• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제21권12호
• /
• pp.77-86
• /
• 2020

기존의 고정형 EV(electric vehicle) 충전기는 이용률이 증가하게 되면 충전 인프라 설비 부족으로 인해 사용자의 충전 대기시간이 길어지는 불편함이 발생할 수 있고, EV 충전기를 증설하는 경우, 배전선로(지중) 증설비용 및 선로의 전압강하로 인한 전력품질 문제가 발생할 수 있다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 상기의 문제점을 해결하고, EV 충전기 부족으로 인한 불편함을 해결할 수 있는 EV용 이동형 전원공급장치(movable power supply device, MPSD)를 제안한다. 제안한 MPSD는 태양광전원부, 에너지저장부, EV용 충전기부, 감시제어부로 구성되고, 사용자의 환경요소에 따라 MPSD를 유연하게 이용할 수 있도록 3가지 운용모드로 나눌 수 있다. 또한, 경제성 평가 모델링을 비용요소와 편익요소로 구분한다. 여기서, MPSD의 비용요소로는 태양광전원부, 에너지저장부, EV 충전기부, 감시제어부의 설비비용과 기존의 EV 충전기 설비비용, 배전선로 증설비용, 기존의 EV 충전기 운용비용등의 편익요소로 구성되며, 이를 바탕으로 현재 가치 환산법을 사용하여 경제성을 평가한 결과, MPSD가 기존의 고정형 EV 충전기보다 유리함을 알 수 있었고, 설치지점의 거리에 따라 편익이 크게 좌우함을 확인하였다.

• 청정기술
• /
• 제28권4호
• /
• pp.316-322
• /
• 2022

선택적 촉매환원 시스템 내 촉매 층 입구의 흐름 패턴은 탈질 설비의 성능에 영향을 미치는 주요한 특성 중 하나이다. 암모니아 주입 그리드와 촉매 층 사이의 곡확산부에는 유동 균일성을 개선하기 위해 안내 깃이 설치된다. 본 연구에서는 대형 석탄 화력 발전소의 선택적 촉매환원 시스템을 적용 대상으로 하여 안내 깃의 기하학적 구성이 탈질 설비의 공기역학적 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 수치 해석을 수행하였다. 해석할 유동장은 암모니아 주입구의 출구부터 촉매 층 출구까지의 유동이 흐르는 전 영역을 포함한다. 3차원 정상상태, 점성 유동장을 해석하기 위해 상용 소프트웨어인 ANSYS-Fluent을 사용하여 유동 특성에 맞는 적절한 난류 모델을 적용하였다. 유동장 내부의 속도 및 압력 강하의 루트 평균 제곱을 주요 성능 매개변수로 선택했다. 현재 운용 중인 설비와 비교하여 흐름 품질을 개선하기 위해 4가지 유형의 안내 깃이 제안되었다. 해석 결과, 4번째 형상이 유동 균일성과 압력 등 관점에서 가장 좋은 공력 성능을 나타내었다.

• 설비공학논문집
• /
• 제14권12호
• /
• pp.1102-1139
• /
• 2002

A review on the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineering in 2000 and 2001 has been done. Focus has been put on current status of research in the aspect of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation and building environment. The conclusions are as follows. (1) Most of fundamental studies on fluid flow were related with heat transportation of facilities. Drop formation and rivulet flow on solid surfaces were interesting topics related with condensation augmentation. Research on micro environment considering flow, heat, humidity was also interesting for comfortable living environment. It can be extended considering biological aspects. Development of fans and blowers of high performance and low noise were continuing topics. Well developed CFD technologies were widely applied for developing facilities and their systems. (2) Most of papers related with heat transfer analysis and heat exchanger shows dealt with convection, evaporation, and channel flow for the design application of heat exchanger. The numerical heat transfer simulation studies have been peformed and reported to show heat transfer characteristics. Experimental as well as numerical studies on heat exchanger were reported, while not many papers are available for the system analysis including heat exchanger. (3) A review of the recent studies on heat pump system shows that performance analysis and control of heat pump have been peformed by various simulations and experiments. The research papers on multi-type heat pump system increased significantly. The studies on heat pipe have been examined experimently for change of working characteristics and strut lure. Research on the phase change has been carried out steadily and operation strategies of encapsulated ice storage tank are reported experimentally in several papers. (4) A review of recent studies on refrigeration/air conditioning system have focused on the system performance and efficiency for new alternative refrigerants. Evaporation and condensation heat transfer characteristics are investigated for tube shapes and new alternative refrigerants. Studies on components of refrigeration/air conditioning system are carried to examine efficiency for various compressors and performance of new expansion devices. In addition to thermophysical properties of refrigerant mixtures, studies on new refrigerants are also carried out, however research works on two-phase flow seemed to be insufficient. (5) A review of the recent studies on absorption cooling system indicates that heat and mass transfer phenomena have been investigated to improve absorber performance. Various experimental data have been presented and several simulation models have been proposed. A review of the recent studies on duct and ventilation shows that ventilation indices have been proposed to quantify the ventilation performance in buildings and tunnels. Main efforts have been focused on the applications of ventilation effectiveness in practice, either numerically using computational fluid dynamics or experimentally using tracer gas techniques. (6) Based on a review of recent studies on indoor thermal environment and building service systems, research issues have mainly focused on many innovative ideas such as underfloor air-conditioning system, personal environmental modules, radiant floor cooling and etc. Also, the new approaches for minimizing energy consumption as well as improving indoor environmental conditions through predictive control of HVAC systems, various activities of building energy management and cost-benefit analysis for economic evaluation were highlighted.

