• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.5-10
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• 2006

This study aims to propose appropriate evaluating method of noise emission from water supply and drain installations in apartment bathroom. Because KS(Korean Standard) about water installations noise in apartment bathroom only are establishing the measurement procedure of it, Evaluation and rating procedure is necessary to improve the sound insulation performance of the apartment and to reduce the apartment dweller's unsatisfaction with the noise. Thus, this study reviewed the standards and evaluating methods about the water supply and drain installations noise of many other country. We measured the noise emission from the installations in many apartment bathroom, and then we calculated the noises to dB(A), N, NC evaluated numbers. We analyze the coefficient of the corelation among the evaluated numbers to induce the appropriate method. As a result, the dB(A) method is most easy to evaluateing and very high corelated wth N and N index, So the dB(A) method is suitable to be adopted KS evaluating procedure of noise emission from water installations in apartment bathroom.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.155-162
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• 2016

A proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) produces only water at cathode by an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen. The generated water is transported across the membrane from the cathode to the anode. The transported water collected in water-trap and drained to the cathode within the humidifier outlet. If the condensate water is not being drained at the appropriate time, condensate water in the anode can cause the performance degradation or fuel efficiency degradation of fuel cell by the anode flooding or unnecessary hydrogen discharge. In this study, we proposed an optimization method of condensate water drain logic for the water drain performance and the water drain algorithm as considered the condensate water generating speed prep emergency case. In conclusion, we developed the water management strategy of fuel processing system (FPS) as securing fuel efficiency and operating stability.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.77-87
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• 2011

To investigate the effect of drainage spacing and smear on the rate of consolidation and the efficiency of vertical drain method, a series of consolidation tests with a large consolidation chamber and special equipment for inserting mandrels were conducted. As the smeared region increases, total settlement in over-consolidated clay increases whereas apparent change in settlement does not appear in normally consolidated clay. Vertical drain generally accelerates the rate of consolidation, while it could also deteriorate the efficiency of vertical drain method even for the decreasing drainage length and spacing ratio.

• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.17-26
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• 1985

This study was carried out for the purpose of comparing in reference to sand drain in the next three different cases. First, The case of drain material (sand pile) has some rigidity during embankment and consolidation. Second, In usual case of no rigidity as a paper drain without permeability during embankment and consolidation Third, Check up clay behavior when above the two cases carried out respectively. This FEM analysis is consisted with Biot's consolidation equation when it is used for Christian Boehmer's numerical technique. The main results are obtained from above the Analysis When sand drain has some rigidity, the lateral and vertical deformation of clay foundation is restrained considerable amount and .exhibited bearing capacity of load as a pile According to the foundation in drained condition and untrained condition, the results are much variable in this analysis method. Also, The behaviors of stress path and pore water pressure met our expectation during , consolidation. This analysis should be considered to put into use of sand drain and design in future.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.116-127
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• 1996

This paper dealt with FEM analysis of foundation improved with pack drain. The theory on pack drain was scrutinized and observed values in the field were compared with numerical results. Work site of Kwangyang container pier was selected as a ease study in which measurement of settlement and pore water pressure was accurately carried out. Biot's consolidation equation was selected as governing One, coupled with modified Camclay model as constitutive one. Christian and Boehmer's numerical technique was adopted. Behavior of foundation with pack drain is not simple but very complicated. Discontinuity resulted from rigidity difference between adjacent materials, smear effect and complicated boundary conditions should be considered in the behavior analysis of foundation behavior. The results of numerical analysis were influenced by smear zone. In relevant to this effect, finite element analysis was carried out using the reduced horizontal coefficient of permeability in the smear zone; The numerical results were compared with observed values in surface settlement. including pore water pressure. However only lateral di5plaoement by numerical ana1Ysis was shown since its measurement was not performed in the field. The predication of settlement to be developed later can be effectively employed for the obtimization of construction. The predication of residual settlement using the data measured in the field was made by Hoshino, Asaoka and hyperbolic method. Among them, the hyperbolic method proved best one. Settlements accorded well between numsrical and observed values while pore pressure showed a slight difference. Lateral displacement showed largest values at constant distance from ground surface. The validation of foundation analysis improved with pack drain by computer program employed in this study selecting modified Cam-clay model was satisfactorily secured.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.131-134
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• 2006

