• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.39-48
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to understand changes in Seoul's downtown planning from the 1960s to 1990s. The approach was examined by classifying its formation process though urban conservation. The effects of modernization and urbanization on Seoul's downtown planning were as follows. In the 1960s, Seoul attempted to decentralize urban functions due to excessive population. In the 1970s, a policy to diversify urban functions according to Gangnam development was enacted. In the 1980s, the existing downtown declined, and the sub-downtown grew with changing urban functions. In the 1990s, the identity of the existing downtown was recognized through the Seoul Memorial Project. This study also analyzed downtown planning efforts concerned with urban conservation. First, the physical aspects of existing buildings and street facilities were maintained. Second, the spatial aspects for the maintenance of surrounding areas were proposed. Fourth, the social aspects for accessibility by Seoul citizens was improved. This analysis demonstrates the concept of urban conservation based on physical-spatial-social aspects.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.41-65
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• 2001

This study aims a comparative analysis of social stratification in the Great Seoul area using two types of population. One type of population is a resident population(常住人口), and the other is a daytime population주간인구(晝間人口). In most demographic studies, only resident population have been considered. There has been less attention to daytime population. However, a resident population have a character of night population야간인구(夜間人口). In fact, most people move and work in the areas where they do not live in everyday life in the contemporary period, which indicates that the concept of a daytime population is more significant than that of a resident population. This study reveals that a number of people, on the one hand. come together to the downtown area to work or study while they live in other areas. On the other hand, resident population in downtown area do not move so much. When we analyze the social stratification structure of the Great Seoul area using a resident population, we find that the resident population of downtown area consist of those of low social status. On the contrary, the daytime population of downtown area in Seoul consist of those of high social status. This means that most people of high social status live in the southern area of Seoul or outside Seoul, but make a living in downtown area in everyday life. From this study, we find that the concept of a daytime population is as important as that of a resident population. The more residence becomes separate from work place, the more the significance of the concept of a daytime population grows in making policy as wall as in demographic studies. This study implies that we need to pay more attention to the concept of daytime population in demographic and sociological Studies.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.65-80
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• 2014

This study was aimed at analyzing the location and the characteristics of the Urban hanok tissues that were formed in the downtown since 1920s. Focusing on the relationship between roads and lots, the developing process and the typological characteristics are examined. Through dividing the large and medium lots of the aristocratic families and on the hilly area near the Seoul City Wall, various shapes of urban hanok tissue were evolved. The urban hanok tissues developed before 1936 locate on the downtown sites, while those developed after 1936 locate on the hilly sites. The location of the tissues were identified in the upper area of Jong-no street. The former is composed of small size lots divided into average area $104.4m^2$ with the narrow alleys of about 2.0m width, while the latter is composed of medium size lots divided into average area $131.54m^2$ with the alleys of about 4.0m width. Moreover the structures of the tissues were evolved based on the developing period and the site condition. Moreover the structures of the tissues were evolved based on the developing period and the site condition. The typological characteristics were defined as the four patterns categorized with the bilateral concepts of alley's form and of alley's spacial feature.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.89-95
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• 1981

A Continuous monitoring of Air Pollution in city of Seoul was carried out from January 1 to December 31 of 1979 at two selected sites, Kwanghwamun observatory and Kwanag observatory. The measured data were averaged on monthly basis. The maximun value of oxidant pollution was observed in July, and the minimum in February. It is the purpose of this study to determine the effect of hydrocarbon, nitrogenoxide, wind velocity and ambient temprature on the observed values of oxidant pollution for the above two months. The results of the study may be summarized as follows. 1) The oxidant concentration in February was higher than in July by about 2 times in both downtown area and the suburbia. The concentration in downtown area was $25.75\pm 4.75ppb$, and that in suburbia was $29.83\pm 5.16ppb$. As for the oxidant concentration in July, it was observed that the suburban area ($26.464\pm 7.59ppb$) had about 2.8 times higher value than the downtown area ($9.284\pm 1.55ppb$). 2) The peak oxidant concentration of suburban area during the daytime is occured from noon to 5:00 P.M.. These patterns are similar to the classical patterns, but the peak Oxidant Concentration of downtown area in February was occured at 9:00A.M. 3) The overall level of nitrogen oxide pollution was much higher in downtown area than in suburban area. Two peaks of nitrogen oxide concentration occured at 10 A.M. and 12 midnight in downtown area. This observation agrees with the report that the air pollution is higher in the area where the pollution sources are concentrated. 4) The multiple correlation analysis for the oxidant and the other variables measured in February in downtown area showed close correlation with nitrogen oxide and ambient temprature. The multiple correlation coefficient of oxidant with nitrogen oxide was 0.872, and that with nitrogen oxide and temperature simultaneously was 0.903. The multiple correlation equation used for this study may be expressed as follows:

