• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 2012

The goal of this study is to awaken about risk occurred by CT examination. For radio-technologists working at 'S medical center' located in Seoul, we investigated a recognition about dose and risk CT and normal X-ray examination according by working experience in hospital, experience about CT examination and radiation source. For subjects of investigation, radio-technologists working at 'S medical center' located in Seoul helped us. We collected 131 questionnaires for a test of hypothesis. Cronbach @ coefficients of questionnaires were 0.825988 and 0.767161 and a rejection rate of p-value was below 0.05. SAS 9.1(SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.) statistic package was used for hypothesis test. We used Mann-Whitney test, Kruskai-Wallis test, Two sample T-test, Two sample T-test with Bonferroni's Correction and One-way ANOVA methods. P-values of hypothesis about dose of CT and normal X-ray examination were 0.2291 ~ 0.9663. p-values of hypothesis about risk were 0.1924 ~ 1.0000. All of hypothesis is over rejection rate(<0.05). This study shows that radio-technologists of S medical center recognized that CT has higher dose and risk than general X-ray examination.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.127-132
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• 1991

Recently a non-electronic, disposable and portable infusor(Baxter infusor with patient control module, Baxter health care Co., Deerfield IL 60015 USA: BI $\bar{c}$ PCM) has been developed that will deliver both a continuous drug infusion as well as allow the patient to deliver extra doses of medication on a demand basis under predetermined limitation of analgesics. Patients may also not require as high analgesic dose rate to control pain when the acceptable and tolerable level of pain relief can be maintained by this device. From April l99l, we have used a total l93 units of BI $\bar{c}$ PCM. These units consisting of two components which one made by a balloon reservoir(capacity 65 ml, flow rate 0.5 ml/hr) to store medication and to regulate the pump power(490 torr), and another two PCMs to regulate additional analgesic administration by patients demand at intervals of 1S minutes and 60 minutes. The dose administered to the patient can be varied by changing the concentration of the infusate within the balloon reservoir. These devices were utilized for the pain control of 44 patients. These patients were divided into two groups. Twenty seven cases had cancer pain and 17 cases had non-cancer pain. The Touhy needle(No. l8 G.) tip was inserted into the epidural space and was used to guide the catheter to the spinal nerve level corresponding to the most painful area. The device was connected to the opposite site of the catheter tip and was filled with 60 ml of mixture solution such as 0.5% bupivacaine 15 ml, morphine HCl 10 mg, trazodone 10 ml, Tridol 3 ml and normal saline 31 ml were administed as the initial dose. When the initial dose was less effective, the next dose could be varied by increasing the concentration of bupivacaine, by adding more morphine (5~10 mg), and by reducing the volume of normal saline. Using these modules of drug self administration, we experienced the following: 1) Improvement of patient's self titration of analgesic requirement was provided. 2) The patients anxiety with pain recurrence resulting from delays in administering pain control medication was decreased significantly. 3) The working load accompanying with the single bolus injection as the usual method was reduced remarkably. 4) There was urinary retention in 5 cases and pruritus in 4 eases which developed as side effects but respiratory depression and vomiting was not encountered in a single case.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.56-62
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• 2008

In this study, we have investigated the dose characteristics of PTW-LinaCheck designed to detect output of medical LINAC and discussed clinical use of the detector. The reproducibility, linearity, and dose rate dependency of the dosimeter were measured for photons of 6 and 15MV and the electrons of 4, 6, 9, 12, and 16MeV. To know the error ranges of the measured data in daily output measurement, the response variations due to geometrical setup errors were measured. As a result of measurement, the error range from the geometrical setup and the reproducibility was less than ${\pm}0.6%$ for given beam qualities in daily output measurement, where the errors from the linearity and the dose rate dependency were negligible. Finally, we concluded that the LinaCheck dosimeter has a good characteristics in terms of dose and setup convenience in daily output measurement. In addition we have shown an examples of clinical use of this dosimeter for measuring daily output more than 60 days.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2007

