• 공업화학
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• 제10권7호
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• pp.1066-1072
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• 1999

고기능성 건설재료로 활용하기 위하여 불포화폴리에스테르수지를 사용한 폴리머 콘크리트의 물성에 대하여 조사하였다. 탄산칼슘(충전제)의 첨가량(5~20 wt %)과 세골재의 첨가량(10~50 wt %)에 따라 다양한 배합의 공시체를 제작하여 압축 및 휨강도, 흡수시험, 내열수성시험, 내산성시험, 세공분포측정 및 SEM에 의한 미세조직 관찰등을 실시하였다. 그 결과 폴리머 콘크리트의 압축강도와 휨강도는 시멘트 콘크리트보다 4배 정도 향상되었고, 흡수율은 1/100로 감소되었으며, 내산성시험에 의한 중량감소율은 1/27로 현저히 감소되었다. 내열수성시험후에 측정한 폴리머 콘크리트의 압축 및 휨강도는 모두 내열수성시험전에 측정한 강도에 비하여 67%, 47%로 각각 감소되었으며 폴리머결합재의 분해에 의하여 세공량과 세공율은 크게 증가되었다.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.96-103
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the major factors for the removal of NOMs (Natural Organic Matters) by alum ferric chloride and blended coagulants that consisted of alum and ferric chloride. Investigated factors were pH, the dosage of coagulant, alkalinity, hardness and bloc strength. The particle size contained in the test water came from the Han River was also measured. DOC(Dissolved Organic Carbon) removal at pH 6 was two to three times higher than at pH 8.5. The blended coagulant showed 9 to 10 percent higher DOC removal efficiency and 2 to 4 percent higher turbidity under the same condition. Alkalinity consumption of alum, ferric chloride and blended coagulant was 81%, 90% and 86% of theoretical value, respectively. The limit concentration of alkalinity to avoid pin floe was 10 mg $CaCO_3/L$ when alum was used. Hardness had no apparent effect on coagulation. The residual turbidity and $UV_{254}$ showed a tendency of increasing with floc strength($sec^{-1}$) increase. The order of floe strength was the following; alum >blended coagulant > ferric chloride. The particle counter test showed 89 percent of the small particle size(SPS, $1~5{\;}{\mu}textrm{m}$) and 11 percent of the medium to large particle size(M.LPS, $5~125{\;}{\mu}textrm{m}$). At PH7.85, the particle removal efficiencies of SPS($1~5{\;}{\mu}textrm{m}$) and M.LPS($5~125{\;}{\mu}textrm{m}$) in the coagulation process were 81% and 95%, respectively.

• 청정기술
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.195-201
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• 2004

기능성 고분자와 셀룰라아제가 화학적으로 결합된 수식 셀룰라아제를 이용하여 폐신문용지(Old Newsprint, ONP)의 탈묵공정에 적용하였다. 수식 셀룰라아제 중의 셀룰라아제는 섬유의 피브릴화(fibrillation)를 촉진시켜 잉크입자의 박리를 향상시켰으며, 수식 셀룰라아제 중의 수식 고분자가 탈묵공정에서 분리된 잉크입자를 부상제거하는 새로운 탈묵 공정이 완성되었다. 수식 셀룰라아제를 이용한 공정은 극소량의 수식 셀룰라아제의 사용으로 인장강도, 백감도(brightness), 백색도(whiteness)를 포함한 물리적 성질을 기존 탈묵공정에서의 그것보다 향상시켰다. 잉크와 섬유의 결합은 저장 기간이 증가함에 따라 더욱 강해지고, 기존의 방법으로는 잉크입자 제거가 어려운 반면, 수식 셀룰라아제를 이용한 공정은 잉크입자 제거에 매우 탁월한 효과를 나타내었고, 약 1년간의 보존 기간을 가진 폐신문용지의 탈묵 효과를 41% 향상시켰다. 또한 이 공정은 황변현상을 제거했으며, 섬유의 피브릴화를 촉진시켜 재생지의 물리적 성질인 인장강도와 내부결합도를 향상시켰다.