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.1-9
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• 2008

A few of new and large cities have been developed and developing at some areas surrounding Seoul, a capital city of Korea. Thus, commuters from new city to downtown are considerably increasing and the present network of road and railway will be short of transportation capacities. A special problem is that new cities are far from downtown than pre-existing new cities and the entering to downtown is required to a considerable time and cost. Therefore, a new conceptional transportation system has to be substitute with old-fashioned road and railway. This paper presents the feasibility of the deep & high-speed nonstop railway which is able to access to the downtown with ease and fast from new city. If the railway is located under deep position, indemnity cost of land will be notably down. If the railway runs with high speed and has a nonstop concept, the access time to downtown will be remarkably short.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.69-82
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to identify structural properties of C.B.D and to provide direction that required for the plan and its development by analyzing land use patterns and its characteristics in the center of the city. In this study, the future planning elements and detailed land use of Seoul was analyzed, in regard to the spatial structural hierarchy and the function of downtown, by investigation of its current urban spatial structure. First, the characteristic of the land-use for merchandising facilities is that it is developed from west to east along the Jong-ro, Myungdong and Namdaemun, it shows high rate of the facilities along the horizontal axis. The large market area on this district would be the reason to the high rate of mechandising facilities. Second, the characteristic of the land-use for business facilities is that it is highly rated on the area passing through the Sejong-ro and Seoul station. The analysis result of our investigation is that the projects executed by Seoul city such as 'downtown maintenance planning' and 'downtown recreation program' strengthened functions of business and merchandising and promoted downtown shopping, leisure, tourism functions resulting activation of nearby market place and evaluated as maintaing the centrality of downtown Seoul well.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.41-64
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• 1971

