• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.517-521
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• 2007

To assess possible risks from the consumption of drinking water from various sources, a survey of the microbiological quality of tap water, commercial bottled drinking water which is exploited from natural mineral water, and natural spring water was conducted. A total of 4 different brands of commercial bottled drinking water, and 4 types of spring water from different sources, and tap water from 4 private houses were tested for four index microorganisms, and the microbial quality changes of the water during the storage at room temperature or refrigerated temperature for 7 days. Aerobic plate counts of all of the initial water samples were still within 100 CFU/ml (drinking water standard of Korea). Total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and E. coli were not detected in all of the water samples at initial. However, aerobic plate counts of three types of spring water and three types of bottled drinking water stored at room temperature showed higher levels than the standards in 5 days. Total coliforms were detected in three types of spring water after one day's storage at room temperature, and in one type of bottled drinking water after 5 days' storage. These results indicate that some of the spring water surveyed are not safe to drink, and the spring water and bottled drinking water after opening the lid should not be stored at room temperature, if they are used for drinking.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.1-5
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• 2011

We surveyed the citizens opinion about springs in Seoul for two years from 2008 to 2009. It was found that spring water was mostly used by citizens older than 50, and that 29.5% of citizens used purified tap water as drinking water, 27.2% of them used boiled tap water, 21.1% of them used spring water, and 12.1% of them used bottled water. Citizens who store spring water more than a day are 76.7%. Although many citizens (70.3%) knew that water quality had been tested, 40% of them didn't care about checking the certificate of water quality analysis. Once recognized that the spring water was unfit for drinking exceeded standard of drinking water, 85% of citizens would rather not use the spring water.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.99-106
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• 2010

We investigated springs in Seoul in 2009 to know the change of water quality according to storage method of spring water, the concentration of chemical compounds and their correlation. Even spring water that originally satisfied national standard for drinking water could be exceeded national standard for drinking water by storage method such as storage bottle, temperature and period; especially used PET bottles could affect the increase of total colony counts. Therefore, spring water is desirable to be consumed on the spot, or to be stored in sterilized bottles in refrigerator rather than room temperature at home, and also to be consumed shortly not exceeding 24 hours. Total colony counts, coliform, yersinia, $F^-$, $Cl^-$, $NO_3^--N$, hardness, total Solids, pH, color and Al were exceeded national standard for drinking water at some springs. The result of correlation analysis shows that hardness and total solids, which are caused by several ionic compounds, had relatively high correlations with other chemical compounds.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.34-39
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• 1993

One hundred and eighty-seven water samples were collected from 23 of spring water, 2 of ground water, 1 of tap water in Pusan area and 3 of natural mineral waters. Total coliform group, fecal coliform, viable cell count and microflora were investigated to evaluate water quality of drinking water. The results were as follows: range and geometric mean value of total coliform and fecal coliform MPN's of spring water were 0~1,500/100 ml, 85/100 ml and 0~460/100 ml, 24/100 ml but coliform group was not detected in the samples of tap water and natural mineral water. Viable cell count of spring water, ground water and tap water were lower as 100 cell than the criteria for drinking water but that of natural mineral water was higher as 6.5X 10$^2$~7.4X 10$^3$ /ml. Predominant speces among the 219 strains isolated from the samples were 19.6% Aeromonas spp., 19.2% Enterobacteriaceae, 16% Acinetobacter spp. Especially, spring water and vessels were contaminated by Hafnia spp. and Providencia Spp, inhabitant of the oral cavity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.57-59
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• 2002

Because of the growing demand for protect and maintain one's health, population search for good water increase very rapid in recent. This study was performed to investigate the at 432 sites natural spring water quality in Seoul. Samples for analysis were collected form January to December in 2001. The quality of water was evaluated by analyzing fourty items of Korea drinking water criteria. The main results of this study were as follows 1. The rate of natural spring water was 26.6％ and the Total colony, E.Coli and Yersinia of the total incongruence cause was 67.9％ 2. The distribution of phisical-chemical item on the incongruence cause was Residues on evaporation 8.6％, Turbidity 4.3％, Nitrate nitrogen 2.5％, pH 2.5％ and F-1,2％ 3. The most population area of mean drinking population per one day was that man of Gangnam was 312.92 person. Next to Yangcheon Seocho Seodaemun and Dongjak was 229.6, 195.31, 190.50, 190,00 person. 4. The more person and the number of natural spring water, the more non passed drinking criteria natural spring water except for Gangnam and Gangbuk. 5. The corelationship of drinking population and results of the tests do not exist and the corelationship of results and Total colony, E.Coli, Color, Turbidity, KMNO4 consumption, Residues on evaporation, Fe, Mn, Zn and A1 are existed positive relationship.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.182-191
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• 2021