A model for radiological dose assessment in an urban environment, METRO-K has been developed. Characteristics of the model are as follows ; 1) mathematical structures are simple (i.e. simplified input parameters) and easy to understand due to get the results by analytical methods using experimental and empirical data, 2) complex urban environment can easily be made up using only 5 types of basic surfaces, 3) various remediation measures can be applied to different surfaces by evaluating the exposure doses contributing from each contamination surface. Exposure doses contributing from each contamination surface at a particular location of a receptor were evaluated using the data library of kerma values as a function of gamma energy and contamination surface. A kerma data library was prepared fur 7 representative types of Korean urban buildings by extending those data given for 4 representative types of European urban buildings. Initial input data are daily radionuclide concentration in air and precipitation, and fraction of chemical type. Final outputs are absorbed dose rate in air contributing from the basic surfaces as a function of time following a radionuclide deposition, and exposure dose rate contributing from various surfaces constituting the urban environment at a particular location of a receptor. As the result of a contaminative scenario for an apartment built-up area, exposure dose rates show a distinct difference for surrounding environment as well as locations of a receptor.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1987

Central axis percentage depth-doses, P(%), were measured at the points from the 2.5cm depth of reference point to 20 cm depth with 2.5 cm interval. Distance from the X-ray target to the water phantom($30{\times}30{\times}30cm^3$) surface was 1 m, and at this point three different beam sizes of $5cm{\phi},\;10cm{\phi},\;and\;15cm{\phi}$ were used. While the X-ray tube voltage varied from 150 to 250 kV, the tube current remained constant at 5 mA. Absorbed dose rate in water, $\dot{D}_w$, was determined using the air kerma calibration factor, $N_k$, which was derived from the exposure calibration factor, $N_x$, of the NE 2571 ion chamber. The reference exposure rate, $\dot{X}_c$, was measured using the Exradin A-2 ion chamber calibrated at ETL, Japan. The half value layers of the X-rays determined to meet ETL calibration qualities. The absorbed dose rates determined at the calibration point were compared to the values obtained from Burlin's general cavity theory, and the percentage depth-dose values determined from $N_k$ showed a good agreement with the values of the published depth dose data(BJR Suppl. 17).

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.35-54
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• 1999

This thesis shows about the meaning of treatment rate increasing, the current treated level and the reason of low treatment rate and increasing methods. 1. Treatment rate incresing means high treat level within short time, keeping treatment effect for a long time as well as raising treatment rate. 2. The current by diseases each others completed treatment rate of oriental medicine is 14.0% to 89.7%$(mean:\;{\pm}40.0%)$. Therefore the rate is show too low. 3. The reasons of low treatment rate; low academic level of oriental, academic limitation, clinic and prevention problem of oriental medicine, lack of medical approch suitable for current diseases and symptoms, mostly incurrable diseases using oriental medicine, lack of preventive education, disappropriate medical service and nonspecialty of the treatment, etc. 4. The next methods for incresing the treatment rate must be improved; such as accurate establishment of process that diagnosis symptoms and treats them, system research of microdiagnosis, positive treatment with medicine and nonmedicine method at the same time, appropriate subdivision and actualization of clinical basic research, research of dose and response, diversity of treatment methods and forms, development of treatment service and prevention based on health level, enormous change as cure medicine and opening-up of new disease field, specialization of medical examination, reinforcement of public medical part and herbal drugs use with same origin, mental and pysical stability of patients, accurate extract and oral drinking ways, etc.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.181-189
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• 1995