• 한국가스학회지
• /
• 제8권2호
• /
• pp.15-27
• /
• 2004

본 논문은 상용 프로그램인 Fluent를 이용하여 고분자 전해질 연료전지(polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell)의 바이폴라 플레이트 위에 새겨진 유로형상을 분석함으로서 연료전지의 성능을 향상시키는데 그 목적이 있다. 수소 소모량이 가장 많은 유로크기를 구하기 위하여 0.5 ${\~}$ 3.0mm의 범위에 대해 시뮬레이션을 수행하였으며, 유로너비, 지면너비, 유로깊이가 적을수록 아노드에서 수소이용율이 높음을 알 수 있었다. 유로너비가 증가하면 유로의 전체길이를 감소하므로 유로에서 압력하락이 감소하게 되며, 지면너비를 증가시키면 수소가 지면 밑으로 확산하여 수소의 순 소비가 감소하기 때문이다. 또한 유로너비를 변화시키는 것은 지면너비를 변화시키는 것보다 수소 소모에 민감하게 영향을 끼침을 알 수 있었다. 유로깊이에 따른 수소 소모량의 변화는 유로너비에 비해 크지 않으나 유로깊이는 바이폴라 플레이트의 부피에 크게 영향을 미치므로 가능한 한 적게 하여야 한다. 그러나 현실적으로 기계가공이 가능한 1mm이상의 유로에서는 유로너비 1.0mm, 지면너비 1.0mm, 유로깊이 0.5mm에서 수소 이용율이 가장 높았으며 최적 유로크기로 판단된다. 시뮬레이션결과로부터 최적 유로크기로 성형한 2cm${\times}$2cm크기의 대각선형과 5자형 유동장에 MEA를 결합한 단위전지의 성능을 100W 연료전지평가시스템을 이용하여 측정하였다. 측정결과는 대각선형과 5자형에서 유사하게 높은 OCV가 나타났으며, 전류밀도는 0.6V이하에서는 대각선형이 $2-40mA/m^2$ 더 높았으나 0.7-0.8V에서는 S자형이 $5-10mA/m^2$ 더 높게 나타났다.질을 향상시키고 의료자원의 효율적인 이용을 촉진하기 위해 호스피스 완화의료 서비스의 표준화와 제도화가 필요하다.를 활용한 사용자인터페이스(UI)디자인의 가능성을 확대시킬 수 있을 것이다. 스크린의 사용에 있어서 사용자의 시각적 한계성을 극복하기 위한 새로운 GUI의 시도와 제안은 향후 모바일 기기 디자인의 새로운 방향성을 제시하고 있다.각되며 이를 위해서는 호스피스 관련 기관뿐만 아니라 국가적 차원의 아동 호스피스에 대한 관심과 지원이 요구된다고 생각한다. 양상과 일치하였고 표준조건(water flux 1 cm/일)에서 예측된 이동소요시간에 따라 metolcarb는 most mobile, molinate와 fenobucarb, isazofos는 mobile내지 most mobile, dimepiperate는 moderately mobile이나 mobile, diazinon은 mobile, fenitrothion과 parathion은 slightly mobile 또는 mobile, chloipyrifos-methyl은 immobile이나 slightly mobile 등급에 속하는 것으로 나타났다.히 요구되고 있는 현실이다.브로 출시에 따른 마케팅 및 고객관리와 관련된 시사점을 논의한다.는 교합면에서 2, 3, 4군이 1군에 비해 변연적합도가 높았으며 (p < 0.05), 인접면과 치은면에서는 군간 유의차를 보이지 않았다 이번 연구를 통하여 복합레진을 간헐적 광중합시킴으로써 변연적합도가 향상될 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.시장에 비해 주가가 비교적 안정적인 수준을 유지해 왔다고 볼 수 있다.36.4%)와 외식을 선호(29.1%)${\lrcorner}$ 하기 때문에 패스트푸드를 이용하게 된 것으로 응답 하였으며, 남 여 대학생간에는 유의한