Objective: This study was performed to detect indicator bacteria in drinking spring water samples in Gwangju City and to identify their genus using the VITEK-II system. Methods: The subjects were ten drinking spring water sites in Gwangju. Samples of spring water were taken every month from September 2019 to August 2020. We analyzed for the indicator bacteria Yersinia and microorganisms isolated from the spring water. Result: According to the research results on indicator bacteria, general bacteria in st1-st7 with sterilization facilities in the spring and summer were investigated in the range of 0-2 CFU/mL and 0-12 CFU/mL. In st9, where a sterilization facility was not installed, the most general bacteria were detected (160 CFU/mL). Total coliform and fecal coliform showed unsatisfied rates of 16.7 and 11.1% in spring and 14.7 and 11.8% in summer, respectively. The unsatisfied rates of total coliform for the designated and non-designated spring water facilities were 3.8 and 47.1%, respectively, and for the fecal coliform group they were 2.5 and 35.3%. The difference was confirmed according to the presence of a sterilization facility. Yersinia spp. was not detected in all drinking spring water. Forty-one strains in 25 species were isolated from ten sites. The results classified as major dominant species are Pseudomonas spp. 14.6%, Pantoea spp. 9.8%, Serratia spp. 9.8%, Acinetobacter spp. 9.8%, Citrobacter spp. 7.3%, Bordetella spp. 7.3%, Delftia spp. 4.9%, and Enterobacter spp. 4.9%. Conclusions: Based on the result that various species derived from fecal pollution and artificial pollutants were detected in the non-specified public spring water facilities that many people use, the facilities need institutional complements such as continuous management or complete shutdowns.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.7-20
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• 1995

The aims of this study are to enhance the students' knowledge of the drinking water and its reliability by investigating drinking water situation on the drinking water. The results are as following 1. Status and drinking behavior about school drinking water (1) 97.82% of the schools are using the tap water as the resource of drinking water. (2) 46 schools are in possession of water tank and 18 schools of them are using the water tank as the resource of drinking water. The clearing and sanitization of the tank are carried out once in a year with hypochloronatrium by the low-level officials. (3) 51.28% of the schools are providing the students with drinking water and 75% of them with boiled water. The drinking water supply managers are low-level officials, nurse teachers, and dietitian. 2. Analysis of the drinking water quality (1) Most of the drinking water provided by the school are tap water 35.8%, barely tea 5.85%, filtered water 6.3%, ground water 1.1% and all turned out to be suitable for drinking. (2) The drinking water carried from home turned out to be unsuitable for drinking except pH criterion, especially the test of APC(Aerobic Plate Count) and Coliform group showed worse degree. These results were caused by the hygiene problem and maltreatment in water container.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.31-42
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• 1995

The aims of this study are to enhance the students' knowledge of the drinking water and its reliability by investigating drinking water situation and the degree of students' knowledge on the drinking water. The results are as follows 1. Status and drinking behavior about school drinking water (1) 97.53% of the schools are using the tap water as the resource of drinking water (2) 46 schools are in possession of water tank and 18 schools of them are using the water tank as the resource of drinking water. The cleaning and sanitization of the tank are carried out once in a year with hypochloronatrium by the low-level officials, nurse teachers, and dietitian. 2. The degree of students' knowledge about drinking water (i) This survey represent that students favor the spring water best and think the tap water worst for drinking. (2) 83% of the students think that the tap water is polluted and these conception are formed mostly by the mass communication. 80% of boys and 90% of girls answered they don't drink plain tap water.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.50-56
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the microbiological contamination of water and drinking cups in springs and to estimate the toxin gene, enterotoxin production ability and antibiotic susceptibility of foodborne pathogens. Ten spring water and 34 drinking cups were tested. The average number of total aerobic bacteria and coliform bacteria in spring water were 1.8 log CFU/mL and 1.2 log CFU/mL, and in drinking cups were $4.7log\;CFU/100cm^2$ and $1.7log\;CFU/100cm^2$. Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Yersinia enterocolitica were not isolated from all of samples but Bacillus cereus was detected in 5 (14.7%) of 34 drinking cups. The nheA and entFM genes were major enterotoxin genes in B. cereus isolated from drinking cups. All of B. cereus tested in this study produce non-heamolytic enterotoxin but only 2 isolates possessed heamolysin BL enterotoxin producing ability. B. cereus was resistant to ${\beta}-lactam$ antibiotics. These results revealed that the sanitary conditions of drinking cups in spring should be improved promptly. The substitution carrying a personal drinking cup for the public drinking cups equipped in springs is suggested to prevent food-borne illness.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.274-279
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• 2016

Objectives: We investigated bacterial diversity in the Han River water resource protection area in order to provide basic microbiological information on the drinking water safety of the Seoul metropolitan region. Methods: Samples were collected in the spring and winter, but not during the rainy season. Pyrosequencing, gene amplification, and extraction of nucleic acids were employed in this study. Results: In total, 57 and 48 operational taxonomic units were respectively analyzed in samples collected during spring and winter. Proteobacteria were predominant in all samples. The samples contained phylogenetically diverse bacterial communities, with eleven major phyla and 36 genera. Cyanobacteria were predominant in the spring samples, but not in the winter samples. The predominant species in the samples collected during both seasons belonged to the genus Aquamicrobium and Bradyrhizobium. Moreover, no pathogenic bacteria were detected in the samples. Conclusion: Proteobacteria were predominant in the samples from the Han River water source protection area. Cyanobacteria were more predominant in the spring samples than in the winter samples, but Aquamicrobium and Bradyrhizobium were predominant in both sampling seasons.