• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.237-252
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• 2011

In this study, four different oils containing either CLA, GLA, GLA+Carnitine or corn oil (control) were supplemented to finishing pigs (average 70.8 kg initial BW) diet for 28 d of feeding period. To evaluate the values of the dietary fatty acids, especially in view of sensory and nutritional characteristics of pork; pig performances, carcass characteristics, serum cholesterol, neutrophil phagocytosis, TBARS, electronic nose flavor and fatty acids profile of pork were measured. There were no differences in daily gain and nutrients digestion among treatments, but daily feed intake of CLA enriched diet was lower (P<0.05) than that of other diets. There were no differences in backfat thickness, dressing percentage and carcass grade among pigs fed diets supplemented with different oils. Serum total cholesterol showed a tendency to be lowered in pigs fed GLA enriched diet. TBARS values during storage of pork were higher in belly from pigs fed control diet whereas the values of belly from pigs fed GLA+Carnitine diet were lower than others. However, difference in TBARS was not remarkable in adipose tissue and 4 weeks extended storage regardless of pork parts. Proportion of saturated fatty acids such as C16:0 and C18:0 were higher (P<0.05) in pork loin and thin skirt from pigs fed CLA enriched diet compared to those from other diets. There were no differences in fatty acids profiles of belly and adipose tissue. CLA accumulation in pork was increased by the dietary CLA supplementation and this could be also confirmed by a slight de novo synthesis of CLA in pork from pigs fed CLA free diets. GLA was selectively accumulated to pork adipose tissue and loin from pigs fed GLA enriched diets. There was no accumulation of GLA when GLA was not supplemented, indicating no de novo synthesis of GLA. Phagocytic activity was the highest (p<0.05) in neutrophil of pigs fed GLA+Carnitine supplemented diet, then, followed by pigs fed GLA supplemented diet. There was no difference in phagocytosis between control and CLA treatment although the phagocytosis was numerically lowest in pig fed CLA enriched diet. There were distinct differences in electronic nose flavor pattern among treatments regardless of the parts. This study showed that dietary supplementation of functional fatty acids like CLA or GLA was able to result in characteristic differences in feed intake, TBARS, fatty acids profile and flavor of pork, serum cholesterol regulation and neutrophil phagocytosis.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.51-60
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• 2006

우리나라의 비육돈 성장단계별 돈사의 소요면적이 제주환경에서 적합성 여부를 검토하기 위해 시험이 성장 3단계별로 수행되었고 우리나라에서 추천된 육성돈 돈사의 바닥소요면적 $0.56m^2$을 중간 수준으로 하며 저 및 고밀도 3수준 4반복 난괴법으로 처리하여 일일증체량 및 육질 등을 조사 분석하였다. 성장단계 1(체중 $43{\sim}65kg$ 범위)에서 중 밀도 구(돈사바닥 소요 면적, $0.56m^2/pig$)의 일일증체량은 저나 고 밀도 구 보다 유의적 증가를 보였다(P<0.05). 그러나 성장단계 2(체중$65{\sim}91kg$ 범위)와 3(체중 $91{\sim}105kg$ 범위)에서는 일일 증체량이 처리간 뚜렷한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 마지막 도살시 도체중이나 등 지방 두께는 저밀도구가 중이나 고밀도구 보다 높았다. 최종 육질 등급도 저밀도구에서 높은 추세였다. 결론적으로 볼 때 육성초기(체중 $43{\sim}65kg$ 범위)에는 중간 사육밀도가 다른 두 처리 보다 높은 일당증체량을 보였으나 그 이후는 처리간 사육밀도 차이를 얻지 못 했다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.684-692
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• 2011