• 설비공학논문집
• /
• 제16권12호
• /
• pp.1234-1268
• /
• 2004

A review on the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineering in 2002 and 2003 has been carried out. Focus has been put on current status of research in the aspect of heating, cooling, air-conditioning, ventilation, sanitation and building environment/design. The conclusions are as follows. (1) Most of fundamental studies on fluid flow were related with heat transportation in diverse facilities. Drop formation and rivulet flow on solid surfaces were interesting topics related with condensation augmentation. Research on micro environment considering flow, heat transfer, humidity was also interesting to promote comfortable living environment. It can be extended considering biological aspects. Development of fans and blowers of high performance and low noise were continuing research topics. Well developed CFD technologies were widely applied for analysis and design of various facilities and their systems. (2) Heat transfer characteristics of enhanced finned tube heat exchangers and heat sinks were extensively investigated. Experimental studies on the boiling heat transfer, vortex generators, fluidized bed heat exchangers, and frosting and defrosting characteristics were also conducted. In addition, the numerical simulations on various heat exchangers were performed and reported to show heat transfer characteristics and performance of the heat exchanger. (3) A review of the recent studies shows that the performance analysis of heat pump have been made by various simulations and experiments. Progresses have been made specifically on the multi-type heat pump systems and other heat pump systems in which exhaust energy is utilized. The performance characteristics of heat pipe have been studied numerically and experimentally, which proves the validity of the developed simulation programs. The effect of various factors on the heat pipe performance has also been examined. Studies of the ice storage system have been focused on the operational characteristics of the system and on the basics of thermal storage materials. Researches into the phase change have been carried out steadily. Several papers deal with the cycle analysis of a few thermodynamic systems which are very useful in the field of air-conditioning and refrigeration. (4) Recent studies on refrigeration and air-conditioning systems have focused on the system performance and efficiency enhancement when new alternative refrigerants are applied. Heat transfer characteristics during evaporation and condensation are investigated for several tube shapes and new alternative refrigerants including natural refrigerants. Efficiency of various compressors and performance of new expansion devices are also dealt with for better design of refrigeration/air conditioning system. In addition to the studies related with thermophysical properties of refrigerant mixtures, studies on new refrigerants are also carried out. It should be noted that the researches on two-phase flow are constantly carried out. (5) A review of the recent studies on absorption refrigeration system indicates that heat and mass transfer enhancement is the key factor in improving the system performance. Various experiments have been carried out and diverse simulation models have been presented. Study on the small scale absorption refrigeration system draws a new attention. Cooling tower was also the research object in the respect of enhancement its efficiency, and performance analysis and optimization was carried out. (6) Based on a review of recent studies on indoor thermal environment and building service systems, it is noticed that research issues have mainly focused on several innovative systems such as personal environmental modules, air-barrier type perimeterless system with UFAC, radiant floor cooling system, etc. New approaches are highlighted for improving indoor environmental conditions and minimizing energy consumption, various activities of building energy management and cost-benefit analysis for economic evaluation.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
• /
• 제26권4호
• /
• pp.429-440
• /
• 2014