• 한국펄프종이공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국펄프종이공학회 2006년도 PAN PACIFIC CONFERENCE vol.1
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• pp.85-90
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• 2006

Increasing the filler content of sheet improves the optical properties and printability of paper and provides an opportunity for saving production cost through fiber replacement with relatively low-priced filler. But increasing the filler content tends to decrease the strength of paper and filler retention. It also tends to deteriorate drainage on the paper machine. To overcome these problems, preflocculation technology of fillers may be employed. Many research efforts have been made on the properties of preflocculated filler, namely prefloc, whose size and size distribution were influenced by polymer type and shear level. But there is much to be investigated about the effect of the prefloc characteristics on the physical properties of paper. To evaluate the effect cationic polymers on the size and size distribution of preflocculated GCC and their shear stability, cationic PAM and cationic starch were used. The influence of the preflocculation on filler retention and its surface distribution, and the changes of physical and optical properties of handsheets affected by the characteristics of preflocs were examined. Filler distribution on sheet surface was also analyzed by EPMA. Results showed that cationic PAM formed large preflocs at low dosage. Cationic starch was required to add 15 times as much as cationic PAM to obtain the preflocs with similar size. But preflocs formed with cationic starch was superior in shear stability to those formed with cationic PAM. Filler preflocculation technology could provide an opportunity of increasing filler content significantly without loss in tensile strength. And increased filler contents could compensate brightness loss which often accompanies filler preflocculation. When excessively large preflocs were used, however, brightness loss rather than the improvement in tensile strength was predominant. Therefore it is of great importance to produce preflocs with proper size and shear stability for maximizing the improvement of physical properties of papers.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.177-183
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• 2015

본 연구는 구조용 단열콘크리트의 개발을 위한 기초적 연구로서 HMS를 사용한 경량골재콘크리트의 물리, 역학적 특성 및 열전도 특성을 검토한 결과, HMS의 사용으로 인해 슬럼프의 감소가 발생하여 혼화제 사용량의 증가가 필요한 것으로 나타났으며, HMS 치환율의 증가에 따라 압축강도는 HMS의 낮은 계면부착력에 기인하여 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. HMS의 치환에 따라 일반콘크리트 및 경량골재콘크리트 대비 각각 최고 32, 68%의 열전도율 값을 나타내어 열전도율이 크게 개선되는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 물시멘트비의 증가는 압축강도를 감소시켰으나 열전도율은 개선하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.617-631
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• 2022

To study the eccentric compressive performance of the basalt-fiber reinforced recycled aggregate concrete (BFRRAC)-filled circular steel tubular stub column, 8 specimens with different replacement ratios of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA), basalt fiber (BF) dosage, strength grade of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) and eccentricity were tested under eccentric static loading. The failure mode of the specimens was observed, and the relationship curves during the entire loading process were obtained. Further, the load-lateral displacement curve was simulated and verified. The influence of the different parameters on the peak bearing capacity of the specimens was analyzed, and the finite element analysis model was established under eccentric compression. Further, the design-calculation method of the eccentric bearing capacity for the specimens was suggested. It was observed that the strength failure is the ultimate point during the eccentric compression of the BFRRAC-filled circular steel tubular stub column. The shape of the load-lateral deflection curves of all specimens was similar. After the peak load was reached, the lateral deflection in the column was rapidly increased. The peak bearing capacity decreased on enhancing the replacement ratio or eccentric distance, while the core RAC strength exhibited the opposite behavior. The ultimate bearing capacity of the BFRRAC-filled circular steel tubular stub column under eccentric compression calculated based on the limit analysis theory was in good agreement with the experimental values. Further, the finite element model of the eccentric compression of the BFRRAC-filled circular steel tubular stub column could effectively analyze the eccentric mechanical properties.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.100-110
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• 2016

