• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.3-7
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• 1996

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 벼 무논골뿌림 직파재배(直播栽培)에서 수비질소(穗肥窒素)의 시용시기(施用時期)와 시용량(施用量)에 따른 질소흡수량(窒素吸收量) 및 이용율(利用率)에 미치는 영향(影響)과 수량성(收量性) 변이(變異)를 조사(調査)기 위하여 호남평야지(湖南平野地) 대표토양(代表土壤)인 전북통(全北統)에서 요소(尿素)를 공시(供試) 비종(肥種)으로 하여 수비시용효과(穗肥施用效果)를 시험(試驗)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 식물체(植物體)의 수비질소(穗肥窒素) 흡수량(吸收量)과 이용율(利用率)은 출수전(出穗前) 20일 시용구(施用區)에서 가장 높았다. 2. 수비질소(穗肥窒素)의 손실량(損失量)은 20%감비구(減肥區)에서 시용시기(施用時期)가 빠를수록 적었다. 3. 간장(稈長) 및 하위절간장(下位節間長)(4절(節)+5절(節))은 수비시용시기(穗肥施用時期)가 빠를수록 길었으며, 도복지수(倒伏指數)는 시용시기(施用時期)가 빠를수록 그리고 시비량(施肥量)이 많을수록 증가(增加)하였다. 4. 등열율(登熱率) 및 천립중(千粒重)은 수비시용시기(穗肥施用時期)가 빠를수록 저하(低下)하였고 시용량(施用量)이 적을수록 증가(增加)하였으며 $m^2$당수수(當穗數)와 입수(粒數)는 출수전(出穗前) 10일 시용구(施用區)에서 현저(顯著)히 감소(減少)하였다. 5. 쌀수량(收量)은 출수전(出穗前) 20일의 전량시비구(全量施肥區)에서 관행구(慣行區)인 출수전(出穗前) 25일 33kg/ha 시용구에 비하여 3% 증수(增收)하였고 20% 감비구(減肥區)와 출수전(出穗前) 15일의 전량시용구(全量施用區)의 수량(收量)은 관행(慣行)과 유사한 경향(傾向)이었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.85-91
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• 2005

본 시험은 시설재배 후작 벼 재배지에서 환경친화적이면 생력적인 감비재배법을 개발하고자 의령군 신촌리의 식양질 토양 (곡간지, 함평통)과 창원시 모산리의 사양질 토양 (하성평탄지, 강서통)에서 관행시비 기비생략, 추비생략, 무비구를 처리하여 시험한 결과는 다음과 같다. 주요 생육시기별 벼 생육은 시비량이 많을수록 두 지역에서 모두 초장이 컸으며 경수도 많은 경향이었다. 수확기 식물체 무기성분중 T-N도 두 지역에서 모두 시비량이 높을수록 높은 경향이었다. 규질비($SiO_2/N$)는 기비생략구와 추비생략구에서 높았고 시비질소 이용률도 동일한 경향이었다. 수량은 의령군 신촌리의 식양질 토양에서 관행시비구과 기비생략구, 추비생략구와 차이가 없었으며, 창원시 모산리의 사양질 토양에서는 관행시비구와 비교하여 추비생략구에서는 수량 차이가 없었으며 기비생략구에서는 감수되었다. 시험후 처리별 토양의 제염률은 식양질 토양에서 63.9-78.7%, 사양질 토양에서 74.2-82.9%로 사양질 토양에서 제염이 많이 되었다. 시비처리별로는 관행시비구에 비하여 기비 또는 추비를 생략함으로써 제염 효율이 높은 경향이었다. 따라서 시설재배 후작지에서 벼를 재배할 경우 관행질소시비량의 70% 감비함으로써 잔존 질소의 이용효율과 제염효율을 높일 수 있으며 수량은 관행질소시비와 동일하게 유지할 수 있을 것이다. 또한 관행질소시비량의 50% 수준의 완효성 비료 전량 기비처리도 시설재배 후작지에서 벼에 대한 효과적인 시비방법이 될 것으로 판단된다. 물론 시설재배지는 앞그루작물, 앞그루작물의 재배연수, 토양특성 등을 감안하여 시설 후작 벼에 대한 시비체계가 추가적으로 검토되어야 할 것이다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.66-73
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• 2004

