• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.599-614
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• 2022

In this study, the reliability analysis of internal and external stabilities of Reinforced Soil Walls (RSWs) under static and seismic loads are investigated so that it can help the geotechnical engineers to perform the design more realistically. The effect of various variables such as angle of internal soil friction, soil specific gravity, tensile strength of the reinforcements, base friction, surcharge load and finally horizontal earthquake acceleration are examined assuming the variables uncertainties. Also, the correlation coefficient impact between variables, sensitivity analysis, mean change, coefficient of variation and type of probability distribution function were evaluated. In this research, external stability (sliding, overturning and bearing capacity) and internal stability (tensile rupture and pull out) in both static and seismic conditions were investigated. Results of this study indicated sliding as the predominant failure mode in the external stability and reinforcing rupture in the internal stability. First-Order Reliability Method (FORM) are applied to estimate the reliability index (or failure probability) and results are validated using the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method. The results showed among all variables, the internal friction angle and horizontal earthquake acceleration have dominant impact on the both reinforced soil wall internal and external stabilities limit states. Also, the type of probability distribution function affects the reliability index significantly and coefficient of variation of internal friction angle has the greatest influence in the static and seismic limits states compared to the other variables.

• Journal of Daesoon Thought and the Religions of East Asia
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.57-83
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• 2022

Numbers structure reality and define the way people live. Both in Daoism and in Daesoon Jinrihoe they signify key concepts, notably the cardinal numbers from one through nine that classify different dimensions of the cosmos. Beyond these, the number twenty-four plays an important role. In a temporal mode, it marks the divisions or seasonal periods of the year. Consisting of fifteen days each, these periods signal (and are named after) changes in dominant weather patterns and the position of the sun. Generally activated in the body through particular seasonal activities and dietary prescriptions, in Daoism they are also the root of a series of healing exercises and certain refinement practices of internal alchemy. In Daesoon Jinrihoe, moreover, they are activated by chanting a specific incantation that invokes the twenty-four divine rulers of the divisions, originally a group of Tang Dynasty officials that in nature and function resemble the spirit generals of the early Celestial Masters. Beyond this, the number twenty-four also applies to space. Not unlike the twenty-eight lunar stations or mansions, traditional cosmology acknowledges twenty-four directions, made up of six constellations each in the four cardinal directions, complete with starry deities and divine generals. Their powers are activated with the help of written characters rather than vocal incantations, using techniques common both in Daoism and Daesoon Jinrihoe.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.78.2-78.2
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• 2021

We present high resolution spectroscopic observations of transverse magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves in mottles located near the solar disk center. Different from previous studies that used transversal displacements of the mottles in the imaging data, we investigated the line-of-sight (LOS) velocity oscillations of the mottles in the spectral data. The observations were carried out by using the Fast Imaging Solar Spectrograph of the 1.6 meter Goode Solar Telescope of Big Bear Solar Observatory. Utilizing the spectral data of the Hα and Ca II 8542 Å lines, we measure the LOS velocity of a quiet region including the mottles and rosettes that correspond to the footpoints of the mottles. Our major findings are as follows: (1) Alfvénic waves are pervasive in the mottles. (2) The dominant period of the waves is 2 to 4 minutes. (3) From the time-distance maps of the three-minute filtered LOS velocity constructed along the mottles, it is revealed that the transverse waves in the mottles are closely related to the longitudinal waves in the rosettes. Our findings support the notion that Alfvénic waves can be generated by mode conversion of the slow magnetoacoustic waves as was shown in sunspot regions by Chae et al. (2021).

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 2024

The ductility of the system based on the capacity of each structural member constituting the seismic force-resisting system is a significant factor determining the structure's seismic performance. This study aims to provide a procedure to supplement the current seismic design criteria to secure the system's ductility and improve the seismic performance of the steel ordinary moment frames. For the study, a nonlinear analysis was performed on the 9- and 15-story model buildings, and the formation of collapse mechanisms and damage distribution for dynamic loads were analyzed. As a result of analyzing the nonlinear response and damage distribution of the steel ordinary moment frame, local collapse due to the concentration of structural damage was observed in the case where the influence of the higher mode was dominant. In this study, a procedure to improve the seismic performance and avoid inferior dynamic response was proposed by limiting the strength ratio of the column. The proposed procedure effectively improved the seismic performance of steel ordinary moment frames by reducing the probability of local collapse.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.828-837
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• 2024

Vancomycin (VAN) and metronidazole (MTR) remain the current drugs of choice for the treatment of non-severe Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI); however, while their co-administration has appeared in clinical treatment, the efficacy varies greatly and the mechanism is unknown. In this study, a CDI mouse model was constructed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of VAN and MTR alone or in combination. For a perspective on the intestinal ecology, 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and non-targeted metabolomics techniques were used to investigate changes in the fecal microbiota and metabolome of mice under the co-administration treatment. As a result, the survival rate of mice under co-administration was not dramatically different compared to that of single antibiotics, and the former caused intestinal tissue hyperplasia and edema. Co-administration also significantly enhanced the activity of amino acid metabolic pathways represented by phenylalanine, arginine, proline, and histidine, decreased the level of deoxycholic acid (DCA), and downregulated the abundance of beneficial microbes, such as Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia. VAN plays a dominant role in microbiota regulation in co-administration. In addition, co-administration reduced or increased the relative abundance of antibiotic-sensitive bacteria, including beneficial and harmful microbes, without a difference. Taken together, there are some risks associated with the co-administration of VAN and MTR, and this combination mode should be used with caution in CDI treatment.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.137-149
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• 2024

