• Speech Sciences
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.39-48
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to examine changes in acoustic characteristics after drinking alcoholic beverages and singing in order to establish guidelines for vocal hygiene of both singers and non-singers. 21 university students (10 males and 11 females) vocalized /a/ before drinking, after drinking and after singing. Changes in vocal range and acoustic characteristics were analyzed by Dr. Speech 4.0 (Tigers Electronics). No significant difference was observed in vocal range following drinking. However, there was statistically significant changes in vocal range after singing. We may infer that appropriate amount of singing functioning as vocal warm-up, rather than drinking alone, resulted in improvement in their abilities to lengthen vocal folds. This is directly related to the ability to produce high-pitched sounds. Changes in jitter in female voices after singing was the only acoustic factor that was significant. Changes in Shimmer and NNE was not significant either after drinking nor singing. Subjects who were judged to perform better in singing were marked by minimum acoustic changes, which may due to their well-trained vocal fold function. The results of this study may address the necessity for vocal function exercises for the patients with neurogenic voice disorders including dysarthria. The need for more extensive research with a larger number of subjects including professional voice users is also addressed.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.349-358
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• 2018

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the combined effects of abdominal obesity and alcohol drinking on the risk of hypertension in Korean adults (aged ${\geq}30yrs$). Methods: Data of 13,885 subjects from the sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. The multiple logistic regression tests were used for the analysis, including potential covariates of the model. Results: Frequency of drinking, typical drinking quantity, and frequency of binge drinking had a positive relation to hypertension. The odds ratio of hypertension for risk drinkers with abdominal obesity was 4.81 compared to non-risk drinkers with normal waist circumstance, whereas the odds ratios of hypertension for risk drinkers with normal waist circumstance and non-risk drinkers with abdominal obesity were 1.58 and 2.37 respectively. Conclusion: Both abdominal obesity and alcohol drinking patterns were strong risk factors of hypertension in the Korean adults. Risk drinkers with abdominal obesity showed a marked high risk in hypertension compared to those with a single condition alone.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the actual state of and the factors in relation to drinking and smoking of elementary school. The subject for this study consisted of 604 students of six elementary schools located in Pusan. The data were collected by using a anonymous questionnaire during the period from Nov. 1, 1998 to Nov. 15, 1998. The results of this study are summarized as follows. 1. The rate of drinking of the whole respondents was 20.7% (male 25.4%, female 15.6%), the rate of smoking was 8.1%(male 11.7%, female 4.2%). The user of drink and cigarets together showed 5.6%. 2. The school year of the first drinking and smoking was most at the 5th grade in elementary school(drinking 24.8%, smoking 20.4%). The motivation of beginning drinking and smoking was curiosity for the most part(32.0%, 61.2%). As to a way to get drink and cigarets, using a thing in the house' was most(82.2%). As to a used place, their own home or their friends' home showed 32.2% for the most part. Companion was mostly alone(84.0%). 3. Those who had experience of drinking and smoking took more positive attitude toward drinker and smoker, were more hospitable to exhortation to drinking and smoking, and were more positive about the late intention of drinking and smoking, but his desire for health education was lower than not. And he showed overlooking or keeping step with his friend's drinking and smoking. 4. In the results so far investigated difference of drinking and smoking according to a general tendency of respondents. The experience of drinking was related to sex distinction (P=0.003) and the marital status of parents (P=0.001). And the experience of smoking had relation to sex distinction(P=0.001), the marital status of parents(P=0.001), the parent's attitude of bring up(P=0.020) and making use of leisure (P=0.029)(P<.05).

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.321-327
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• 2013

In the present work, the reactors that harbor bacterial biofilms including ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and heterotrophic bacteria were treated with a continuous dose of chlorite ($0.66{\pm}0.01mg/L$) either with or without monochloramine at $1.77{\pm}0.03mg/L$. Both chlorite alone and combined chlorite-monochloramine applications effectively reduced biofilm and bulk AOB levels to near or below the detection limit ($0.6MPN/cm^2$ and 0.2 MPN/ml). The combined chlorite-monochloramine application exhibited greater AOB inactivation than chlorite alone. Unlike AOB, heterotrophic plate count (HPC) was unaffected by chlorite alone. In contrast to chlorite-only application, a combination of chlorite and monochloramine resulted in a significant reduction in HPC levels with log reductions of 3.1 and 3.0 for biofilm and bulk water, respectively. The results demonstrate that the combined chlorite-monochloramine application can provide an effective treatment for the inhibition of AOB and heterotrophic bacteria in a drinking water distribution system.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2007

The low nutrient environment in drinking water treatment plants and distribution systems cannot to be a good environment for bacterial growth. However, biofilms can be frequently found submerged surface in treatment plants and distribution system. Biofilms in distribution system are harmful, in that they can release organisms, and may cause problems in taste and odor of water. Control of these Biofilms is difficult, and disinfection alone is usually ineffective. Biofilms will not be eliminated from distribution systems by any contemporary technology available now or in the future. Therefore reduction of organic matter, improved disinfection, or a combination of these methods can be useful in controlling distribution system biofilms.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.69-72
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• 2009