The closed suction drain is commonly inserted after various surgical procedures. It has an important role to prevent possible hematoma or seroma that can cause postoperative wound problems. But there is still no consensus on managing the insertion site of suction drain after operation. Suture-tie fixation of drain to skin and classical Y shape gauze dressing is a usually accepted method, but it has many limitations. We introduce a new approach to the care for the insertion site of suction drain by using occlusive transparent film dressing, $IV3000^{(R)}$(Smith & Nephew, London, UK). By using transparent film, insertion site of drain can be easily checked without removal of dressing. Because it can reduce the tension of suture-tie fixation, it helps to prevent skin injury. Furthermore, occlusive film dressing can block air leakage from insertion site of drain, and the water-proof character of film allows patients to take a shower without dressing change. This new method is more convenient, more efficient, and less harmful to skin than classic one.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.77-83
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• 2012

The most of horizontal drainages, which is composed of the aggregates made of sand and crushed stone, are used to improve the soft ground. However, where the aggregates are used as the horizontal drainage, it often brings about the delay of consolidation. For this reason, the horizontal drain pipe system is applied to properly improve the soft ground using a drainage pipe instead of horizontal drainage. This system is direct drain method for disappearing the excess porewater pressure which is caused by placing of fill on the soft ground. The large-scale field test was conducted in order to evaluate the applicability and constructability of the horizontal drain pipe system. The settlement characteristics of improved ground with horizontal drain pipe system was observed. It is also compared to the conventional soft ground improvement method to confirm its effectiveness.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.5C
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• pp.313-320
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• 2008

The discharge capacity testing apparatus using penetration method, being able to simulate in laboratory the condition of embedding plastic board drains in field, was developed to investigate consolidation characteristics of ground and to figure out discharge capacity of drains. The developed apparatus with a mandrel and penetrating device was designed to insert PBD into the ground prepared by previously applied pressure, being different from the conventional testing method that the drain was installed and the ground material was poured subsequently. Discharge capacity tests with the conventional apparatus as well as the newly developed one were performed to assess the applicability of the latter. As a result of tests, the conventional method showed delayed consolidation due to overall disturbance of ground and local deformation of drain caused by inhomogeneity of ground. Therefore discharge capacity of drain with the conventional apparatus was measured more or less larger than the expected values whereas discharge capacity with new one could be measured similar to the actual value in field.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.31-38
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• 2007

The practical design method on sandmat uses a drain length, rate of consolidation settlement and permeability of sand as a major design factors. And, on the basis of this design process, it has been installed beneath the embankment with same thickness. However, the possibility the underestimation on the thickness of sandmat and the delayed drain have been pointed out by several authors caused by a differential settlement at the center and the end of embankment. In this study, therefore, the effect of the differential settlement on the thickness of sandmat and delayed drain through the numerical analysis of embankment was analyzed. As a result, a substantial sandmat thickness becomes small and the possibility of the delayed drain can be certified because of the development of differential settlement at the center and ends of embankment. As a countermeasure to overcome this problem, the applicability of the mound type sandmat was also investigated by the numerical method. It can be concluded that it maintains the designated substantial sandmat thickness throughout consolidation process, and is useful method to maintain the drain capacity. Especially, the mound type sandmat is effective method for a construction site where can cause a differential settlement such as embankment. Furthermore, it has to be designed on the basis of the accurate prediction of consolidation settlement as well as rate of consolidation settlement, drain length and permeability of sand.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.1136-1143
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• 2008

The Vertical Drains(Sand Drains, Pack Drain, PBD) is used for Vertical Drains Method in domestic. Each of the drains is selected after it consider a field condition and efficiency of drain. A discharge capacity is very important factor, which to estimate a efficiency. And the smear Zone where disturbance area of in-suit by installation of Vertical Drains is important factor to select a drains. In this study, the complex discharge capacity test was operated for discharge capacity comparison of the Wing Drain and PBD. And a model test was operated to apprehend smear zone of the Wing Drain and PBD. From these tests, it was apprehended an engineering characteristic of vertical drain. The results of the complex discharge capacity test, a discharge capacity fell below $20cm^3/sec$ to $1cm^3/sec$ in more than overburden load $2.5kg/cm^2$. The Wing Drain maintained a over $40cm^3/sec$ in more than overburden load $2.5kg/cm^2$ and minimum discharge capacity $8cm^3/sec$. The results of the smear zone test, a influence bounds of smear zone was more larger in case of the Wing Drain(rectangle) than the PBD. But when a discharge capacity of Wing Drain is considered, it was concluded which smear zone bounds difference was effected in comparison with PBD. I think that it minimized a mandrel section to minimize a smear zone effect range