강원도 고랭지 원예작물 재배지 일대에 성행하고 있는 화강암류의 풍화모재(석비레) 성토 밭토양은 일종의 인위토(Anthrosols)를 이루고 있고. 이들은 환경훼손과 토사 및 양분유출의 문제점을 안고 있다. 이들의 이화학을 조사한 결과, 고랭지 석비 성토 밭토양의 자갈함량은 평창지역이 평균 16.7%, 홍천지역이 25.3%로 조사되었다. 평창지역 석비레 성토지의 토양 경도는 0-10 cm 깊이에서 0.04-7.48 MPa이었고, 11-40 cm 깊이에서 0,10-8.89 MPa로 표토와 심토 모두 변이가 매우 심하게 나타났으며, 용적밀도는 0-10 cm 깊이에서 평균 $1.15g\;cm^{-3}$이었으며, 11-40 cm 깊이에서 $1.32g\;cm^{-3}$이었다. 그리고 양이온교환용량과 유기물 함량은 각각 $7.1cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$과 $12.4g\;kg^{-1}$으로 낮았고, 유효인산의 함량은 $526mg\;kg^{-1}$으로 다소 높게 나타났다. 홍천지역 석비레 성토지의 양이온치환용량은 $7.0cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$으로 낮았고, 유기물함량과 유효인산은 각각 $462mg\;kg^{-1}$과 $27.4g\;kg^{-1}$으로 적정 수준이었다. 강원도 고랭지의 석비례 성토지의 이화학성을 전국 밭토양의 평균치와 비교한 결과, 유기물, 교환성양이온과 점토의 함량이 낮은 것으로 나타났고, 교환성양이온은 차이가 없었으며, 유효인산의 함량이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 화강암 풍화모재 성토지는 양이온교환용량이 낮은 입자로 이루어져 있고, 점토의 함량이 낮아서 응집력과 양분을 보유할 수 있는 능력이 대단히 취약하기 때문에 토사와 양분유실을 일으키므로 토양관리와 수질에 대한 관리가 시급한 문제로 대두되고 있다. 모재성토지에 대한 화학적 물리적 평가가 정밀하게 이루어져서 모재 성토에 대한 대안을 마련하고, 토양의 유실과 양분의 손실을 저감시킬 수 있는 방법의 개발이 빠른 시일 내에 적용되어야 모재를 성토하여 영농활동을 하는 고랭지 밭에서 환경친화형 지속농업이 실현될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.236-242
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• 1999

To examine the seedling stand and growth as affected by early seeding dates of dry direct seeded rice in the Honam plain area of Korea, Dongjinbyeo was seeded at six seeding dates from early March to late April in rice fields of silty loam soil(Jeonbuk series) at the National Honam Agricultural Experiment Station (NHAES) for two years, 1996 and 1998. Seedling stand decreased slightly. with an early seeding date, but it produced more than the optimum seedling number except for the seeding of 25 March in 1996. Days to emergence was significantly longer, as seeding date was earlier, and days to emergence by early seeding was shortened only by 8 days because the mean air temperature was lower in 1996 than average, while in 1998, the reduction effect was nine to twenty five days because the mean air temperature was higher than average. In early seeding, various weeds occurred at the emergence date of rice and dominant weeds were Alopecurus aequailis, Ludwigia prostata and Rorippa islandica. NH$_4$$^{+}$ -N content in the soil at the 5th leaf stage and maximum tillering stage were lower, as the seeding date was earlier when nitrogen was split applied as basal and top dressed in 1996, while it was not significantly different among seeding dates when nitrogen was intensively applied as a top dressing in 1998. Tiller number at the maximum tillering stage and panicle number/m$^2$ were more, as seeding date was earlier in 1996, while it was not different in 1998. Filled grain rate and 1,000 grain weight was not different among the seeding dates. Milled rice yield was significantly decreased in the seeding before the middle of March, but in the seeding after late March, it was not varied when compared with the normal seeding date in 1996, while in 1998, there was no difference among seeding dates. From the above results, in consideration of seedling stand, weed occurance, rice growth and milled rice yield, the critical optimum early seeding time in the southern plain area may lie in early April. But it was suggested that when soil moisture is proper for seeding practices, seeding amount is increased and nitrogen is applied after plumule emergence of rice, milled rice yield may not be reduced in the seeding of middle or late March, compared with the seeding in April.l.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.16-21
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• 2005

