• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.171-177
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• 2004

The regional distributions and frequencies of argentaffin endocrine cells in gastrointestinal (GI) tract of osteoporotic Sprague-Dawley rat induced by ovariectomy were studied by Masson-Hamperl silver stain. The experimental animals were divided into two groups, one is non-ovariectomized group (Sham) and the other is ovariectomized group (OVX). Samples were collected from each part of GI tract (fundus, pylorus, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon and rectum) at 10th week after ovariectomy or sham operation. Argentaffin cells were detected throughout the entire GI tract with various frequencies regardless of ovariectomy except for the rectum of OVX in which no cells were detected. Most of these argentaffin cells in the mucosa of GI tract were generally spherical or spindle in shape (open type cell) while cells showing round in shape (close type cell) were rarely found in gland regions. Significant decrease of argentaffin cells was detected in OVX compared to that of Sham except for the fundus and jejunum. However, in the fundus and jejunum, argentaffin cells in OVX showed similar frequency compared to that of Sham. In conclusion, the endocrine cells are the anatomical units responsible for the production of gut hormones that regulate gut motility and digestion including absorption, and a change in their density would reflect the change in the capacity of producing these hormones and regulating gut motility and digestion. Ovariectomy induced severe quantitative changes of GI argentaffin endocrine cell density, and the abnormality in density of GI endocrine cells may contribute to the development of gastrointestinal symptoms in osteoporosis such as impairments of calcium and some lipids, frequently encountered in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 2000

The regional distribution and relative frequencies of endocrine cells were studied immunohistochemically (PAP methods) in the alimentary tract and pancreas of the toad, Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor using specific antisera against bovine Sp-1/chromogranin (BCG), serotonin, bombesin, gastrin, substance P (SP), somatostatin, insulin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and secretin. Nine kinds of endocrine cells were identified in this study. Spherical or spindleshaped immunoreactive (IR) cells were located in the gastric glands of stomach regions, in the basal portion of the epithelium of intestinal tract or esophagus, and in the exocrine or pancreatic islets with variable frequencies. In the alimentary tract, BCG-IR cells were found in the fundus and pylorus with rare and a few frequencies, respectively. Serotonin-IR cells were demonstrated in the whole alimentary tract including the esophagus. Bombesin- and SP-IR cells were restricted to the stomach regions and gastrin-IR cells were restricted to the pylorus. Somatostatin-IR cells were detected throughout the whole alimentary tract except for the large intestine, However, insulin-, glucagon-, PP-, VIP- and secretin-IR cells were not detected in the alimentary tract. In the pancreas of toad, the distribution and relative frequency of endocrine cells were similar to those of other mammals. Insulin-IR cells were located in the central portion of the pancreatic islets and interspaces of exocrine portions, and glucagon-, somatostatin- and PP-IR cells were detected in the marginal regions of the pancreatic islets and interspaces of exocrine. However, other IR cells were not found in the pancreas. In conclusion, the regional distribution and relative frequency of the endocrine cells in the alimentary tract and pancreas of the toad were similar to other anuran species but some differences which might be caused by feeding habits and species specification were also observed.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.153-165
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• 2000

To identify, the effects of acua-acupuncture of Bletillae rhizoma extract on the duodenal ulcer induced by HCl-aspirin in rats, the changes of histological profiles, number of mucous-producing goblet cells (PAS-positive cells), and morphology and/or number of chole-cystokinin (CCK)-8 and serotonin-immunoreactive (IR) cells in the gastrointestinal tract were observed after acua-acupuncture of Bletillae rhizoma extract on Ganshu locus ($BL_{14}$). Samples were collected at 1, 3 and 5 days after treatment. Histologically, very severe injury, atrophy of villus, necrosis of epithelial cell and hemorrhage, to the duodenal mucosa including epithelium were observed in HCl-aspirin administrated control groups, and these injuries were increased with time intervals. But in acua-acupuncture groups and nontreated normal groups, no gross lesion of ulcer was demonstrated and histologically minor injury to the apex of villas epithelium was observed. Compared to the PAS-positive cells of the control groups, those of the acua-acupuncture groups were increased. Severe degranulation of CCK-8- and serotonin-IR cells were observed in the control groups but these phenomena seldom occur in the acua-acupuncture groups. Serotonin-IR cells were significantly decreased in control groups but increased in the acua-acupuncture groups compared to control groups. However, these degranulation of IR cells of the aqua-acupuncture groups were less severe than those of normal groups, and number of serotonin-IR cells were lower than those of normal groups but these phenomena were decreased with time intervals and in 5 days after treatment, they were observed like those of normal groups. These result indicated that acua-acupuncture of Bletillae rhizoma extract would be accelerated the healing of the duodenal ulcer but the functional mechanisms were unknown.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.311-317
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• 2004