Pupose: Radiation therapy(RT) is conventionally standard treatment for locally advanced stage for uterine cervix cancer. Recently to improve treatment results, combined chemotherapy and radiation therapy was tried We retrospectively analysed our experience of 122 patients. Comparision of the results in 45 patients treated with RT alone and 77 patients treated with RT plus chemotherapy was made Materials and Mathods: From January 1985 to December 1991 122 patients with cervix cancer were treated with whole pelvic external RT and ICR(34 1 ICR, 77 2 ICR, 11 high dose rate ICR) in our department. Forty five patients were treated with RT alone, and 77 patients were treated with combined RT plus chemotherapy Mean age was 58 years(range:29-81). Histologic types were 111 squamous cell carcinoma, 5 large cell carcinoma, 3 adenocarcinoma, and 2 adenosquamous cell carcinoma. According to the FIGO stage 6 had stage $IA(4.9\%),$ 11 had $IIA(9.0\%),$ 37 had $IIB(30.3\%),$ 3 had $IIIA(2.5\%),$ 63 had $IIIB(51.6\%).$ and 2 had stage $IV(1.6\%).$ In 77 patients with RT Plus chemotherapy, 36 patients were treated with VBP(vinblastin, bleomycin, cisplatinum) , 39 patients with cisplatinum plus 5-FU and 2 patients with 5-FU. Results: Complete response after external RT (3960cGy-5500cGy) was achieved in 61 patients$(50\%).$ The actuarial 5 year and 9 rear survival rate was $57.8\%\;and\;53.9\%,$ respectively. Five rear actuarial survival rate was $63.1\%$with RT alone(n=45) and $55.9\%$ with RT plus chemotherapy(n=77). The 5 rear survival rate was $35.5\%$ for 1 course of ICR and $67\%$ for 2 courses of ICR. There was statistically significant advantage of survival with RT alone group who were treated with 2 courses of ICR and dose to the A Point)=8000cGy (4/25 died). In RT plus chemotherapy group, dose response was not seen and there was no difference in 5 year survival between 1 course and 2 course of ICR $(50\%\;vs\;56.8\%),$ and dose to point A less than 8000 cGy and more than 8000 $cGy(55.6\%\;vs\;55.7\%).$ There was no significant difference in survival between RT alone and RT plus chemotherapy for patients with tumor size greater than 3cm in size. Five year survival rate for early stage (Stage IB and IIA) with RT alone group and with RT Plus chemotherapy group was $60\%\;and\;77.0\%,$ respectively In advanced stage (stage IIB, IIIA, IIIB, IVA) the 5 year actuarial survival rate were $62.6\%,$ for RT alone group vs $53.6\%$ for RT plus chemotherapy group. Conclusion: Present study demonstrates that there is no survival advantage with adding chemotherapy in advanced stage of uterine cervix cancer. RT alone is considered as treatment of choice for patients with locally advanced cervix cancer. There was increased survival in RT alone group treated with RT dose above 8000 cGy to point A and 2 course of ICR. but 2 course of ICR and RT dose above 8000 cGy to point A did not affect survival advantage in RT plus chemotherapy group.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.22 no.1 s.38
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• pp.34-44
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• 1986

In our previous studies, we had clarified many pharmacological effects of majarine: the bacteriostatic effect in vitro; the potentiation of hypnotic action of alcohol; hypotensive effect in rats and hypothermic effect in mice. This study was undertaken to search for a new antihypertensive drug. Red crystalline was obtained from majarine (which was extracted from Berberis koreana Palibin) by chemical methods. And this crystalline was identified as $C_{19}H＿{16}NO＿4$ contained one hydroxy group instead of methoxy group of majarine in isoquinoline ring and named 'Majarol' (5,6-Dihydro-9-hydroxy, 10-methoxybenzo-[g]-1,3-benzodioxolo [5,6-a] quinolizinium). We examined the effects of majarol on blood pressure and heart rate in urethane ancsthetized rats and the rate and amplitude of contraction of isolated frog heart. Several drugs: atropine sulfate, diphenhydramine chloride, hexamethonium bromide, phentolamine, epinephrine, propranolol and isoproterenol were used to clarify the mechanism of the hypotensive action of majarol. The results of experimints were as follows; 1. In low dose (0.5-2mg/kg, i.v.), majarol showed a typical transient hypotensive effect and slight decrease in heart rate. In high dose (5-10 mg/kg, i.v.), majarol showed a typical transient and a subsequent prolonged hypotensive effect and a significant prolonged decrease in heart rate was followed. 2. The hypotensive effects of majarol was not abolished by the pretreatments with atropine sulfate, hexamethonium bromide and diphenhydramine. The pretreatment with phentolamine inhibited significantly the hypotensive effects of majarol and the pretreatment wtih majarol blocked markedly the hypertensive effect of epinephrine. The positive chronotropic effect of isoproterenol was not blocked by the pretreatment with majarol. 3. In low dose, majarol increased the amplitude and decreased rate of contraction, but in high dose, majarol inhibited the amplitude and rate of contraction of isolated frog heart.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.130-138
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• 2002