This study was conducted to establish the elaborate nitrogen fertilization method to enhance N use efficiency in direct-seeded rice on flooded paddy. The nitrogen uptake by rice plants was insignificant until 25 days after seeding, and increased gradually thereafter. During this early growth stage, rice plants absorbed only the $4\%$ of basal applied N, while the $45\%$ of N fertilizer remained in the paddy soil. The absorption of basal N by rice plants was almost completed at 46 days after application. Nitrogen top-dressed at 5-leaf stage was well matched to crop nutrient demand, so it could be absorbed so actively in 8days after application. As a result, we could cut down the amount of N fertilizer to $36\%$ of the basal N level without significant difference in yield. Plant recoveries of fertilizer $^{15}N$ applied with different application timings were $7.8\%$ for basal, $9.4\%$ for 5-leaf stage, $17.1\%$ for tillering stage, and $23.4\%$ for panicle initiation stage, respectively. When urea was applied with nitrogen fertilization practice based on basal incorporation (BN), plant recovery of $^{15}N$ at harvest was $31.0\%$, which was originated from $13.7\%$ for grain, and $21.3\%$ of the fertilizer $^{15}N$ remained in the soil, and the rest could be uncounted. Plant recovery of fertilizer $^{15}N$ applied with nitrogen fertilization practice based on topdressing at 5-leaf stage (TN), where N rate was reduced by $18\%$ compared with BN, was $35.1\%$ (grain $15.6\%$), and $19.9\%$ of the fertilizer $^{15}N$ remained in the soil, and the rest could be uncounted. TN showed a higher $^{15}N$ recovery than BN because it was to apply N fertilizer at a time to well meet the demand of rice plant direct-seeded on flooded paddy. We concluded that TN would be the nitrogen fertilization method to enhance N use efficiency in direct-seeded rice on flooded paddy.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.112-120
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• 1993

추파 대맥포장에서 기비(基肥)로 시용한 요소(尿素)의 토양중 질산화율(窒酸化率)과 월동기간중 보리의 고사체(枯死體)함유된 질소의 양(量)과 작토층에서 소실(消失)된 질산태질소의 양(量) 및 월동 후 토양에 잔존하고 있는 질소의 양(量)을 추정하고자 실시되었다. 보리 품종 올보리를 공시하고 작물시험장 맥류포장에서 기비 사용량을 0, 40, 80 및 120kg/ha을 요소(尿素)로 시용하였다. 파종은 10월 12일에 하였고 이듬해 3월 17일까지 조사하였으며, 월동기간은 12월 15일부터 3월 17일까지로 하였다. 또한 같은 토양을 이용하여 질산화작용에 미치는 온도의 영향을 밝히기 위하여 5, 10 및 $15^{\circ}C$ 조건에서 4, 8, 16 mg N/100g soil 수준으로 배양(培養)하였다. 1. 토양의 $NH^+\;_4-N$ 및 $NO^-\;_3-N$ 함량의 변화는 요소(尿素) 시용 후 40일경을 기점으로, 40일경까지는 $NH^+\;_4$가, 그리고 그 이후에는 $NO^-\;_3$ 가 각각 가급태(可給態) 질소(窒素)의 주(主)를 이루었다. 2. 토양에 시용된 요소(尿素)의 질산화는 요소(尿素) 시용량이 많을수록, 그리고 온도가 낮을수록 완만하게 진행되었는데, $5{\circ}C$는 $15{\circ}C$에서의 질산화율(窒酸化率) $40{\sim}50%$가 일어났다. 3. 질산화작용(窒酸化作用) 관여하는 ammonia oxidizing bacteria 와 nitrite oxidizing bacteria의 수는 요소(尿素) 용량의 증가에 따라 거의 직선적으로 증가(增加) 하였다. 4. 월동 후 생존한 보리에 함유된 질소량(窒素量)은 기비량(基肥量)의 10% 미만이었고, 작토층에 잔류한 가급태질소(可給態窒素)의 함량은 기비량의 약 $24{\sim}26%$ 이었으며, 월동기간중 보리의 고사체에 함유되어 유기태질소로 소실(消失)된 양(量)은 기비량의 약 50%였고, 질산태질소의 용탈양(溶脫量)은 약 $17{\sim}20%$에 달하였다. 월동기간중 질산태질소의 용탈량은 기비사용량 80 및 120kg/ha에서 각각 ha당 16kg 및 20kg 정도로 추정되었다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.273-278
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• 2002