A bioequivalence study of $Gomcillin^{TM}$ capsules (DAEWOONG Pharmaceutical Co., Korea) to $Famoxin^{TM}$ capsules (Dong Wha Pharm. Ind. Co., Korea) was conducted according to the guideline of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Twenty four healthy male Korean volunteers received each medicine at the amoxicillin dose of 500 mg in a $2{\times}2$ crossover study. There was a one-week wash out period between the doses. Plasma concentrations of amoxicillin were monitored by a high-performance liquid chromatography for over a period of 8 hours after the administration. $AUC_t$ (the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 8 hr) was calculated by the linear trapezoidal rule method. $C_{max}$ (maximum plasma drug concentration) and $T_{max}$ (time to reach $C_{max}$) were compiled from the plasma concentration-time data. Analysis of variance was carried out using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$. No significant sequence effect was found for all of the bioavailability parameters indicating that the crossover design was properly performed. The 90% confidence intervals of the $AUC_t$ ratio and the $C_{max}$ ratio for $Gomcillin^{TM}/Famoxin^{TM}$ were $log0.91\;{\sim}\;log1.03$ and $;log0.93\;{\sim}\;log1.10$, respectively. These values were within the acceptable bioequivalence intervals of $log0.80\;{\sim}\;log1.25$. Thus, our study demonstrated the bioequivalence of $Gomcillin^{TM}$ and $Famoxin^{TM}$ with respect to the rate and extent of absorption.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.477-484
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• 2001

The regional distribution and relative frequency of neurohormonal peptides-producing cells were demonstrated in the gut of the stomachless teleost, the Prussian carp, Carassius auratus Linnaeus, using 10 types of specific antisera raised against mammalian regulatory peptides. The gut of the Prussian carp was divided into five portions from proximal to distal (Segments I~V). Most of immunoreactive cells in the epithelial lining portion, between epithelial cells, were generally spherical or spindle shape having long cytoplasmic process that reached to the lumen (open typed cell) while cells showing round in shape (close typed cell) were found in the basal portions of epithelial lining occasionally. Somatostatin-, cholecystokinin (CCK)-8- and pancreatic polypeptide (PP)- immunoreactive cells were observed in this study. However, no serotonin-, glucagon-, chromogranin A-, secretin-, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-, substance P- and bombesin-immunoreactive cells were found. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were restricted to most proximal segments of the gut (Segment I) with rare frequency and CCK-8-immunoreactive cells were demonstrated in the proximal segments of the gut (Segments I and II) with a few to rare frequencies. In addition, pancreatic polypeptide-immunoreactive cells were demonstrated in the proximal to middle segments (Segments I~III) with moderated to rare frequencies. In conclusion, the distribution and relative frequency of these immunoreactive cells are well corresponded to the previous reports in stomachless teleost but somewhat peculiar patterns are also detected.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.339-347
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• 2003

The regional distribution and relative frequency of some endocrine cells in the pancreas of the Korean aucha perch, Coreoperca herzi Herzenstein belonging to the family Serranidae in order Perciformis, were observed using specific mammalian antisera against serotonin, insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and human pancreatic polypeptide (hPP) by peroxidase antiperoxidase (PAP) method. The pancreas was divided into four portions (principal and secondary islets, exocrine and pancreatic duct regions). In addition, the pancreatic islet regions were further subdivided into three regions (central, mantle and peripheral regions). Spherical to spindle or occasionally round to oval immunoreactive (IR) cells were demonstrated in the pancreatic islets and exoccrine portions, but no cells were detected in the pancreatic duct portions. In the principal islets, serotonin-IR cells were not detected but most of insulin-IR cells were located in the central regions and they were also demonstrated in the mantle and peripheral regions in moderate and rare frequencies, respectively. Glucagon- and hPP-IR cells were mainly situated in the mantle regions but the cells were also demonstrated in the peripheral regions in relatively lower frequency. Somatostatin-IR cells were evenly distributed in the central and mantle regions in a few frequency and cells were also demonstrated in the peripheral regions in rare frequency. Cell clusters were consisted of hPP-IR cells that were situated in the peripheral to mantle regions. In the secondary islet portions, serotonin-IR cells were randomly distributed throughout the whole pancreatic islet regions but lower frequency was detected in the peripheral regions compared to that in central and mantle regions where cells were detected in a few frequency, respectively. Insulin-IR cells were restricted to the central regions in numerous frequency and glucagon-IR cells were evenly distributed in the mantle and peripheral regions in moderate frequencies, respectively. Somatostatin-IR cells were observed in the central and mantle regions in moderate and a few frequencies, respectively. In addition, hPP-IR cells showed similar distributional patterns to those of glucagon-IR cells except cells were also located in the central regions in rare frequency. In the exocrine portions, only glucagon- and hPP-IR cells were demonstrated in rare and a few frequencies, respectively. In conclusion, the regional distribution and relative frequency of pancreatic endocrine cells of the Korean aucha perch showed general patterns, which were observed in other teleost. However, some species-dependent different distributional patterns and/or relative frequencies were also demonstrated especially to serotonin-IR cells. In pancreas of the Korean aucha perch, insulin-IR cells were the most predominant cell type followed by glucagon-, somatostatin-, hPP- and serotonin-IR cells.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.215-221
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• 2003