본 연구는 브로일러의 성장능력을 촉진하기 위한 사료 내 이눌로프리바이오틱스의 적정 첨가수준을 결정하기 위하여 수행하였다. 부화 당일 로스계통(Ross 308)의 브로일러 수컷 320수를 4개의 처리구로 완전임의배치하여 35일 동안 사육하였다. 실험처리구는 대조구(무첨가구), 항생제 첨가구(avilamycin 8 ppm), 이눌로프리바이오틱스 200 ppm 첨가구 및 이눌로프리바이오틱스 250 ppm 첨가구로 구분하였다. 브로일러의 체중과 사료섭취량은 두개의 이눌로프리바이오틱스 첨가구가 대조구, 항생제 첨가구 보다도 높았고, 항생제 첨가구는 대조구에 비해서 높았으며 통계적인 유의차가 인정되었다. 전체 실험기간 동안 사료요구율은 대조구가 이눌로프리바이오틱스 첨가구와 비교할 때 유의하게 높았으나 항생제 첨가구와 이눌로프리바이오틱스 첨가구 사이의 통계적인 유의차는 없었다. 도체중, 도체율, 가슴살, 다리살의 무게는 이눌로프리바이오틱스 첨가구가 대조구, 항생제 첨가구에 비해서 유의하게 높았고, 이눌로프리바이오틱스 200 ppm, 250 ppm 첨가구 사이의 차이는 없었으나 항생제 첨가구는 대조구에 비해서 유의하게 높았다. 복강지방은 이눌로프리바이오틱스 첨가구가 유의하게 감소(19.08~23.30%)하였으며 혈액 면역물질과 흉선, F낭의 무게는 이눌로프리바이오틱스 첨가구가 대조구와 항생제 첨가구에 비해서 유의하게 증가하였다. 장내 유익한 Bifidobacteria와 Lactobacillu는 이눌로프리바이오틱스 첨가구가 대조구와 항생제 첨가구에 비해서 유의하게 증가하였으나 유해한 E. coli와 Salmonella는 그 반대로 나타났으며 통계적인 유의차가 인정되었다. 본 연구는 브로일러의 성장능력 향상을 위한 사료 내 이눌로프리바이오틱스의 적정 첨가수준은 200 ppm에서 결정될 수 있음을 보여준다.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제30권12호
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• pp.1649-1660
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• 2006

본 연구는 미국에서 1980년대 후반기 부터 시작되어, 1990년대를 지나오면서 활성화되었던 비즈니스 캐쥬얼과, 2000년대를 시작하면서 재활성화 되기 시작한 전통적이고 보수적인 직장복 스타일을 배경으로, 미국 직장여성들의 비지니스 쟈켓 착용정도를 그들의 개인적, 인구통계적, 사회경제적, 사회심미적, 신체적 특성과 관련하여 비교 연구하였다 직장의 근무 환경과 직장에 대한 만족도 또한 비지니스 쟈켓 착용정도와 관련하여 비교 검토하였다. 연구대상자는 미국에 거주하는 25세 이상의 직장여성들이였으며, 자료는 1999년도에 Database회사인 National Demographics & Lifestyles(NDL) 에서 무작위로 추출한 1500명의 직장여성들에게 우편을 통한 설문지 조사로 수집되었다. 자료분석에는 빈도, 백분율, 편차, 표준편차를 비롯한, Canonical Correlation이 사용되었다. 분석결과에 의하면, 자료수집에 참여한 미국 직장 여성들의 평균 연령은 44세 였으며, 대부분이 기혼 여성들이였으며(77.4%),전문직에 종사하고 있었으며 (75.9%), 적어도 1명 이상의 자녀가 있었다(78.9%). 가설검증결과에 의하면, 미국 직장여성들의 비즈니스 쟈켓 착용정도에 관련된 요소들은 직장여성들의 (1) 연령, (2) 자녀수, (3) 첫째 자녀의 연령, (4) 가족 사이즈, (5) 의복 착용에 대한 자신감, (6) 직장만족도, (7) 의복의 중요성, (8) 체격 사이즈, (9) 의복 사이즈, (10) 직장상사와 대중과의 교류 정도들 이였다. 그 중에서도, 직장 여성들의 첫째아이의 연령, 가족 사이즈, 직장만족도, 의복 사이즈들은 비지니스 쟈켓 착용 정도와 부정적인 상관관계를 보여 주었다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.759-766
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• 2006