세계적으로 충돌, 테러, 화재, 폭발 등의 극한하중에 의한 테러가 빈번하게 발생하고 있으나, 실제 극한하중에 대한 사회주요기반시설구조물의 방호 및 방재개념이 설계에 반영되고 있지 못하는 실정이다. 특히, 교량, 터널, 원전격납구조물, 가스탱크 등의 주요 시설물에 적용되고 있는 프리스트레스트 콘크리트(PSC) 구조물에 대한 극한하중 연구는 미흡한 실정이다. 또한, 테러, 폭격, 차량 및 선박 등의 충돌 사고 이후 2차적으로 발생 가능한 화재에 대한 사회적 관심 및 불안감이 고조됨에 따라, 단순한 단일 극한하중이 아닌 복합손상 시나리오에 대한 구조물의 검토가 필요하다. 그러므로, 본 연구에서는 $1,400{\times}1,000{\times}300mm$ 부재의 양방향에 430kN의 긴장력을 준 비부착 프리스트르레스트 콘크리트 패널부재를 제작하여, 충돌, 화재 하중 뿐만 아니라, 충돌 후 화재의 복합손상을 실험적으로 검토하였다. 이방향 프리스트레스트 콘크리트의 충돌저항성능은 실험조건에 맞춰 14kN의 추를 10m, 3.5m의 높이의 실험으로 구성하였으며, 화재저항성능은 5분 이내에 $1,200^{\circ}C$의 화재하중을 가할 수 있는 RABT 화재 시나리오를 적용하여 극한저항성능을 검토하였다. 또한 충돌, 화재, 충돌 후 화재에 의해 손상을 받은 PSC 및 RC 시편의 잔류구조성능을 손상 받지 않은 시편들과 비교 검토하였다. 본 실험은 향후 국내외 프리스트레스트 콘크리트에 대한 충돌 및 화재해석 및 방호설계 등 관련 연구분야의 기초자료가 될 것이라고 판단되는 바이다.

• 한국포장학회지
• /
• 제23권3호
• /
• pp.191-200
• /
• 2017

적정포장설계는 포장 원자재 사용량 및 폐기물 발생량뿐만 아니라 재료비 및 물류비 절감이 가능하여 포장재의 환경성과 경제성을 모두 충족시킨다. 유한요소해석은 구조해석, 열전달, 유체운동, 전자기 등 다양한 분야에 유용한 도구로 적용되고 있지만, 포장분야에서는 그 적용이 미비하다. 이에 따라 포장분야에 유한요소해석 적용은 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션으로 포장 설계가 가능하기 때문에 향후 연구에 있어 비용과 시간 절약이 가능하며 적정포장설계를 통해 포장 폐기물과 물류비 절감이 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 향후 포장분야에서 유한요소해석(FEM) 프로그램을 활용한 연구 설계에 도움이 되고자 하는 목적으로 국내에서 발표된 유한요소해석 관련 논문을 조사하였다. 1991년부터 2017년까지의 국내 학술지 및 학위논문에 게재된 유한요소해석 관련 논문 중 포장과 직접적인 연관성이 있다고 판단된 32편의 논문을 분석하여 연구의 동향을 살펴보았다. 그 결과 각 논문을 사용한 연구주제 및 내용, 유한요소해석 프로그램, 해석방법 등으로 분석하고 향후 포장분야에 활용할 수 있는 방향에 대하여 제시하였다. 포장 영역에 유한요소해석의 적용은 포장재에 가해지는 응력 및 진동해석을 통해 구조변경 및 두께 감량을 가능하게 하고 이에 따라 기계적 강도 향상 및 포장소재 사용량 감소를 통해 적정포장설계로 원가 절감이 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 향후 포장 분야의 연구에 있어, 유한요소해석을 함께 병행한다면 경제적이고 합리적인 포장 설계를 할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
• /
• 제25권5호
• /
• pp.485-496
• /
• 2013