During the period from July 1st to the end of November 1970, a survey on air pollution and noise level was made in Seoul, Pusan and Taegu, the three largest cities in Korea. Each city was divided into 4-6 areas; the industrial area, the semi-industrial area, the commercial area, the residential area, the park area and the downtown area. Thirty eight sites were selected from each area. A. Method of Measurement : Dustfall was measured by the Deposit Gauge Method, sulfur oxides by $PbO_2$ cylinder method, suspended particles by the Digital Dust Indicator, Sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) by the MSA & Kitakawa Detector and the noise levels by Rion Sound Survey meter. B. Results: 1. The mean value of dustfall in 3 cities was $30.42ton/km^2/month$, ranging from 8.69 to 95.44. 2. The mean values of dustfall by city were $33.17ton/km^2/month$ in Seoul, 32.11 in Pusan and 25.97 in Taegu. 3. The mean values of dustfall showed a trend of decreasing order of semi-industrial area, downtown area, industrial area, commercial area, residential area, and park area. 4. The mean value of dustfall in Seoul by area were $52.32ton/km^2/month$ in downtown, 50.54 in semi-industrial area, 40.37 in industrial area, 24,19 in commercial area, 16.25 in park area and 15.39 in residential area in order of concentration. 5. The mean values of dustfall in Pusan by area were $48.27ton/km^2/month$ in semi-industrial area, 36.68 in industrial area 25.31 in commercial area, and 18.19 in residential area. 6. The mean values of dustfall in Taegu by area were $36.46ton/km^2/month$ in downtown area, 33.52 in industrial area, 20.37 in commercial area and 13.55 in residential area. 7. The mean values of sulfur oxides in 3 cities were $1.52mg\;SO_3/day/100cm^2\;PbO_2$, ranging from 0.32 to 4.72. 8. The mean values of sulfur oxides by city were $1.89mg\;SO_3/day/100cm^2\;PbO_2$ in Pusan, 1.64 in Seoul and 1.21 in Taegu. 9. The mean values of sulfur oxides by area in 3 cities were $2.16mg\;SO_3/day/100cm^2\;PbO_2$ in industrial area, 1.69 in semi-industrial area, 1.50 in commercial area, 1.48 in downtown area, 1.32 in residential area and 0.94 in the park area, respectively. 10. The monthly mean values of sulfur oxides contents showed a steady increase from July reaching a peak in November. 11. The mean values of suspended particles was $2.89mg/m^3$, ranging from 1.15 to 5.27. 12. The mean values of suspended particles by city were $3.14mg/m^3$ in Seoul, 2.79 in Taegu and 2.25 in Pusan. 13. The mean values of noise level in 3 cities was 71.3 phon, ranging from 49 to 99 phon. 14. The mean values of noise level by city were 73 phon in Seoul, 72 in Pusan, and 69 in Taegu in that order. 15. The mean values of noise level by area in 3 cities showed a decrease in the order of the downtown area, commercial area, industrial area and semi-industrial area, park area and residential area. 16. The comparison of the noise levels by area in 3 cities indicated that the highest level was detected in the downtown area in Seoul and Taegu and in the industrial area in Pusan. 17. The daily average concentration of sulfur dioxides ($SO_2$) in 3 cities was 0.081 ppm, ranging from 0.004 to 0.196. 18. The daily average concentrations of sulfur dioxides by city were 0.092 ppm in Seoul, 0.089 in Pusan and 0.062 in Taegu in that order. 19. The weekly average concentration of carbon monoxides(CO) was 27.59 ppm. 20. The daily average concentrations of carbon monoxides by city were 33.37 ppm. in Seoul, 25.76 in Pusan and 23.65 in Taegu in that order. 21. The concentration of $SO_2$ and CO reaches a peak from 6 p. m. to 8 p. m. 22. About 3 times probably the daily average concentration of CO could be detected in the downtown area probably due to heavy traffic emission in comparison with that in the industial area. 23. As for daily variation of the concentration of $SO_2$ and CO it was found that the concentration maintains relatively higher value during weekdays in the industrial area and on the first part of the week in the downtown area.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.117-128
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to identify the physical safety factors and indicators needed to create an age-friendly city where elderly people can live safely and continuously in the era of aging and to evaluate the differences between the five urban communities. For the study, AHP analysis was conducted to calculate the importance of factors and indicators, based on a checklist was made this. A questionnaire survey was conducted on the degree of physical safety perceived by the elderly people aged 65 and older living in Seoul, the difference between the five urban communities in Seoul was confirmed. The research finding are summarized as follows: The score of evaluating grade was the highest in the northwest, northeast was the lowest followed by the northwest, downtown, southeast, southwest, northeast. Among the physical safety factors, the safety of outdoor spaces and buildings was the highest in the downtown and the lowest in the southwest. On pedestrian safety, the downtown was the highest and the lowest was northeast. Regards to the transportation safety, the northwest was the highest and the northeast was the lowest. Housing security was the best in the northwest and the lowest was the northeast.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.1D
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• pp.21-27
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• 2008

To respond to years-long economic decline in the downtown Seoul, it is necessary to lay out a scheme revitalizing downtown economy. It is called Wanavi and Shonavi system. When customers do shopping, it is the "Shonavi" that provides shopping information such as popular shop name, location, and commodity price to walkers in a real-time base. In addition, the walking navigation system called "Wanavi" is designed to provide access information for walking shoppers, the function of which is similar to car navigation system. The "Wanavi" can help walkers find the fastest, comfortable and attractive pedestrian route and public transportation information reaching to the destination in the downtown. In this study, we propose GPA & RFID mixed system as a communication technique to activate "Shonavi" and "Wanavi" system. The "Shonavi" and "Wanavi" system will be one of the ways to revitalize depressed downtown economy in Seoul.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.81-92
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to examine the selection process of the marathon course and the progress of the related urban landscape design projects. The study revealed that the initially selected course of the downtown Namdaemum changed to the riverside course that runs around Gangnam and Han river. This change implied that showing the developed landscape of Seoul was much more considered than showing the traditional landscape of Seoul. The urban design plan had changed in 1986 after the marathon course was finalized. The development project of downtown was changed to Gangnam area including Teheran-ro. The city also redeveloped the substandard housing zones around the Olympic facilities. As a result, developed areas and modern apartments of the riverside was emphasized in international TV game broadcast. This embedded the industrialized and modernized image of Seoul to foreigners. Also, Koreans started to recognize the Han river as Seoul's representative landmark. Accordingly, Seoul succeeded in creating a modernized urban landscape image through the Olympic marathon course.