• 대한지리학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.312-323
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• 2003

행정부 이전이란 비상카드를 꺼낼 정도로 국토불균형이 심각하다고 보는 참여정부의 인식에는 절대 공감한다. 하지만 수도 이전은 단지 균형개발 이유만으로 추진하기에는 구실이 약하다. 경제 사회적 상황 못지 않게. 아니 훨씬 더 중요하게 국내외 정치상황과 직결된 것이 수도의 입지요 이전이기 때문이다. 1970년대 중반, 3공이 수립했던 '임시' 행정수도안은 안보가 절대 이유였다. 그때 김대중 야당지도자는 휴전선에서 멀리 안전거리를 확보하려함은 군사적 고려일 뿐, 백성들의 호국의지를 더 무게 있게 감안한다면 대치 현장에 바싹 붙여 수도를 유지함이 옳다 했다. 실제로 독립 파키스탄은 수도를 카라치에서 인도와 영토분쟁중인 카슈미르 인근 이슬라마바드로 옮겼다. 이번 행정수도발상에서 핵구름이 짙게 드리워진 급박한 한반도 정세에 대한 고려가 일체 없음은 유감이다. 개인도 건강이 있고 나서야 꿈을 들을 수 있듯이. 나라 또한 안보가 확실해야만 비로소 국토균형개발도 추진할 수 있다. 현대도시이론에 따르면 국가운명은 대도시가 변수라 했다. 방위가 소홀한 수도는 나라를 결딴내는 인질이 될 염려가 있다는 말이다. 이 말대로 북한이 아직 버리지 않은 무력 적화통일전략의 주 공격대상은 단연 서울이다. 때문에 우리 국체를 지키자면 서울을 북한의 인질이 되는 상황을 막는 방패로 삼아야 마땅하다. 주한미군 주력이 서울 북방에 자리잡은 것도 대한민국 안보를 위해서는 서울 사수가 절대적이란 판단에 근거한다. 그 사이. 입장은 다를지언정 같은 민족이 두 국가로 나눠져 있음이 '비정상'임을 남북한이 다함께 인정한다. 예측 불가사항인 통일은 뜻밖에 빠를 수도 있다는 말이다. 통일의 그 날이 수도이전의 적기일 것이다. 제대로 만들자면 최소한 20년은 걸릴 일인데 졸속으로 수도를 이곳저곳으로 끌고 다닐 수 없지 않은가. 자유민주가 확보되는 통일의 그 날이면 브라질이나 호주처럼 새 국운의 장소 상징을 만들자는 국민적 합의는 자연스럽게 생겨날 것이다. 안보가 문제될 게 없다해도 정부발상은 국토균형발전에 별로 기여할 것 같지 않다. 새 입지로 점찍은 충청권은 수도권 인접효과를 가장 많이 누려온 선택된 곳이지 격차해소 대상인 푸대접 또는 무대접 지역이 아니다. 이 시점에서 안보와 균형개발을 동시에 지향하면서 멀리 통일이후도 고려한 후보지를 굳이 찾는다면 한반도의 중심성도 있는 휴전선 근접 철원 일대가 그럴싸하다. 남북대치의 현 상황을 깊이 유념한 끝에 통일의 그 날까지 천도를 미룬다해도 균형발전 실현의 지름길은 분명 있다. 그건 중앙부처의 지리적 분산이 아니라 중앙권력의 지방분권이다. 아니할 말로 수도란 상징 장소를 새로 만들 여유 돈이 있다면, 이를테면 그냥 마시기를 기피하는 전국 수돗물 수질을 높이고. 적자에 허덕인 끝에 대형 참사도 낳았던 지방 대도시 지하철을 돕는 것이 옳다. 그리고 천도는 통일의 천기(天機)에 맞추는 것이 옳다.

