• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.15-36
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for the establishment of the management plan of Seoullo 7017 after analyzing the characteristics of immigration plants in addition to those introduced plants. The taxa number of plants appeared as 276 taxa including 82 families, 161 genera, 246 species, 1 subspecies, 22 varieties and 7 forms. Among them, immigration plants appeared 79 classification groups, including 32 families, 65 genera, 77 species and 2 varieties. Invasive alien plants appeared as 22 classification groups in 79 classification groups of immigration plants. The ratio of America origin plants, second period(1932~1960) in introduction time and the wide diffusion species is high. In June, the growth and occurrence time of the immigration plants was the highest by monthly the characteristics of the growth of the immigration plants, the immigration plants appeared mostly. In case of dormancy form among life-form, the therophytes(th), in the propagation form-radicoid form, the R₅(monophyte), in the propagation form-disseminule form, the gravity D₄(having no special modification for dissemination), and in the growth form, the erect form(e) was high. The various immigration plants appeared in green areas covered by Zoysia japonica and low Hedera helix densities. This study is the first flora study since Seoullo 7017 was opened in 2017. And so continuous flora monitoring is required for Seoullo 7017.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.1309-1324
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• 2009

This study was survey a flora and life form spectrum of 11 uninhabited islets, in jeju-do. The vascular plants of each uninhabited islets were summarized as Beomseom 159 taxa, Chagwi-do 136 taxa, Daryeo-do 81 taxa, Hyeongje-do 61 taxa, Jigwi-do 39 taxa, Munseom 147 taxa, Ran-do 58 taxa, Saeseom 65 taxa, Seogeondo 60 taxa, Seopseom 183 taxa and Wa-do 46 taxa. Floristic richness was in order analyzed to be Seogeon-do 28.62, Ran-do 19.24, Daryeo-do 18.53, Wa-do 16.42, Munseom 16.14, Hyeongje-do 14.76, Seopseom 13.32, Beomseom 13.24, Chagwi-do 6.15, Saeseom 5.86 and Jigwi-do 2.51. Life form spectrum was surveyed to H-$D_5$-$R_4$-e; hemieryptophyte(H) 26.8%, not production seeds($D_5$) 54.4%, clonal growth by stolons and struck roots($R_4$) 46.9% and erect form(e) 30.3%. According to the life form spectrum hemieryptophyte dominated high portions, which suggests islet in jeju-do has hemieryptophytic climate and similar to middle parts in Korean Peninsular. However, were noticed by that it has more therophytes. As a result, Partially shows the characteristics change from the temperate climate to the warm temperate climate or a semitropical climate by a climatic change.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.529-543
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• 2013

In this study, Pteridophytes flora of Jirisan National Park were recorded 135 taxa, and they belong to 21 families, 39 genera, 123 species, 11 varieties and 1 forma. In the field, 38 taxa were not found on literature exists and 22 taxa were newly confirmed. The results obtained from this study were as follows: Deciduous (d), Evergreen (e) and Summer-deciduous (sd) were calculated as 50.0%, 46.3%, 2.2%, respectively and the Deciduous (d) has the highest value compared to the other leaf phenologies. It observed from the life-form spectra that Hemicryptophytes (H) was the most common dormancy form at 44.8%. Geophytes (G), Epiphytes (E), Hydatophytes (HH), Therophytes (Th) and Chamaephytes (Ch) were calculated at 26.1%, 10.5%, 4.5%, 0.8% and 13.4%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.57-69
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• 2011

The present paper deals with a research of life form and vegetation of the plants extant in the habitat of endangered Parnassius bremeri in Uiseong, Gyeongsangbuk-do with a view to restore their habitat and create substitute habitats. The research found that there are a total of 130 vascular plants including 47 families, 96 genera, 113 species, 1 subspecies and 16 varieties. In terms of their life form, hemicryptophytes (H) is the majority of dormancy form with 41 species or 31.54%, while $R_5$ is majority of radicoid form with 72 species or 55.38%, gravitational disseminule form ($D_4$) is majority among the disseminule forms with 68 species or 52.31% and erect type (e) is majority of growth form with 57 species or 43.85%. Major constituents of the habitat are Sedum kamtschaticum, Selaginella tamariscina, Orostachys japonica, Arundinella hirta, Cymbopogon tortilis var. goeringii, Themeda triandra var. japonica, Carex humilis, Indigofera kirilowii, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii, Festuca ovina, Artemisia capillaris, etc., all of species which are in the initial stage of succession and show simultaneously features characteristic of vegetation on the rock. In the habitat 1. Sedum kamtschaticum- Selaginella tamariscina community and Pinus densiflora community are distributed whereas, in the habitat 2. Sedum kamtschaticum-Selaginella tamariscina community, Sedum kamtschaticum-Carex humilis community, Sedum kamtschaticum-Cymbopogon tortilis var. goeringii community and Sedum kamtschaticum-Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii community are growing and in the habitat 3. Sedum kamtschaticum-Selaginella tamariscina community, Selaginella tamariscina community, Sedum kamtschaticum-Indigofera kirilowii community and Quercus acutissima community are seen distributed there, too. Typical of food plants growing in the habitat is Sedum kamtschaticum, found mostly in the rocky area and its surroundings. Absorption plants are those that usually bloom in the season when imagoes emerge. From the research, it becomes evident that the blooming season of Sedum kamtschaticum, obviously a food plant, corresponds exactly to the emergence timing of imagoes. Cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense, Rosa multiflora, Erigeron annuus, Spiraea prunifolia var. simpliciflora are found to belong to these plants.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.223-230
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• 2009