Alkaline Peroxide Mechanical Pulping (APMP) of Pinus densiflora harvested from domestic mountains was explored. APMP contributes to various advantages including pulp quality, elimination of the need for a bleaching process, and energy savings. Sequential treatment of impregnation of bleaching chemicals and refining not only overcome the concern of alkaline darkening of wood chips during chemical impregnation, but it also brightens the chips to the desired brightness levels suitable for writing and printing papers. APMP pulping from Pinus densiflora was greatly influenced by the dosage levels of hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydroxide. Alkaline peroxide treatment was carried out by applying one of three levels of hydrogen peroxide (1.5, 3, and 4.5% based on the oven-dried weight of the wood chips) and one of three levels of sodium hydroxide (1.5, 3, and 4.5% based on the oven-dried weight of the wood chips). Other chemicals including a peroxide stabilizers and metal chelation were constantly added for all treatments. Chemical treatment with a liquor-to-wood ration of 9:1 was carried out in a laboratory digestor. Compared to BTMP, APMP pulping displayed outstanding characteristics including the less requirement of refining energy, the better improvement of tensile strength, the more reduction of shives, and the greater increase of pulp brightness. In particular, when 4.5% of hydrogen peroxide with impregnation during 90 minutes was used, the brightness of APMP reached 64.9% ISO. Even though bulk of APMP was decreased with the increase of sodium hydroxide, a better and improved balance could be achieved between optical and strength properties. The spent liquor obtained from the discharge of the impregnation process at the dosage level of 4.5% hydrogen peroxide exhibited an equal level of residual peroxide with BTMP. In conclusion, APMP pulping showed successful results with Pinus densiflora due to its better response to the development of optical and physical properties compared to TMP pulping.

• 청정기술
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.49-61
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• 1999

펜턴산화는 산화력이 매우 우수한 $OH{\cdot}$을 생성하여, 난분해성 유기폐수의 생분해성을 향상시킬 수 있으므로 다양한 용존 유기오염물질을 함유하고 있는 산업폐수의 처리에 널리 이용되고 있지만, 철염과 과산화수소 등의 약품비용과 Sludge 처분비용 때문에 현재로서는 그리 경제적인 공정이라고 볼 수 없다. 본 연구에서는 펜턴산화의 약품비용을 줄이고, 적은 약품으로 처리효율을 향상시키기 위한 변형 펜턴산화법과 혼합한 슬러지 재이용의 가능성을 제시하고자 하였다. 본 연구는 펜턴산화에서 사용되는 철염용액에 NaOH용액을 첨가하였더니 철염용액의 폭발적인 반응을 보고 이를 펜턴산화에 응용하게 되었다. 본 연구에서 제안하는 변형 펜턴산화 공정이란 펜턴산화에서 사용되는 철염용액에 NaOH를 넣어 적정 pH로 조정하여, 수산화물을 형성시킨 후 처리대상 시료에 주입하여 과산화수소와 반응시켜 $OH{\cdot}$을 형성시키는 방법이다. 이 때 대상시료로서는 대표적인 오염물질인 페놀을 사용하였고 자연수의 이온강도와 유사한 수준으로 맞추기 위하여 $NaHCO_3$를 적량 첨가하여 페놀 인공폐수를 조제하였다. 이를 이용하여, DO의 영향, 이온강도의 영향, 과산화수소 주입횟수에 따른 영향을 알아보았다. 또한, 침출수와 염색폐수에 적용시켜 본 결과 기존의 펜턴산화보다 더 나은 처리효율을 얻을 수 있었으며, 변형 펜턴산화법과 슬러지 반송을 조합하여 실험한 결과 철염을 50%만 주입하여도 기존의 펜턴산화와 유사한 수준의 처리효율을 얻을 수 있었다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.280-285
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• 1996