• 제3의학
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.35-54
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• 1997

We tried to observe the features of ancient medical practice by analysing the records related to medicine in the book, ${\ulcorner}$the Historical Records of the Three Kingdom${\lrcorner}$ of which content includes the features of medicine in mythology, plague, delivery of twins, drugs, medical system, shamanism, constitutional medicine, psychiatry, forensic medicine, deformity, a spa, medical phrase, health and welfare work, religion, death. physiological anatomy, Taoist medicine, acupuncture, the occult af of transformation and etc. Our initial concern was about where to draw line as of medical field and we defined medicine in more broad meaning. The book ${\ulcorner}$the Historical Records of the Three Kingdoms${\lrcorner}$ describes the world of mythology by way of medicine which is not clearly a conventional one. There appears records of birth of multiple offsprings 7 times in which cases are of triplets or more. Delivering multiple offsprings were rare phenomenon though such fertility was highly admired. This shows one aspect of ancient country having more population meant more power of the nation. Of those medical records conveyed in that book includes stories of childbirth such as giving birth to a son after praying, giving birth to Kim Yoo-shin after 20 months after mother's dream of conception, and a song longing for getting a laudable child. Plagues were prevalent throughout winter to spring season and one can observe various symptoms of plagues in the record. Of these epidemic diseases, cold type might have been more common than the heat one. Appearance of epidemic diseases frequently coincided with that of natural disasters that this suggests a linkage between plague and underlying doctrine on five elements' motion and six kinds of natural factors. There exists only a few names of diseases such as epidemic disease, wind disease, and syndrome characterized by dyspnea. Otherwise there appeared only afflictions that were not specified therefore it remains cluless to keep track of certain diseases of prevalence. Since this ${\ulcorner}$Historical Records of the Three Kingdoms'${\lrcorner}$ wasn't any sort of medical book, words and terms used were not technical kind and most were the ones used generally among lay people. Therefore any mechanisms of the diseases were hardly mentioned. Some of medicinal substances such as Calculus Bovis, Radix Ginseng, Gaboderma Luciderm, magnetitum were also in use in those days. 53 kinds of dietary supplies appears in the records and some of these might have been used as medicinal purpose. Records concerning dicipline of one's body includes activities such as hunting, archery, horseback riding etc. In Shilla dynasty there were positions such as professor of medicine, Naekongbong(內供奉), Kongbong's doctor(供奉醫師), Kongbong's diviner(供奉卜師). As an educational facility, medical school was built at the first year of King Hyoso's reign and it's curricula included various subjects as ${\ulcorner}$Shin Nong's Herbal classic${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$Kabeul classic of acupuncture and moxbustion${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$The Plain Questions of the Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$Classic of Acupuncturer${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$The Pulse Classic${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$Classic of Channels and Acupuncture Points${\lrcorner}$ and ${\ulcorner}$Difficult Classic${\lrcorner}$. There were 2 medical professors who were in charge of education. To establish pharmacopoeia, 2 Shaji(舍知), 6 Sha(史), 2 Jongshaji(從舍知) were appointed. In Baekje dynasty, Department of Herb was maintained. Doing praying for the sake of health, doing phrenology also can be extended to medical arena. Those who survived over 100 years of age appear 3 times in the record, while 98 appears once. The earliest psychiatrist Nokjin differentiated symptoms to apply either therapies using acupuncture and drug or psychotherapy. There appears a case of rape, a case of burying alive with the dead, 8 cases of suicide that can characterize a prototype of forensic medicine. Deformity-related records include phrases as follow: 'there seems protrudent bone behind the head', 'a body which has two heads, two trunks, four arms.', 'a body equipped with two heads' In those times spa can be said to be used as a place for he리ing, convalescence, and relaxation seeing the records describing a person pretended illness and went to spa to enjoy with his friends. Priest doctors and millitary surgeons were in charge of the medical sevice in the period of the Three Kingdoms by the record written by Mookhoja(墨胡子) and Hoonkyeom(訓謙). Poor diet and regimen makes people more vulnerable to diseases. So there existed charity services for those poor people who couldn't live with one's own capacity such as single parents, orphans, the aged people no one to take care and those who are ill. The cause of affliction was frequently coined with human relation. There appeared the phenomenon of releasing prisoners and allowing people to become priests at the time of king's suffering. Besides, as a healing procedure, sutra-chanting was peformed. There appears 10 cases of death related records which varies from death by drowning, or by freezing, death from animals, death from war, death from wightloss and killing oneself at the moment of spouse's death and etc. There also exist certain records which suggest the knowledge of physiology and anatomy in those times. Since the taoist books such as ${\ulcorner}$Book of the Way and Its Power(老子道德經)${\lrcorner}$ were introduced in the period of Three Kingdoms, it can be considered that medicine was also influenced by taoism. Records of higher level of acupuncture, records which links the medicine and occult art of transformation existed. Although limited, we could figure out the medical state of ancient society.