An efficient low-input system (LIS) for fertiliser use in rice cultivation is necessary to reduce fossil energy use and pollution. Japanese people like Japonica rice, especially cv. Koshihikari. However, it has very low lodging resistance in Japanese weather condition. Our objective was to develop a LIS with the minimum sacrifice of grain yield in rice. Koshihikari was grown using conventional fertilization as a control (CON) with 4 g N $m^{-2}$., 8g $P_2$ $O_{5}$ $m^{-2}$ and 8 g $K_2$O $m^{-2}$ as a basal fertilizer dressing. It was compared with a low fertilizer treatment (LF) with only 4 g $P_2$ $O_{5}$ $m^{-2}$ as a basal dressing in the first year and no basal phosphorus fertilizer in the second year. Chopped rice straw was incorporated into the soil before the cropping season in both years. Fertilizer of 4 g N $m^{-2}$ was top-dressed at 15 days before heading in CON plots and 30 days before heading in LF plots in both years. Lodging was significantly less in LF than in CON plots, however, no rice straw effect was found in low fertilized condition. Grain yields in LF plots were reduced by 15-16% below those of CON plots. Lower yields in LF plots were associated with a reduced number of spikelets per unit area. However, big spikelet size was acquired in LF by 10 days earlier N top dressing than CON plots. A close relationship was found between spikelet numbers and N content of the plant at heading, and between grain yield or shoot dry weight and N content of the plant at maturity. Regardless of the fertilizer application methods, N use efficiency for the number of spikelets, final total dry matter and grain yield was essentially identical among fertilizer treatments. The reduced growth and yield in the LF plots resulted from low absorption of nitrogen. Conclusively, LIS can drastically reduce chemical fertilizer use and facilitate harvest operations by reducing lodging with some yield reduction..

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.223-233
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• 2021

본 연구는 객토를 한 간척지에서 석고시용 수준이 알팔파의 수량과 사료성분에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 수행하였다. 실험장소는 간척한지 17~33년 경과된 석문간척지로서 약 70 cm 정도 객토한 토양이었다. 객토에 사용한 흙은 섬토양의 제염을 하지 않은 것 이었다. 처리는 석고를 시용하지 않은 0 ton/ha 구(G0), 석고를 2 ton/ha(G2) 및 4 ton/ha(G4) 시용한 구로 하였다. 수확은 알팔파가 개화초기(개화 10%)에 도달할 때 1차 수확하였으며 이후 수확은 약 35일 간격으로 수확을 하였다. 알팔파의 건물수량은 1차 년도는 G2가 G0와 G4보다 유의적으로 높았으며 2차 년도는 처리간 유의적인 차이는 없었으나 G2가 G0와 G4보다 높은 경향을 보였다. G2에서 알팔파의 건물수량이 높은 이유는 토양의 pH 및 EC가 각각 재배가능 및 재배적합 수준이었고 피복도 및 알팔파 식생비율도 높은 것에 기인하였다. 1차 및 2차 년도 모두 석고 처리 간 CP, NDF 및 ADF 함량 및 RFV는 차이가 없었다. 한편 1차 및 2차 년도의 연구결과를 통해서 알팔파 건물수량에 부정적인 영향을 주는 요인은 봄의 가뭄과 여름의 집중된 강수로 나타났다. 이상으로부터 객토 간척지에서 석고 처리는 알팔파의 건물수량을 높이는데 효과적인 것으로 판단되며 2 ton/ha이 적정 수준인 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.238-246
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• 2005

