• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.209-214
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• 2004

A bioequivalence study of $Roxithrin^{TM}$ tablet (Kukje Pharma. Ind. Co., Ltd.) to $Rulid^{TM}$ tablet (Han Dok Pharma. Ind. Co., Ltd.) was conducted according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Twenty four healthy male Korean volunteers received each medicine at the roxithromycin dose of 300 mg in a $2{\times}2$ crossover study. There was a one-week wash-out period between the doses. Plasma concentrations of roxithromycin were monitored by a high-performance liquid chromatography for over a period of 36 hours after drug administration. $AUC_t$ (the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 36 hr) was calculated by the linear trapezoidal rule method. $C_{max}$ (maximum plasma drug concentration) and $T_{max}$ (time to reach $C_{max}$) were compiled from the plasma concentration-time data. Analysis of variance was carried out using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$. No significant sequence effect was found for all of the bioavailability parameters indicating that the cross-over design was properly performed. The 90% confidence intervals of the $AUC_t$ ratio and the $C_{max}$ ratio for $Roxithrin^{TM}/Rulid^{TM}$ were 1.00 - 1.13 and 0.98 - 1.10, respectively. These values were within the acceptable bioequivalence intervals of 0.80 - 1.25. Thus, our study demonstrated the bioequivalence of $Roxithrin^{TM}$ and $Rulid^{TM}$ with respect to the rate and extent of absorption.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.spc8
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• pp.3009-3016
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• 2011

To investigate the possible isosteric replacement of imidazolidinone moiety in 4-phenyl-N-arylsulfonylimidazolidinone for broad and potent anticancer agents, a series of 4-phenyl-l(N)-arylsulfonylimidazolidinones 6a-k, imidazolidinethione analogs 7a-i, and imidazolidine oxime analogs 8a-c were prepared and evaluated for their in vitro anticancer activity against four human cancer cell lines (human lung A549, human colon COLO205, human leukemia K562, human ovary SK-OV-3). Among all the derivatives of N-arylsulfonylimidazolidinone 6a-k, compounds 6f and 6g showed the best inhibition comparable to doxorubicin against all cancer cell lines. Increasing the carbon chain on alkyl moieties of carbamates as shown in 6c-g did not alter the activity. The imidazolidinethione analogs 7a-i and imidazolidin-2-one oxime derivatives 8a-c did not possess any good activity. Therefore, imidazolidinone moiety is the best pharmacophore among the 4-phenyl-Narylsulfonylimidazolidinone derivatives.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.15-19
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• 2003

The rheological behavior of poloxamer 407 solution as function of concentration and temperature was evaluated by rotational viscometer. The viscosity of poloxamer 407 solution was increased as the concentration of poloxamer 407 and temperature increased. At $4^{\circ}C$, poloxamer 407 solution showed the Newtonian flow characteristics regardless of concentration. Upon increasing temperature the poloxamer solution changed to the pseudoplastic flow pattern. And at gelation temperature, rheological profiles showed the abrupt increase in viscosity. Gelation temperature was decreased as the concentration of poloxamer 407 increased, while it increased as the concentration of poly(ethylene glycol) 4000 increased. Poly(ethylene glycol) might be expected to reduce the driving force for hydrophobic interaction resulting in slow gelation. From the viscoelastic properties of poloxamer gel system, we obtained the storage and loss modulus depending on the shear stress and frequency. And the sol-gel transition temperature was also obtained from the viscoelastic properties of poloxamer 407 gel.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2010

The process of new drug development consists of several stages; after identifying potential candidate compounds, preclinical studies using animal models link the laboratory and human clinical trials. Among many steps in preclinical studies, toxicology and safety assessments contribute to identify potential adverse events and provide rationale for setting the initial doses in clinical trials. Gene modulation is one of the important tools of modern biology, and is commonly employed to examine the function of genes of interest. Advances in new drug development have been achieved by exploding information on target selection and validation using genetically modified animal models as well as those of cells. In this review, a recent trend of genetically modified methods is discussed with reference to safety assessments, and the exemplary applications of gene-modulating tools to the tests in new drug development were summarized.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.93-98
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• 2018