A bioequivalence study of $Ambrect^{TM}$ tablets (Dong Wha Pharm. Ind. Co., Ltd.) to $Mucopect^{TM}$ tablets (Boehringer Ingelheim Korea, Ltd.) was conducted according to the guideline of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Twenty four healthy male Korea volunteers received each medicine at the ambroxol hydrochloride dose of 30 mg in a $2{\times}2$ crossover study. There was a one-week wash out period between the doses. Plasma concentrations of ambroxol were monitored by a high-performance liquid chromatography for over a period of 24 hours after the administration. $AUC_t$ (the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 24 hr) was calulated by the linear trapezoidal rule method. $C_{max}$ (maximum plasma drug concentration) and $T_{max}\;(time\;to\;reach\;C_{max})$ were compiled from the plasma concentration-time data. Analysis of variance was carried out using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$. No significant sequence effect was found for all of the bioavailability parameters indicating that the crossover design was properly performed. The 90% confidence intervals of the $AUC_t$ ratio and the $C_{max}$ ratio for $Ambrect^{TM}/Mucopect^{TM}$ were 0.89-1.01 and 0.89-1.02, respectively. These values were within the acceptable bioequivalence intervals of 0.80-1.25. Thus, our study demonstrated the bioequivalence of $Ambrect^{TM}\;and\;Mucopect^{TM}$ with respect to the rate and extent of absorption.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.396-400
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• 2005

A 13-year old, female Maltese dog was presented due to a five-month history of episodic syncope. A diagnosis of sick sinus syndrome (SSS) with mitral valve endocardiosis (MVE) was made based on history takings, physical and cardiac examination, complete blood count (CBC), serum chemistry profiles, radiography, electrocardiography (ECG), atropine response test, hormonal assay, and echocardiography. In this case, SSS was definitely diagnosed by evaluation of ECG recording following atropine administration. Clinical signs were improved with medical management of theophylline (THEOLAN, KunWha Pharm, Seoul, Korea, 20 mg/kg, PO, BID). After 10 more month survival, the dog, died of respiratory distress and shock during the operation of abdominal mass removal in local animal hospital. Unfortunately, we were not able to perform necropsy after death due to owner's decline. This case demonstrates that theophylline can be used in management oF dog with SSS.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.247-256
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• 2000

The regional distributions and relative frequencies of endocrine cells were studied histochemically (Grimelius and Masson-Hamperl (M-H) silver methods) in the alimentary tract of the red-eared slider, Trachemys scripta elegans. Samples were taken from the esophagus, fundus, pylorus, duodenum, jejunum, ileum and large intestine. Argyrophil (Grimelius-positive) cells and argentaffin (M-H-positive) cells were found in the whole alimentary tract in this study. Spherical to spindle and/or oval to round-shaped argyrophil or argentaffin cells were located in the gastric glands of the stomach regions, in the basal portion of the epithelium of intestinal tract or the esophagus with variable frequencies. Argentaffin cells were more numerously detected in the whole alimentary tract compared with those of argyrophil cells in this study. Argyrophil cells were observed in the whole alimentary tract including the esophagus and the most predominant region was the rectum with moderate frequency. The relative frequency of these cells was rare in the esophagus, fundus, duodenum, jejunum and ileum, respectively and a few frequency in the pylorus. Argentaffin cells were also observed in the whole alimentary tract including the esophagus and the most numerously demonstrated region was the rectum with numerous frequency. They were observed with a few frequencies in the remaining regions of the alimentary tract except for the rectum, respectively. However, to know the exact type of the argyrophil cells and argentaffin cells that were observed in this study, more developmental methods such as immunohistochemistry were needed.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2002

The regional distribution and relative frequency of the pancreatic endocrine cells in the ICR mouse were studied by immunohistochemical (PAP) method using four types of specific antisera against insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and human pancreatic polypeptide (PP). The pancreas of mice could be divided into three portions; pancreatic islets, exocrine and pancreatic ducts. Pancreatic islets, furthermore, were subdivided into three regions (central, mantle and peripheral region) according to their located types of immunoreactive cells. In the pancreatic islet portions, insulin-immunoreactive cells were located in the central and mantle regions but most of somatostatin-, glucagon- and PP-immunoreactive cells were detected in the mantle and peripheral regions with various frequencies. In addition, PP-immunoreactive cells were also found in the central regions of pancreatic islets of ICR mouse. In the exocrine portions, all four types of immunoreactive cells were demonstrated in the ICR mouse. In the pancreatic duct portions, insulin- and glucagon-immunoreactive cells were situated in the epithelial lining of ICR mouse with a few and rare frequencies, respectively. In addition, rare PP-immunoreactive cells were also demonstrated in the subepithelial regions of the pancreatic duct. However, no somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were demonstrated.