The sustained release dosage form which delivers melatonin (MT) in a circadian fashion over 8 h is of clinical value for those who have disordered circadian rhythms because of its short halflife. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the gelling properties and release characteristics of alginate beads varying multivalent cationic species $(Al^{+++}, \; Ba^{++}, \; Ca^{++}, \; Mg^{++}, \; Fe^{+++}, \; Zn^{++})$. The surface morphologies of Ca- and Ba-alginate beads were also studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM). MT, an indole amide pineal hormone was used as a model drug. The $Ca^{++}, \; Ba^{++}, \; Zn^{++}, \; Al^{++}\; and\; Fe^{+++}\; ions\; except\; Mg^{++}$ induced gelling of sodium alginate. The strength of multivalent cationic alginate beads was as follows: $Al^{+++}\llFe^{+++} the induced hydrogel beads were very fragile and less spherical. Fe-alginate beads were also fragile but stronger compared to Al-alginate beads. Ba-alginate beads had a similar gelling strength but was less spherical when compared to Ca-alginate beads. Zn-alginate beads were weaker than Ca- and Ba-alginate beads. Very crude and rough crystals of Ba- and Ca-alginate beads at higher magnifications were observed. However, the type and shape of rough crystals of Ba- and Ca-alginate beads were quite different. No significant differences in release profiles from MT-loaded multivalent cationic alginate beads were observed in the gastric fluid. Most drugs were continuously released upto 80% for 5 h, mainly governed by the passive diffusion without swelling and disintegrating the alginate beads. In the intestinal fluid, there was a significant difference iq the release profiles of MT-loaded multivalent cationic alginate beads. The release rate of Ca-alginate beads was faster when compared to other multivalent cationic alginate beads and was completed for 3 h. Ba-alginate beads had a very long lag time (7 h) and then rapidly released thereafter. MT was continuously released from Feand Zn-alginate beads with initial burstout release. It is assumed that the different release rofiles of multivalent cationic alginate beads resulted from forces of swelling and disintegration of alginate beads in addition to passive diffusion, depending on types of multivalent ions, gelling strength and drug solubility. It was estimated that 0.2M $CaCl_2$ concentration was optimal in terms of trapping efficiency of MT and gelling strength of Ca-alginate beads. In the gastric fluid, Ca-alginate beads gelled at 0.2 M $CaCl_2$ concentration had higher bead strength, resulting in the most retarded release when compared to other concentrations. In the intestinal fluid, the decreased release of Ca-alginate beads prepared at 0.2 M $CaCl_2$ concentration was also observed. However, release profiles of Ca-alginate beads were quite similar regardless of $CaCl_2$ concentration. Either too low or high $CaCl_2$ concentrations may not be useful for gelling and curing of alginate beads. Optimal $CaCl_2$ concentrations must be decided in terms of trapping efficiency and release and profiles of drug followed by curing time and gelling strength of alginate beads.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.363-368
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• 2000

불화나트륨의 전신적인 투여가 백서골의 기계적, 조직학적인 특성에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 0, 1, 5 및 50ppm의 불소를 6주간 투여한 다음 백서 대퇴골을 채취하여 대퇴골 전체의 압축 강도, 대퇴골 경부의 전단 강도를 만능압축시험기로 측정하고 대퇴골 횡단면 조직 슬라이드를 제작하여 피질골 및 골수강의 두께와 면적을 광학현미경과 image analyzer 등으로 측정한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 실험 6주간 불소 투여에 의한 백서 체중에 있어서 각 군간에 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 2. 6주간의 불소 투여시 대퇴골 전체의 압축강도는 대조군에 비해 1 및 5ppm 투여군에서 증가하다가 50ppm 투여군에서는 오히려 현저하게 감소하였다. 3. 대퇴골 경부의 전단 강도역시 대조군에 비해 1 및 5ppm군에서는 증가되다가 50ppm군에서는 감소되었으나 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 4. 피질골의 두께와 면적 역시 대조군에 비해 5ppm 투여군까지는 증가하다가 50ppm 투여군에서는 현저히 감소되었다. 5. 골수강의 두께와 면적은 대조군에 비해 불소투여군 모두에서 통계적으로 유의하게 증가되었다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 볼 때 상수도수불소화에 사용되는 1ppm의 불소 농도에서는 백서 대퇴골의 기계적인 압축강도가 증진되고 조직형태학적으로도 피질골의 두께가 증가됨으로 인하여 동일한 하중에서도 골의 파절에 대한 저항 능력을 향상시킬 수 있음을 확인하였다.