Medicinal plants are potential sources of anticancer agents screening. A large number of phytochemicals, including triterpenoids, have been reported to have significant cytotoxic effects on cancer cells. From the fruits of Ligustrum japonicum Thunb., thirteen triterpenoids (1 - 13) were isolated and evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against Hela and HL-60 cells. As results, 8 (oleanolic acid) showed significant effects on Hela with $IC_{50}$ values of $5.5{\mu}M$, and moderate effects on HL-60 cells with $IC_{50}$ values of $55.9{\mu}M$. Meanwhile, 10 (oleanderic acid) and 11 ($3{\beta}$-acetoxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid) exhibited moderate inhibitory effects on Hela with $IC_{50}$ value of 55.0 and $68.8{\mu}M$, respectively. Moreover, 10 showed cytotoxic effect on HL-60 cell line with $IC_{50}$ value of $63.9{\mu}M$. To our knowledge, this is the first report that oleanderic acid was isolated from L. japonicum and investigated in cytotoxic effects on Hela and HL-60 cells.

• Translational and Clinical Pharmacology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.155-159
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• 2018

For regulatory approval of a new drug, the most preferred and reliable source of evidence would be randomized controlled trials (RCT). However, a great number of drugs, being developed as well as already marketed and being used, usually lack proper indications for children. It is imperative to develop properly evaluated drugs for children. And expanding the use of already approved drugs for other indications will benefit patients and the society. Nevertheless, to get an approval for expansion of indications, most often with off-label experiences, for drugs that have been approved or for the development of pediatric indications, either during or after completing the main drug development, conducting RCTs may not be the only, if not right, way to take. Extrapolation strategies and modelling & simulation for pediatric drug development are paving the road to the better approval scheme. Making the use of data sources other than RCT such as EHR and claims data in ways that improve the efficiency and validity of the results (e.g., randomized pragmatic trial and randomized registry trial) has been the topic of great interest all around the world. Regulatory authorities should adopt new methodologies for regulatory approval processes to adapt to the changes brought by increasing availability of big and real world data utilizing new tools of technological advancement.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.122-129
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• 2019

The roots of Phlomis umbrosa (Turcz.) (Phlomidis Radix) have been traditionally used to treat cold, reduce swelling and staunch bleeding. Four iridoids (1 - 3 and 5) and six phenylethanoid derivatives (4, and 6 - 10) were isolated from the roots of P. umbrosa. A simple, sensitive, and reliable analytical HPLC/PDA method was developed, validated, and applied to determine 10 marker compounds in Phlomidis Radix. Furthermore, the isolates were evaluated for cytotoxic and anti-oxidant activities as well as DPPH-HPLC method. Among them, compounds 4 and 6 - 9 displayed potent anti-oxidant capacities using DPPH assay with $IC_{50}$ values of $27.7{\pm}2.4$, $10.2{\pm}1.1$, $18.0{\pm}0.8$, $19.1{\pm}0.3$, and $19.9{\pm}0.6{\mu}M$, and compounds 6, 8, and 9 displayed significant cytotoxic activity against HL-60 with $IC_{50}$ values of $35.4{\pm}3.1$, $18.6{\pm}2.0$, and $42.9{\pm}3.0{\mu}M$, respectively.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.128-131
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• 2003

Cirsium rhinoceros Nakai (Compositae) is a herbaceous perennial native to Korea, whole plant of which has been used in folklore medicine. C. rhinoceros was extracted by a standard extraction procedure. Its n-hexane, $CHCl_3$ and n-BuOH extracts were fractionated by column chromatography to provide a polyacetylene, a coumarin and five flavonoids. Ciryneol C, scopoletin, acacetin, cirsimarin were isolated for the first time from this plant.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.805-808
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• 2003

Preliminary microbial metabolism studies of bisphenol A (BPA) (1) on twenty six microorganisms have shown that Aspergillus fumigatus is capable of metabolizing BPA. Scale-up fermentation of 1 with A. fumigatus gave a metabolite (2) and its structure was established as bisphenol $A-O-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside$ (BPAG) based on spectroscopic analyses.

• Food Science and Industry
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.20-27
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• 2009