본 연구는 농협중앙회 가축개량사업소가 보유하고 있는 1998년부터 2005년까지 실시한 한우 당대검정 대상우 2,532두의 자료와 1996년부터 2002년까지 실시한 한우 후대검정 대상우 1,819두의 자료를 이용하여 당대 및 후대의 형질을 다형질 개체모형을 이용하여 유전모수를 추정하였다. 적합한 통계분석모형을 찾기 위하여 각 형질별로 회귀분석을 통한 변수선택방법으로 고정효과와 공변량을 결정하고, MTDFREML 패키지를 이용하여 유전모수를 추정하였다. 분석형질은 등지방두께, 도체중, 도체율, 등심단면적, 근내지방도 및 12개월령 체중으로, 이들의 유전력은 각각 0.51, 0.32, 0.27, 0.33, 0.50 및 0.26로 나타났다. 한편 유전평가에서 제외되었던 등지방두께 및 도체율의 유전력이 각각 0.51 및 0.27으로 추정되어 이에 대한 선발이 가능할 것으로 나타났다. 특히 등지방두께는 현 육량지수 산출식에서 그 영향력이 매우 크므로 한우보증씨수소 선발지수에 포함하는 방안을 고려할 필요가 있을 것으로 사료된다. 도체형질간의 유전상관은 등지방두께와 등심단면적을 제외하고 모두 양의 상관을 나타났다. 그러나, 12개월령 보정체중과 도체율 및 근내지방도의 유전상관은 각각 0.09 및 0.27으로 나타나 현행 한우개량체계에서 처럼 당대검정우를 12개월령 체중으로 선발할 경우 등심단면적과 근내지방도가 우수한 개체가 탈락할 가능성이 있는 것으로 나타나 이의 보완을 위한 혈통지수의 활용방안이나 초음파단층촬영기술의 이용방법에 대한 추가연구가 필요한 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권10호
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• pp.1441-1448
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• 2008

This experiment was carried out to study the carcass characteristics, chemical composition and fatty acid profile of the Longissimus muscle (LM) of bulls (10) and steers (17) finished in a pasture system. Animals (1/2 Zebu vs. 1/2 Aberdeen Angus) were fed in a pasture system (Hermatria altissima) and with a supplement of soybean meal, cracked corn, urea, limestone and mineral salts, twice a day. Both animal groups were slaughtered at 27 months of age, with an average 508.88 kg of live weight. Final weight, hot carcass weight and texture were similar (p>0.05) between bulls and steers. Carcass dressing, fat thickness, color and marbling were higher (p<0.02) in steers. Conversely, the Longissimus area was greater (p<0.05) in bulls. Moisture levels were higher (p<0.01) in bulls. Ash, crude protein, total lipids and total cholesterol levels were higher (p<0.10) in steers. C14:0, C16:0, C16:1 n-7 and C18:1 n-9 fatty acids percentages were higher (p<0.06) in steers. C16-1 n-10, i 17:0, C19:0, C18:2 n-6, C18:3 n-3, C20:2 n-3 C20:4 n-6, C20:5 n-3, C22:1 n-7, C22:4 n-6 and C22:5 n-3 fatty acids percentages were higher (p<0.05) in bulls. The percentage of the other fatty acids was similar (p>0.05) in bulls and steers. The levels of monounsaturated fatty acids were higher (p<0.02) in steers while polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-3, n-6, PUFA/SFA and n6:n3 ratios, were higher (p<0.05) in bulls. The CLA contents (mg/g lipids) were similar (p>0.10) in bulls and steers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권7호
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• pp.1126-1137
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• 2020