2001년 9.11테러로 인한 미국 세계무역센터 및 미국 국방성 펜타곤이 붕괴된 이후, 전 세계적으로 충돌, 폭발 등의 극한하중에 의한 테러가 빈번하게 발생하고 있으며, 극한하중에 의한 구조물의 거동에 대한 사회적 불안감은 더욱 증가되고 있다. 그러나 지금까지의 사회기반시설구조물에는 폭발 및 충돌 등과 같은 극한하중에 대한 방호 및 방재개념을 설계에 고려하지 못하고 있는 실정이며, 원전격납건물, 가스탱크, 교량, 터널 등에 널리 사용되는 프리스트레스트 콘크리트 구조물에 대한 극한하중 연구는 전 세계적으로 미흡하다. 충돌과 같은 극한하중은 집약된 에너지의 급작스런 방출로 인한 높은 충돌압력을 형성하므로, 극한하중의 특성 및 전파 메커니즘을 이해하는 것이 필요하다. 그러므로 이 연구에서는 이방향 비부착 프리스트레스트 콘크리트 패널의 충돌저항성능을 비교검토하기 위하여, $1400mm{\times}1000mm{\times}300mm$의 철근콘크리트(RC), 프리스트레스 텐던으로만 보강된 콘크리트(PS), 프리스트레스 텐던과 철근으로 보강된 콘크리트(PSR, 일반적인 PSC) 시편을 제작하였다. 실험 조건에 맞춰 14 kN의 추를 10 m, 5 m, 4 m 높이에서 낙하하는 예비 실험과 3.5 m 높이의 본 실험으로 구성하여 충돌하중에 대한 프리스트레스트 콘크리트 구조물의 실험적 평가를 수행하였다. 또한, 충돌실험을 위한 기본적인 실험 구성 및 계측시스템을 구축하였다. 충돌 저항성능은 균열형상, 손상면적, 에너지 흡수, 처짐, 변형률, 가속도 등의 충돌에 의한 계측데이터를 이용한 거동분석 뿐만 아니라, 충돌 후 잔류구조성능 실험을 수행하여 이방향 비부착 프리스트레스트 콘크리트 패널의 충돌저항성능을 검토하였다. 본 실험은 향후 국내외 프리스트레스트 콘크리트에 대한 충돌 방호설계 및 충돌해석 등 관련 연구분야의 기초자료가 될 것이라고 판단되는 바이다.

• 설비공학논문집
• /
• 제25권6호
• /
• pp.346-361
• /
• 2013

This article reviews the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering during 2012. It is intended to understand the status of current research in the areas of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation, and indoor environments of buildings and plant facilities. The conclusions are as follows : (1) The research works on thermal and fluid engineering have been reviewed as groups of fluid machinery, pipes and valves, fuel cells and power plants, ground-coupled heat pumps, and general heat and mass transfer systems. Research issues are mainly focused on new and renewable energy systems, such as fuel cells, ocean thermal energy conversion power plants, and ground-coupled heat pump systems. (2) Research works on the heat transfer area have been reviewed in the categories of heat transfer characteristics, pool boiling and condensing heat transfer, and industrial heat exchangers. Researches on heat transfer characteristics included the results for natural convection in a square enclosure with two hot circular cylinders, non-uniform grooved tube considering tube expansion, single-tube annular baffle system, broadcasting LED light with ion wind generator, mechanical property and microstructure of SA213 P92 boiler pipe steel, and flat plate using multiple tripping wires. In the area of pool boiling and condensing heat transfer, researches on the design of a micro-channel heat exchanger for a heat pump, numerical simulation of a heat pump evaporator considering the pressure drop in the distributor and capillary tubes, critical heat flux on a thermoexcel-E enhanced surface, and the performance of a fin-and-tube condenser with non-uniform air distribution and different tube types were actively carried out. In the area of industrial heat exchangers, researches on a plate heat exchanger type dehumidifier, fin-tube heat exchanger, an electric circuit transient analogy model in a vertical closed loop ground heat exchanger, heat transfer characteristics of a double skin window for plant factory, a regenerative heat exchanger depending on its porous structure, and various types of plate heat exchangers were performed. (3) In the field of refrigeration, various studies were executed to improve refrigeration system performance, and to evaluate the applicability of alternative refrigerants and new components. Various topics were presented in the area of refrigeration cycle. Research issues mainly focused on the enhancement of the system performance. In the alternative refrigerant area, studies on CO2, R32/R152a mixture, and R1234yf were performed. Studies on the design and performance analysis of various compressors and evaporator were executed. (4) In building mechanical system research fields, twenty-nine studies were conducted to achieve effective design of mechanical systems, and also to maximize the energy efficiency of buildings. The topics of the studies included heating and cooling, HVAC system, ventilation, renewable energy systems, and lighting systems in buildings. New designs and performance tests using numerical methods and experiments provide useful information and key data, which can improve the energy efficiency of buildings. (5) In the fields of the architectural environment, studies for various purposes, such as indoor environment, building energy, and renewable energy were performed. In particular, building energy-related researches and renewable energy systems have been mainly studied, reflecting interests in global climate change, and efforts to reduce building energy consumption by government and architectural specialists. In addition, many researches have been conducted regarding indoor environments.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
• /
• 제6권2호
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 1985

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70$\pm$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32$\pm$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500, 550, 570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500, 550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100, 300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3, 000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.SpO2 with Plethysmograph.