Purpose : This study analyzed the prognostic factors affecting the survival rate and evaluated the role of radiation therapy in muscle-invading bladder cancer. Materials and Methods : Twenty eight patients with bladder cancer who completed planned definitive radiotherapy in the Departments of Therapeutic Radiology and Urology, Chonnam National University Hospital between Jan. 1986 to Dec. 1998 were retrospectively analyzed. The reviews were peformed based on the patients' medical records. There were 21 males and 7 females in this study. The median of age was 72 years old ranging from 49 to 84 years. All patients were confirmed as having transitional cell carcinoma with histological grade 1 in one patient, grade 2 in 15, grade 3 in 9, and uninformed in 3. Radiation therapy was peformed using a linear accelerator with 6 or 10 MV X-rays. Radiation was delivered daily with a 1.8 or 2.0 Gy fraction size by 4 ports (anterior-posterior, both lateral, alternatively) or 3 ports (Anterior and both lateral). The median radiation dose delivered to the isocenter of the target volume was 61.24 Gy ranging from 59 to 66.6 Gy. The survival rate was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate analysis was peformed on the prognostic factors affecting the survival rate. Results : The survival rate was $76\%,\;46\%,\;33\%,\;33\%$ at 1, 2, 3, 5 years, respectively, with 19 months of median survival. The potential factors of age (less than 70 years vs above 70), sex, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hydronephrosis, 1-stage (T3a vs T3b), TUR, chemotherapy, total duration of radiotherapy, radiation dose (less than 60 Gy vs above 60 Gy), and the treatment response were investigated with uniand multivariate analysis. Un univariate analysis, the T-stage (p=0.078) and radiation dose (p=0.051) were marginally significant, and the treatment response (p=0.011) was a statistically significant factor on the survival rate. Multivariate analysis showed there were no significant prognostic factors affecting the survival rate. Conclusion : The treatment response and radiation dose are suggested as th은 statistically significant factors affecting the survival rate of muscle invasive bladder cancer. A Further prospective randomized study is needed to confirm these prognostic factors.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.16-30
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• 1992

A field experiment was done to evaluate the growth response, rhizobia nodulation and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAMF) infection of soybean treated with the different concentration of three-herbicides, alachlor, simazine, linuron. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; Emergence rate of soybean was non-significantly decreased by increasing the herbicide concentration. In simazine treatment, low emergence rate showed even in recommended concentration, especially the lowest emergence rate in treble concentration of recommended dose was about 50%. The plant length of soybean lowered by increasing the herbicide concentration, but there were almost no differences in recommended dose. Particularly that in a high concentration of herbicides at three weeks after treatment(WAT) was decreased remarkably. In the plant diameter of soybean shoot, no differences in the recommended concentration of alachlor and linuron at 2 WAT, but those of recommended dose was decreased with the lapse of time, and the lowest treatment was simazine-treated plot. Leaf area and fresh weight of soybean tended to decrease over the control even in recommended concentration and it was decreased with the increment of the herbicide dose. Yield component, fresh weight of rhizobia nodule and chlorophyll content of soybean leaves were reduced with the increment of herbicide dose, espicially remarkable tendency was revealed in simazine-treated plot. Seasonal infection rate of VAM showed a slight decrease by increasing of herbicide dose, and the lowest infection was simazine treatment. Significant correlation was realized among the reduction of rhizobia nodulation, VAM colonization and the agronomic characters of soybean and it was considered that the reduction of rhizobia nodulation and VAM colonization by misapplication of the herbicides might be a causal factor for decrease in soybean yield.