Objective: Pellet durability, particle size distribution, growth response, tibia bone characteristics and energy retention were measured to evaluate cassava as an alternative energy source to replace maize in broiler diets with or without Ronozyme (A+VP) enzyme composites. Methods: A total of 480 one-day broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 8 treatments in a 4×2 factorial arrangement. Four levels of cassava: (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%) and 2 levels of enzymes (0 and 500 g/tonne) were used. Each treatment was replicated six times, with ten birds per replicate. Results: The particle size distribution in the diets showed an increasing trend of small particles with increase in cassava level. Pellet durability decreased (p<0.05) with cassava inclusion. Feed intake was highest in birds fed diets with medium cassava level at 1 to 24 d and 1 to 35 d of age. The body weight gain of birds reduced (p<0.037) as cassava level increased, but it increased (p<0.017 when enzymes were added. The feed conversion ratio was high (p<0.05) when cassava level was increased, but it reduced (p<0.05) when enzymes were added. The dressing percentage (DP), and weight of drumsticks reduced (p<0.05) with increasing cassava level. Enzyme supplementation increased (p<0.05) DP, and weight of breast, thighs and drumsticks. Ash content, weight, length, width, and bone strength decreased (p<0.05) when cassava level was increased, however, they were increased with enzyme addition. The contents of Ca, K, and Zn were raised (p<0.001) with increasing cassava level. Enzyme inclusion increased (p<0.001) all mineral contents in tibia bones. Body fat and energy retained as fat decreased (p<0.001) as cassava level increased. Enzyme inclusion increased (p<0.05) body protein content and energy retained as protein. Conclusion: Although broiler performance was depressed by high levels of cassava inclusion, it was not affected by low levels, which further improved by enzyme supplementation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권8호
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• pp.1080-1087
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• 2004

A trial with twenty-four newly weaned Awassi lambs (initial body weight=21.5$\pm$0.8 kg) was conducted using a 3$\times$2 factorial design to study the effect of feeding three sources of protein supplements (soybean meal (SBM), sunflower seed meal (SSM), and cottonseed meal (CSM)), either untreated or formaldehyde-treated on the growth performance and carcass traits of Awassi lambs. Lambs were randomly assigned to one of the six diets (4 lambs/treatment diet) and were individually fed for a period of 107 days. Experimental diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. Final live weight and average daily gain (ADG) were affected by both source of protein and formaldehyde treatment (undegradable protein). Lambs fed untreated diets had better (p<0.01) daily gain compared to those fed formaldehyde-treated diets. Similarly total feed intake per animal was significantly (p<0.05) affected by protein source and formaldehyde treatment. Formaldehyde treatment caused a significant decrease (p<0.01) in feed intake compared to lambs fed untreated diets. Feed requirement per unit of gain was not affected by formaldehyde treatment during all periods of the experiment except for the second period (the second 28 day period), whereby untreated SBM, SSM and CSM had better feed conversion ratio (FCR) than the treated groups. Source of protein had a moderate effect (p<0.10) on FCR but had a significant effect (p<0.05) on hot and cold carcass weight, digestive tract empty weight and liver weight, with lambs fed SBM having higher values than lambs fed SSM and CSM diets. Supplementation with undegradable protein had a significant effect (p<0.05) on dressing-out percentage (p<0.05), final live weight, and hot and cold carcass weight (p<0.01). The lower values pertain to lambs fed treated diets compared to lambs fed untreated diets. In general, there were no significant differences among all carcass linear dimensions, carcass cut weights and dissected loin tissue weights for both treatments (protein source and formaldehyde treatment). Supplementation with undegradable protein but not the source of protein resulted in significantly higher dissected leg total bone weight (p<0.05), tibia and femur weight (p<0.05), and femur length (p<0.01) at the same carcass weight. Results suggest that the treatment of SBM, SSM and CSM with formaldehyde did not improve efficiency of feed utilization, lamb performance or carcass traits and that the SBM diet resulted in an increase in lamb performance compared to other experimental diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.57-62
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• 2003