• 한국과학예술포럼
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• 제32권
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• pp.319-334
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• 2018

본 연구는 '문학-미술-과학' 융합교육 프로그램의 개발과 적용을 통하여 학습자의 상상력 및 창의력의 향상을 확인하기 위한 사례 연구이다. 그 연구대상은 군산술산초등학교 1-4학년 학생 29명 중 25명이었다. 연구 시기는 2017년 9월부터 12월까지 4개월의 기간이었으며, 장소로는 군산술산초등학교 미술실을 활용했다. 10개 프로그램은 학년별로 매주 월요일부터 금요일까지 오후 1시부터 3시까지 2시간을 1회기로 총 10회기가 진행되었다. 연구자는 본 프로그램 10개 주제를 평면조형 8개와 입체조형 2개로 정하고, 여름방학 동안에 스토리텔링 작업을 완료했다. 그리고 그것들을 저:중:고(3:5:2)의 차별화된 수준으로 조정하였다. 평면조형은 '괴물 고릴라 영화 이야기'(저), '경주 최씨 정신 배우기'(중), '천연재료로 만든 내 친구 이야기'(저), '나의 꿈 해몽하기'(중), '내 스마트폰 속의 사물들을 모아보기'(중), '시집보내기 재판놀이'(중), '내가 좋아하는 동시를 그림 그리기'(고), '내가 좋아하는 동요를 그림 그리기'(고)이며, 입체조형은 '내 마음의 파랑새 찾기'(저), '내가 갖고 싶은 사물 만들기'(중)였다. 연구자는 주제별로 각기 다른 미술표현 기법을 활용했는데, 그것은 순서대로 마블링 기법, 한지공예 기법, 콤바인 페인팅 기법, 콜라주 기법, 촛불 그을림 기법, 콜라주 기법, 상상화 기법, 상상화 기법, 지점토공예 기법, 상상화기법이었다. 그리고 프로그램을 진행하면서 재료들의 생육과정이나 제조과정과 관련된 과학 지식을 전달하였다. 본 프로그램을 진행하기 이전과 진행한 이후에 토란스(Ellis Paul Torrance, 1915-2003)의 TTCT(The Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking) 도형 검사 B형과 A형으로 학습자의 융합적 사고력 및 감성적 체험을 고찰했다. 그리고 그 자료를 토대로 검사결과의 평균 차이의 유의성을 검증하기 위해서 대응 t-검증을 실시하였다. 창의력 요소별 및 평균 창의력 지수별로 분석한 결과 '유창성'에서는 유의한 차이(t=3.47, p<.01)가 나타났으며, '독창성'에서도 유의한 차이(t=3.59, p<.01)가 나타났다. 연구자가 이와 같은 작품의 제작과정, 결과물의 사진 자료 등을 정리, 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 미술중심 STEAM 수업으로 진행한 본 프로그램으로부터 문학적인 내용을 미술적인 내용으로 전환시키는 학습자의 융합적 사고력에서 종합적인 문제해결 능력이 향상되었다. 둘째, 학습자는 10가지 미술표현 기법을 활용한 미술중심 STEAM 수업을 통하여 학습에 대한 다양한 상상력, 창의성, 감성적 체험을 거두었다. 셋째, 학습자는 문제해결 과정에서 친구들과의 협동심, 의사소통, 배려하는 마음이 성숙해졌다. 넷째, 10가지 미술표현 기법을 진행함에 있어서 도입과 종료 시에 각 기법과 관련된 유명 작가와 작품의 소개를 통하여 학습자의 자기만족감이 고취되었다. 이와 같이 학습자의 융합적 사고력과 감성적 체험의 영역에 대한 통계 수치는 유의성이 있는 것으로 나타나 대부분의 학습자가 본 프로그램을 통하여 자신감 있게 창의적으로 표현해내는 능력의 향상을 가져왔음을 일러준다.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.42-65
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• 1992

A survey was made of 976 students who were selected among students of 5 middle schools at Taegu so that it could furnish basic knowledge about sex education of adolescents by analyzing students recognition of sex, acquaintance with the opposite-sex, sex-education, The survery took a month from Nov. 1, to Nov 30, 1991. The results of this study are summarized as follows. 1. The general characteristics of the surveyed students. The survey consisted of 332 boys middle school student & 325 girls middle school students, 157 male & 162 female students of coeducational middle schools. 32.9% of them were from the first grade, 33.2% from the second grade & 33.9% from the third grade. 35.7% of them believed in Buddhism, 19% Christianism and the mode of their living standard, 86.7%, fell on 34.7% of their parents engaged in commerce and they were followed by salary man and public officals, 93.1 % of the students, parents were alive. 44.9% of their fathers were graduates of high school and 42.2% of their mothers middle school. 2. Sexual maturity 89.1 % of the surveyed girls had experienced menstruation. The mode of first menstruation, 48.2%, was at the age of 13 and the mean of it was 12.9, 3.7% the surveyed boys had exprienced a wet drem before. The mode of the first wet dream, 40.0%, was at the age of 14 and the mean was 13.4. 21.3% of surveyed students had the experience of masturbation but the number of girls fell far short of that boys. The mode of the first masturbation, 37.0%, was at the age of 14 and the mean was 13.4. 3. The acquaintance and sexual relations with the opposite sex 1) Analyzing the students actual conditions with the opposite, I found out that 52.3% of them wanted to have any kind of relations with the opposite and that 30.25 had already had some kind of relations. 73.2% of the students having relations with the opposite thought the other sex merely as a friend and the number of students who were thinking that way was distributed evenly among schools. 28.8% of the students had got acquainted with the other sex through their frieds and there were not much difference between boys and girls in the method of getting acquainated with the opposite. About 35.2% of the students having relations with the opposite came from the third grade. 47.8% of them answered that the meeting place was not fixed and 26.4% answered that they were meeting their parthers outdoors. 60.7% replyed that they were not disturbed in their studies by the relations with the other sex. 2) Most of the students 79.4%, answered that they had never had sexual relations and 16.3% of the rest said that thery were expressing their feelings by grasping each other's hand. 3) 16.6% of the surveyed students asid that they had the exprience of smoking, 1.1 % of an illusion caused by inhaling chemical addhesives, 44.0% of drinking and 41.4% of warching pornographic films. 