For pulse trigger way and the energy injection rate according to PET ($Pause^{10-90}$ $Energy^{20-40}$ $Trigger^{1-7}$) function, indeed, human body condition, period of dormancy in this research about this back correctly adjustment possible and designed harmless micro carrying along style hair exclusion so that can design and manufacture and run special quality examination and Xenon flash lamp to crawl in human body. Because creating individual's skin model to do stable treatment by light transmission way by skin impedance and measure, must embody treatment special quality of most suitable that draw skin color, energy, wave length, approximately, transmission time, pulse delay etc. and want. Specially, saved standard of war treatment pulse modeling by skin impedance, and manufacture pulse modeling system of most suitable by skin subordinate, and embody suitable treatment pulse. Specially, embody as could do root of a hair exclusion being emitted in pulse form using multi wave length of 560nm, 590nm, 640nm, 755nm and embodied clinical data. If become research repletion furthermore little more, is seen that can approximate in commercialization.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.640-648
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• 2006

The distribution and status of naturalized plants in Jeju Island were investigated in this study. As results, the naturalized plants in Jeju Island were total of 254 taxa including 47 families, 161 genera, 248 species and 6 varieties. By the growth habits, annuals held the most percentage including 107 taxa (42.13%). Seventy nine taxa (31.1%) were appeared to have erect type in growth forms and 203 taxa (79.9%) are non-clonal growth form in disseminule forms by radicoid. The most of dormancy form in life form were therophytes as 150 taxa (59%), and following as 53 taxa (20.9%) for hemicryptophytes, and 26 taxa(10.2%) for geophytes. Among the naturalized plants, 115 taxa (36.7%) were originated from Europe, 69 taxa (22%) from Asia and 59 taxa (18.8%) from North America. Twenty eight percent of them were introduced as feeds or mixed seeds of imported cereals.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 2011

Reduced plants of Spirodela polyrhiza consisting only of fronds, stalks and roots form turions during dormancy. In development, mature fronds produce offspring fronds by vegetative reproduction, and turions arise laterally from the mother frond before dormancy. The turion primordium is derived from the frond, while the frond primordium forms within the turion tissue. In the present study, cellular features, especially those of the plastids, of the above four tissue types have been examined and compared using electron microscopy. Proplastids, found to be numerous in the frond and turion primordia, differentiated into chloroplasts rapidly upon growth. The proplastids were small and the thylakoidal membrane system was rudimentary, howerver the chloroplasts exhibited variation by cell type. Chloroplasts were found within cells of the frond, stalk and root tissue. The thylakoidal membrane system, which formed grana stacks, was moderately developed within frond chloroplasts, while only a few were present in those of the stalk and root cortical cells. One to two starch grains were accumulated within frond chloroplasts, but little to none were found in stalk and root cortical chloroplasts. Contrary to other types of root chloroplasts, those found in the root cap cells developed chloroplasts similar to the frond type. Unlike proplastids of the turion primordia, numerous large amyloplasts occupied most of the turion cell volume. Moreover, the turion cell produced quite large starch grain (s) within the amyloplasts. Accumulation of the starch grains continued until they occupied the most of the stroma and in some cases, individual starch grains reached up to $9.0{\mu}m$ in length. None to little, if any, thylakoidal or internal membranous systems were seldom detected in these amyloplasts. Although the degree of cellular and tissue differentiation was rather minimal within their reduced body, the functional differentiation of Spirodela polyrhiza was very efficient, as is the case in other advanced species.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.74-83
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was investigate to the influence of forest roads characteristics and environment factors on the soil erosion, stability and vegetation survival of cut slope in forest roads. The results obtained could be summarized as follows; 1. The correlated factors between slope erosion and variables in cut slope were altitude, convex, degree of slope, length of slope and soil depth. In the stepwise regression analysis, length of slope and soil hardness was a high significant and its regression equation was given by -89.6136 + 15.0667X14 + 16.6713X15($R^2$ = 0.6712). 2. The main factors influencing the stability of cut slope were significant in order of coverage, middle, convex, length of slope and north, and its discriminant equation was given by -1.019 + 0.064X22 - 0.808X8 - 0.622X24 + 0.742X11 - 0.172X14 - 0.545X6 ($R^2$ = 0.793). 3. The centroids value of discriminant function in the stability and unstability estimated to 1.244 and -1.348, respectively. The boundary value between two groups related to slope stability was -0.1038. The prediction rate of discriminant function for stability evaluation of was as high as 91.3%. 4. The dominant species of invasion vegetation on the cut slope consist with Carex humilis, Agropyron tsukushiense var. transiens, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens, and Ixeris dentata in survey area. The rate of vegetation invasion more increased by time passed. 5. The life form of invasion vegetation in cut slop showed to $H-D_1-R_{2,3}-e$ type of the hemicryptophyte of dormancy form, dissem inated widely by wind and water of dissminule type, moderate extent and narrowest extent of radicoid type, erect form of growth form. 6. The correlated factors between forest enviroment and coverage appeared north, passage years and middle position of slope at 5% level. The forest environment factors influencing the invasion plants in survey area were shown in order to altitude, passage years, rock(none), forest type(mixed) and stone amount. The regression equation was given by 17.5228 - 0.0911X3 + 3.6189X28 15.8493X22 19.8544X25 + 0.3558X26 ($R^2$ = 0.4026).