An effort was made to assess comparative production performance in broiler chickens fed diets containing solvent extracted cottonseed meal (CSM) processed from BT and Parental Non-BT lines. Processed meal of national check and commercial produce cottonseeds were also used for comparison. The free gossypol contents were 0.02, 0.02, 0.44 and 0.03% in meals of BT, Parental Non-BT, national check and commercial produce cottonseeds, respectively. Day-old broiler chicks (n=243) were divided to 27 groups of 9 each. Nine dietary treatments (iso-nitrogenous, 23% CP and iso-caloric, 2,800 kcal ME/kg) were formulated viz., D1 (control, soybean meal-SBM based), D2 and D3 (BT CSM at 10% of diet with and without additional iron), D4 and D5 (non-BT CSM with and without additional iron), D6 and D7 (national check CSM with or without additional iron), and D8 and D9 (commercial produce CSM with or without additional iron at 2 ppm for every 1 ppm of free gossypol, respectively). Each dietary treatment was offered to three replicated groups up to 6 weeks of age. At the end of 6 weeks of age, 10 birds were taken out randomly from each treatment and were sacrificed to study carcass traits, organs' yield and histo-pathological changes in vital organs. The broiler chickens received CSM processed from BT (D2, 1,753 g and D3, 1,638 g) and Parental Non-BT (D4, 1,653 g and D5, 1,687 g) with or without additional Fe grew at same rate as observed in soybean meal (solvent ext.) based diet (D1, 1,676 g). The feed intake and feed conversion efficiency (feed: gain) in these dietary treatments (BT, non-BT line based diets) also did not differ significantly (p>0.05) from control diet. Similar observation was also observed in dietary treatments (D8 and D9) containing solvent extracted cottonseed meal of commercial produce origin. However, a decrease (p<0.05) in body weight gain and feed intake was observed in D6 containing national check CSM with high gossypol content. Addition of Fe in the diet (D7) improved (p<0.05) feed intake and weight gain but not to the extent as observed in diets containing BT, parental non-BT, and commercial produce CSM or control. However, any type of CSM did not affect feed conversion efficiency when fed with or without additional iron. The carcass characteristics in terms of dressing percentage, liver weight and heart weight was not significantly (p>0.05) different between the treatments. The eviscerated yields emanated from diets containing either BT, non-BT or commercial produce were statistically similar to control. However, eviscerated yield of broilers fed national check CSM with or without iron supplementation was lower (p<0.05) than BT cotton with Fe supplementation and commercial produce CSM. The study envisaged that BT, parental non-BT and commercial produce solvent extracted cottonseed meal can be included at 10% in soybean meal based broiler diet replacing soybean meal and rice bran without additional iron.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.962-970
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• 2007

A total of 1,200 LinNan Chinese color-feathered chicks were used to study the effects of methionine source [DL-2-hydroxy-4-methylthio-butanoic acid (HMTBa) or DL-methionine (DLM)] and dietary crude protein (CP) level on growth performance, carcass traits, and whole-body nitrogen and fat retention. The trial was designed as a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement, including two CP levels (adequate and low) and two methionine sources (HMTBa and DL-methionine). Diets were formulated for three phases, starter (0-21 d), grower (21-42 d), and finisher (42-63 d). Chicks fed HMTBa had higher daily gain and improved feed efficiency than DLM during the grower phase (p<0.05). A significant two-way interaction was observed for growth performance during the finisher phase and overall (0-63 d). Growth performance was greater for chicks fed HMTBa than DLM on adequate-CP diets (p<0.05), but this was not observed at low-CP level (p>0.05). Chicks fed low-CP diets grew slower, used feed less efficiently during the grower, finisher phase and overall. On d 42, regardless of dietary CP levels, birds fed HMTBa had higher carcass weights, breast and thigh weights than DLM-fed birds (p<0.04). Birds fed low-CP diet had lighter carcass weights and less breast muscle, thigh muscle, and dressing percentage at the end of starter, grower and finisher phases (p<0.05). Whole body composition analyses found that birds fed HMTBa tended to contain more protein and less fat compared to those chicks fed DLM at the end of the starter phase (p<0.10). Low-CP diets increased CP concentration in the whole body at the end of the finisher phase (p = 0.05). HMTBa supplementation increased whole-body N retention rate during the finisher phase and overall (p<0.01), and low-CP diets reduced N intake and whole-body fat retention during the finisher phase and overall (p<0.05). In summary, HMTBa was better than DLM on an equimolar basis for growth performance, carcass traits, and N retention in Chinese color-feathered chicks. Low-CP diets lowered growth performance as well as carcass traits in color-feathered birds, probably due to imbalanced AA profiles.