Rice yield and protein content have been shown to be highly variable across paddy fields. In order to characterize this spatial variability of rice within a field, two-year experiments were conducted in 2002 and 2003 in a large-scale rice field of $6,600m^2$ In year 2004, an experiment was conducted to know if variable rate treatment (VRT) of N fertilizer, that was prescribed for site-specific management at panicle initiation stage, could reduce spatial variation in yield and protein content of rice while increasing yield compared to conventional uniform N topdressing (UN, 33kg N/ha at PIS) method. VRT nitrogen prescription for each grid was calculated based on the nitrogen (N) uptake (from panicle initiation to harvest) required for target rice protein content of $6.8\%$, natural soil N supply, and recovery of top-dressed N fertilizer. The required N uptake for target rice protein content was calculated from the equations to predict rice yield and protein content from plant growth parameters at panicle initiation stage (PIS) and N uptake from PIS to harvest. This model· equations were developed from the data obtained from the previous two-year experiments. The plant growth parameters for the calculation of the required N were predicted non-destructively by canopy reflectance measurement. Soil N supply for each grid was obtained from the experiment of year 2003, and N recovery was assumed to be $60\%$ according to the previous reports. The prescribed VRT N ranged from 0 to 110kg N/ha with an average of 57kg/ha that was higher than 33 kg/ha of UN. The results showed that VRT application successfully worked not only to reduce spatial variability of rice yield and protein content but also to increase rough rice yield by 960kg/ha. The coefficient of variation (CV) for rice yield and protein content was reduced significantly to $8.1\%$ and $7.1\%$ in VRT from $14.6\%$ and $13.0\%$ in UN, respectively. And also the average protein content of milled rice in VRT showed very similar value of target protein content of $6.8\%$. In conclusion the procedure used in this paper was believed to be reliable and promising method for reducing within-field spatial variability of rice yield and protein content. However, inexpensive, reliable, and fast estimation methods of natural N supply and plant growth and nutrition status should be prepared before this method could be practically used for site-specific crop management in large-scale rice field.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2005년도 국제학술회의
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• pp.57-74
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• 2005

Rice yield and protein content have been shown to be highly variable across paddy fields. In order to characterize this spatial variability of rice within a field, the two-year experiments were conducted in 2002 and 2003 in a large-scale rice field of $6,600m^2$ In year 2004, an experiment was conducted to know if prescribed N for site-specific fertilizer management at panicle initiation stage (VRT) could reduce spatial variation in yield and protein content of rice while increasing yield compared to conventional uniform N topdressing (UN, ,33 kg N/ha at PIS) method. The trial field was subdivided into two parts and each part was subjected to UN and VRT treatment. Each part was schematically divided in $10\times10m$ grids for growth and yield measurement or VRT treatment. VRT nitrogen prescription for each grid was calculated based on the nitrogen (N) uptake (from panicle initiation to harvest) required for target rice protein content of $6.8\%$, natural soil N supply, and recovery of top-dressed N fertilizer. The required N uptake for target rice protein content was calculated from the equations to predict rice yield and protein content from plant growth parameters at panicle initiation stage (PIS) and N uptake from PIS to harvest. This model equations were developed from the data obtained from the previous two-year experiments. The plant growth parameters for this calculation were predicted non-destructively by canopy reflectance measurement. Soil N supply for each grid was obtained from the experiment of year 2003, and N recovery was assumed to be $60\%$ according to the previous reports. The prescribed VRT N ranged from 0 to 110kg N/ha with average of 57kg/ha that was higher than 33kg/ha of UN. The results showed that VRT application successfully worked not only to reduce spatial variability of rice yield and protein content but also to increase rough rice yield by 960kg/ha. The coefficient of variation (CV) for rice yield and protein content was reduced significantly to $8.1\%\;and\;7.1\%$ in VRT from $14.6\%\;and\;13.0\%$ in UN, respectively. And also the average protein content of milled rice in VRT showed very similar value of target protein content of $6.8\%$. Although N use efficiency of VRT compared to UN was not quantified due to lack of no N control treatment, the procedure used in this paper for VRT estimation was believed to be reliable and promising method for managing within-field spatial variability of yield and protein content. The method should be received further study before it could be practically used for site-specific crop management in large-scale rice field.