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.63-72
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to identify the life form characteristics, naturalized degree and introduction period of naturalized plants on upland fields in South Korea. The survey sites were selected in 222 upland fields over 9 provinces where are relatively dry soil conditions and are disturbed continuously by farming practices. It seemed that these uplands maintain good condition for the invasion and settlement of alien plants. Field surveys were carried out twice from May to June and from August to September in 2013. The vascular plants of the upland fields were listed into 539 taxa which contain 103 families, 320 genera, 448 species, 2 subspecies, 74 varieties and 15 forms. Ninety nine taxa were naturalized plants composed of 23 families, 64 genera, 91 species and 8 varieties. The urbanization index and naturalized index is 30.65% and 18.37%, respectively. Among total 99 naturalized plants, Compositae (30 taxa) was the most dominant family, and followed by Gramineae (14 taxa). On the basis of dormancy form, 78 taxa were belong to Th (Therophyte). In radicoid form, $R_5$ plants (86 taxa) and $R_3$ plants (14 taxa) were dominantly distributed. In disseminule form, $D_4$ including 63 taxa and $D_2$ containing 26 taxa were dominant. On the basis of growth form, erect form (e) containing 26 taxa was dominant. In conclusion, life form spectrum was $Th-R_5-D_4-e$ type. According to life form analysis, naturalized degree and introduction period, alien plants with unique characteristics may have high ability to settle and spread nationwide after inflow into South Korea. It needs further to observe some plant species with or without ecological features such as widely disseminated seeds by wind or water, high seed productivity, long life-span seeds, high germination rate of seeds, or non-dormant germinable seed.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.424-436
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• 2007

In this paper, it was discussed situations and necessities of conservation management strategy for the woody plants resources in Jeju Island. Out of 320 taxa of the woody plants distributed in Jeju, there were 62 families, 136 genus, 279 species, 28 varieties and 13 forma. Conifers, gymnosperms, were 3 families, 5 genus and 7 species as holding 2.2% of total woody plants. Broad leaves, angiosperms, were 59 families, 131 genus, 272 species, 28 varieties and 13 forma that were 313 taxa. Evergreens were 84 taxa consisting of 31 families, 45 genus, 72 species, 7 varieties and 5 forma that make up 26.8% out of total angiosperms. Deciduous were 229 taxa(73.2%) consisting of 42 families, 93 genus, 200 species, 21 varieties and 8 forma that were 122 trees(38.1%), 177 shrubs(55.1%) and 21 vine plants(6.8%). Life form spectra by dormancy, disseminule, radicoid and growth form were analysed. Thirty eight taxa including 17 families, 21 genus, 14 species and 16 varieties out of 320 taxa growing Jeju were endemic to Korea and 22 taxa of them were endemic to Jeju. The specific plant species among the woody plants in Jeju were 10 taxa in V grade, 24 taxa in IV grade and 53 taxa in III grade. These are correspondence to those of nations as 12% of V grade, 7.6% of IV grade and 17.2% of III grade.