4. The knowledge and attitude about the sex 1) The distribution and analysis according to schools and grades : 64.8% of the surveyed students answered correctly to the questions about mensturation, 49.3 % did so about wet dreams, 94.3 % did so about conception, 60.6% did so about child birth, 73.9% did so about AIDS and 50.1 % did so about sexual diseases. Roughly speaking, they had not much knowledge of sexual diseases. 2) The recognition of sex according to schools and grades : 39.0% of the students said that they had worries about sex. 33.1 % of what they worried was concerned with their bodies and 26.8% was about the acqaintance and relationship with the opposite sex. The girls were much more concerned about the former and the boys the latter. 51.1 % of the students asid that they had no specific opinion of masturbation but 19.2% said that's alright if self-restrained. About the sexual intercourse before marriage, 75.7% said negatively. 5. The need for sex education most of the students, 99.4% said they needed sex education and there was not much difference in that thought among schools. And 49.7% answered that schools, families, and societies were equlally important in sex education. About half of the students, exactly 50.2%. considered it as the main reason of sex education to prevent accidents cauesd by ignorance of sex. 81.4% said that they had had some kind of sex education. Most of the educations, 87.0%, had taken place at schools but 5.2% said they were getting most of the knowledge about sex from therir friednds, juniors and seniors. 59.5% of the students who had ever had a sex education said "Just so, so" when asked of the level of their contentment but the number of students who said "satisfied" was only a few, 16.1 %. 20.7% of the survered answered that thery wanted sex education to be made in the course of home life, and 26.6 % of the students most wanted to know about the acquaintance and relationship with the oppostie sex, 29.0% preferred nurse teachers as proper councellors of sex education. The mode of their present councellors, 42.0%, was friends but only 7.6% answered they dicussed with teachers. 6. The correlation analysis between general characteristcs and sexual behaviors of the surveyed students revealed that sex had a signigicant(P<0.001) positive correlation with parents' love toward students(P<0.01), the experience of masturbation, smoking, an illusion caused by inhaling chemical adhesives and the experience of watching pornographic films. And the standard of living had a significant(P<0.01) positive correlation(P<0.01) with grade point average, parents' existence(P<0.01) and parents' love, but a significant(P<0.01) negative correlation with sexual worries. grade point average had a significant(P<0.01)negative correlation with the experience of an illusion caused by chemical adhesives(P<0.01) and smoking. Parents' existence had significant(P<0.01) positive correlations with parents' love and smoking but a significant(P<0.01) negative correlation with the experience of an illusion by chemical adhesives. There was a significant(P<0.01) negative correlations between parents' love and the experience of an illusion by chemical adhesives, and a significant(P<0.001) positive correlation among masturbation and sexual worries, smoking, an illusion by chemical adhesives and the experience of watching pornographic films. There was a significant(P<0.001) positive correlation among acquaintance with the opposite sex, smoking, the experience of an illusion by chemical adhesives and watching pornographic films. Sexual worries had significant(P<0.01) positive correlations with smoking, the experience of an illusion by chemical adhesives and watching pornographic films. smoking had a significant positive correlation with drinking the experirence of, an illusion by chemical adhesives and watching pornographic films. Finally, there was a significant(P<0.01) positive correlation between the drinking experience and the illusion experience by chemical adhesives. According to the results mentioned above, the fact is certain that there is a great need for sex education of adolescents. Therefore, it is desirable that the schools teach sexual physiology and normal positively and that sex education including hygien education be an independant course in the curriculums. Furthermore, it is essential that the schools should have enough nurse teachers to take up sex education, expand training opportunities for them and that they develop educational materials. Considering the unbalance of the level of sex educations between boys and girls, I want to suggest that all boys and girls have sex education evenly and lead happy lives by correction irrational thought about sex, that is to say, sex discrimination, Sex education programs, especially of middle school students, should be reexamined if it is to give the students effective and profitable knowledge about sex. In addition, the government should establish a policy of adolescents' sex education to have healthy opinions of sex settled nationwide.