In order to study the triaxial mechanical behavior of steel fiber reinforced high performance concrete (SFRHPC), the standard triaxial compression tests with four different confining pressures are performed on the cylindrical specimens. Three different steel fiber volumes (0, 1% and 2%) are added in the specimens with diameter of 50 mm and height of 100 mm. Test results show that the triaxial compressive strength and peak strain increase with the increasing of fiber content at the same confining pressure. At the same steel fiber content, the triaxial compressive strength and peak strain increases with the confining pressure. The compressive strength growth rate declines as the confining pressure and steel fiber content increases. Longitudinal cracks are dominant in specimens with or without steel fiber under uniaxial compression loading. While with the confining pressure increases, diagonal crack due to shear is obvious. The Mohr-Coulomb criterion is illustrated can be used to describe the failure behavior, and the cohesive force increases as steel fiber content increases. Finally, the numerical model is built by using the PFC3D software. In the numerical model a index is introduced to reflect the effect of steel fiber content on the triaxial compressive behavior. The simulating stress-strain curve and failure mode of SFRHPC are agree well with the experimental results.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.57-64
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• 2012

Ball shear test was performed by test variables such as loading speed and annealing time in order to investigate the effect of surface finishes on the bonding strength of Sn-1.2Ag-0.7Cu-0.4In Pb-free solder. The shear strength increased and the ductility decreased with increasing shear speed. With increasing shear speed, the electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG) finish showed dominant brittle fracture mode, while organic solderability preservative (OSP) finish showed pad open fracture mode. The shear strength and toughness for both surface finishes decreased with increasing annealing time under the high-speed shear test of 500 mm/s. Typically, the thickness of intermetallic compound increased with increasing annealing time, which means that exposure of brittle fracture became much easier. With increasing annealing time, the both ENIG and OSP finishes exhibited the pad open fracture mode. Overall, ENIG finish showed higher shear strength rather than OSP finish due to its superior barrier stability.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.712-721
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• 1997

The objectives of this study were; (1) to identify and localize QTLs for resistance to soybean cyst nematode(SCN) race 5 on RAPD map, (2) to idntify the magnitude and mode of inheritance for each QTL, and (3) to identify the best combinations of QTLs for resistance to SCN race 5. Based on the univariate regression analysis, we detected 26 markers(22 RAPD and 4 RFLP) which showed significant association(P<0.05) with resistance to SCN race 5. From MAPMAKER /QTL analysis, we identified two regions (LGC-20 and Group 2) for resistance to SCN race 5. The QTL that was localized at 8.0 cM from pK418C on LGC-20 showed a recessive mode of inheritance and the QTL that was localized between W03 and E02$^3$ on Group 2 showed a dominant mode of inheritance. Two pairs of flanking markers (E02$^3$ and W03, pK418C and pK418E$_1$) and one unlinked RAPD marker, G10$^1$ were used for multiple regression analysis. Marker combination which was composed of 4 markers, E02$^3$, G10$^1$, W03, and pK418E$_1$, explained the highest amount of phenotypic variation by SCN (35.2％). Further research for the identification of QTLs for resistance to SCN race 5 to explain larger portion of phenotypic variation is needed.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 2017

Ninety species belonging to 28 families of weeds were identified in Korean rice fields. They were divided by eight provinces and 19 agro-climatic zones to be used as basic data of weed control. Looking at the regional weed occurrence, there were 52 species of 20 families in Gyeonggi, 37 species of 17 families in Gangwon, 41 species of 15 families in Chungbuk, 21 species of 12 families in Chungnam, 24 species of 13 families in Jeonbuk, 54 species of 21 families in Chonnam, 36 species of 20 families in Gyeongbuk, and 32 species of 16 families in Gyeongnam province, respectively. The most dominant family was Poaceae followed by Cyperaceae and Asteraceae. Mostly dominant species were Echinochloa spp., Monochoria vaginalis var. plantaginea, Scirpus juncoides var. hotarui, Eleocharis kuroguwai, and Sagittaria sagittifolia subsp. leucopetala with slight differences among the provinces. Although there were some differences in 18 climate zones from Taebaek sub-highlands to the southern part of the East Coast (except for the Taebaek Highland), the dominant species were Echinochloa spp., Monochoria vaginalis var. plantaginea and Scirpus juncoides var. hotarui. The most dominant family was Cyperaceae followed by Poaceae and Asteraceae. The differences of weed occurrence between provinces and agro-climatic zones were largely influenced by various weather conditions rather than the provinces. The changes in cultivation mode and herbicide use might influence as well.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.12
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• pp.29-34
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• 1994

A leading sweet pepper cultivar, Keystone Resistant Giant #3, was crossed with a line with resistance to Phytophthora capsici, PI201232, for incorporation of the resistance and to study the inheritance of resistance to the disease. Seedlings of parents, $F_1$, $F_2$ and backcross populations of a cross between Keystone Resistant Giant #3 and PI201232 were inoculated with zoospore suspension of P. capsici at 36 days after seeding. Most of the $F_1$ seedlings survied the inoculation and this suggested that resistance is dominant over susceptibility. The number of survived plants in $F_2$ population was, however, much less than the killed. All the plants in a backcross to Keystone Resistant Giant #3 were killed. Therefore, the observed numbers did not fit the expected ratio for segregation of one or two dominant alleles as previously reported. The resistance to P. capsici appeared to be inherited in a quantitative mode in evaluation of root rot. Resistant individuals in $F_2$ population were selected and a breeding program for incorporation of the resistance to P. capsici by backcross method is continued.