and mother's rearing attitude(r=.0704, P<.05), smoking and parent -child relationships(r=.0813, P<.05). There was a correlation between drinking and family stability(r=.14S7, p<.01), drinkng and parent-child relationships(r=.2147, p<.001), smoking and family stability(r=.1544, p<.01), smoking and parent. -child relationships (r=. 2018, P<.01) among male students. There was a correlation between drinking and family stability(r=.1l21, p<.05), drinking and mother's rearing attitude (r=.0988, P<.05), smoking and parent -child relationships (r=. 0940, P<.05) among female students. 9. There was a significant difference between the 7 different kinds of drug abuse and family stability (t=2.23, p<.05), parent-child relationships (t=4. 34, p<.001), satisfaction with family (t=4.02, p<.001), father's rearing attitude(t=3.04, p<.01), mother's rearing attitude(t=2.87, p<.01). The distribution channel of drugs including alcohol beverages and cigarettes should be evaluated and restructured to discourage student's temptation and to limit accessibility. The step by step preventive teaching on alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking is needed from middle school to help prevent further drug abuse.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.15-24
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• 2015

Objectives l: This study is to investigate the emergence of herbal medicine during Japanese colonial period by reviewing newspaper advertisements and brochures about patient medicine of Chosun Maiyak Corporation. Methods : 69 kinds of patent medications and 584 newspaper advertisements are throughly reviewed to investigate dosage form, drug effect, sales unit and method, price, and advertisement pattern. Results : Lyungsinwhan represented more than half of the total advertisements, followed by Yungmihwan, Sahyangsohabwon, Yeollyeonggobondan, and Chiljehyangbuhwan. Lyungsinwhan was advertised mostly in spring and summer whereas Yungmihwan and Yeollyeonggobondan were advertised in spring and fall. Dosage form included pill(丸), mixture(膏), powder(散), and liquid(水, 液), while pill and mixture prevailed over other forms. Drug effect included dermatological, pediatric, digestive, and gynecological effects in the increasing order of drug numbers. Sales unit and price were found to vary significantly. Sales method included nationwide network distribution of medicine through postcards and stores. Conclusion : Herbal medicine during the colonial period was distributed in various kinds of forms with different effects and advertisement patterns through diverse sales unit and price.