In this paper, the Stand-alone underground water pumping system was developed that is consist of Submersible Pump (AC type), Photovoltaic Array and Power converter by the application of solar energy. And also wish to introduce system that is possible to supply of drinking water or water for agriculture using solar energy at desertification area or a Off-grid area, interior etc. and operation test results. This system can use in deep tube well of 200m range with common Submersible Pump and maximized to the quantity of pumping through M.P.P.T control. Also system availability raised through apply various driving mode.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.203-209
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• 2002

Serum $\alpha$-D-mannosidase isozyme activities were measured in rats with ethanol intoxication combined with extrahepatic cholestasis induced by common bile duct ligation for the manifestation of the biochemical background of drinking hazards under the hepatobiliary disease. When chronic ethanol intoxication was combine with extraheparlc cholestasis, the activities of the rat's serum cytosolic, Iysosomal and Golgi $\alpha$-D-mannosidase isozymes increased at a more significant rate than those of the cholestasis alone. However, when acute ethanol intoxication was combined with extrahepatic cholestasis, the activities of the above isozymes were seen in the cholestasis alone. The results suggested that the elevated activities of these isozymes in chronic ethanol intoxication with cholestasis rather than in cholestasis alone were indications of increased hepatic damages, which caused these isozymes to leak into the blood in great quantity. Accordingly, the resulting data supported the fact that alcoholic drinks were enzymologically harmful to the hepatobiliary disease.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.93-100
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• 2001

Drug inetraction between of enalapril-induced angiotensin converting enzym) inhibitory effect and Ginkgo biloba Ext.-induced antioxidant action was evaluated in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Combination treatment of enalapril (20 mg/kg/day p.o.) and Ginkgo biloba Ext. (60 mg/kg/day, p.o.) for 6 weeks in drinking water to SHRs resulted the inhibition of ACE activity in lung tissue, angiotensin I-induced pressure response and plasma angiotensin II concentration as similar to enalapril alone treatment. But these effects were sustained after 1 week withdrawal of enalapril and Ginkgo biloba Ext. co-administeration. Also, coadministered group did not increase the concentration of bradykinin in lung tissue, which were different from enalapril alone treated group. Co-administration of enalapril and Ginkgo biloba Ext. inhibited the hemolysis induced by UV B type, even Ginkgo biloba Ext. alone treated group did not. These results suggested that Ginkgo biloba Ext. sustained ACE inhibitory effect and reduced the inhibitory effect of bradykinin inactivation induced by enalapril, meanwhile, enalapril increased the antioxidant effect of Ginkgo biloba Ext.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.35-55
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• 2004

Effects of job stress and drinking motivations on the drinking behavior of Korea's mentally challenged in sheltered employment. The purpose of this article was to investigate job stress, drinking motivations, and factors influencing the drinking behavior of Korea's mentally challenged. The 97 subjects' average job stress level was slightly below average. The subjects were found to experience salary-related stress the most out of the five sub-areas of job stress. The strongest motivations of drinking was the social motivation. In terms of drinking behavior, the most common drinking frequency was 3-4 times a year. The most common drinking amount was two 500cc mugs of beer. The significant predictors to explain the variance of the frequency of drinking was motivations to cope with, age, and salary-related stress. The mentally challenged drink more often when they have coping motivations and salary-related stress, and when they are younger. The significant predictors to explain the variance of the amount of drinking was motivations to emotional uplifting, drinking colleagues, stress from role overload. The mentally challenged drink more when they have motivations to emotionally uplift themselves and less role overload-related stress and as they drink alone.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Pathology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 2001

This study was conducted to assess the chemopreventive effects of sodium selenite in the rat medium-term multi-organ bioassay using a DMBDD model (DEN+MNU+BBN+DMH+DHPN). Seventy five,6-week-old, male SD rats were divided into 3 groups. The animals in group 1 received DEN(diethylnitrosamine,100 mg/kg bw, single i.p., in saline), MNU (N-methyl-nitrosourea,20 mg/kg bw, i.p.,4 times for 2 weeks), BBN (N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine, 0.2% in drinking water for 2 weeks), DMH (1,2-dimethylhydrazine, 40 mg/kg bw, s.c., in saline.4 times (or 2 weeds), and DHPN (N-bis(2-hydroxy-pro-pal)nitrosamine,0.1% in drinking water for 2 weeks), then were placed on sodium selenite (4 ppm in drinking water) for 22 weeks from weeks 4 to 26. The animals in group 2 were given DMBDD alone. The animals in group 3 were given sodium selenite alone. Animals were sacrificed at week 12 for ACF quantitative analysis and at week 26 for tumor induction. The body weights in the group 1 were significantly decreased compared with those of group 2. The tumor multiplicities of large intestine in the group 1 were significantly decreased compared with those of group 2 (P<0.05). These results indicate that sodium selenite may have a potential as chemopreventive agents of colon carcinogenesis.