• Title/Summary/Keyword: Domestic silkworm

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Mineral Compositions in the Feces of Some Silkworms

  • Kim, Iksoo;Kang, Pil-Don;Jang, Sung-Kee;Ryu, Kang-Sun;Kim, Doh-Hoon
    • International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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    • v.7 no.1
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    • pp.75-78
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    • 2003
  • This study was carried out to investigate the mineral content of the feces of the $5^th$ instar larvae in a few silkworm species such as a parent domestic silkworm (Jam134), a hybrid (Kumok-jam), the Japanese oak silkworm, and the Chinese oak silkworm. The major minerals of all silkworms throughout all $5^th$ instar larval period are K, P, Mg and Ca, and the result is consistent with the previous study of the mineral content in the mulberry leaves. Although the calcium content decreased sharply at $7^th$ day of the $5^th$ instar, the crude protein content significantly increased at the same age in both domestic silkworms, suggesting a direct relationship between feeding behavior of the silkworms at the larval period and mineral/protein contents. However, this trend was not observed in both oak silkworms. In the comparison of the mineral content among silkworm species, two domestic silkworms were significantly higher in the calcium content compared with two oak silkworms, and the hybrid Kumok-jam was further higher significantly than the feces of parental Jam 143. Excluding the calcium content, overall no significant content variation in other minerals was observed among four silkworm species studied in this study.

Genetic Homogeneity in the Domestic Silkworm, Bombyx, and Phylogenetic Relationship Between B. mori and the Wild Silkworm, B. mandarina Using Mitochondrial COI Gene Sequences

  • Kim, Iksoo;Bae, Jin-Sik;Sohn, Hung-Dae;Kang, Phil-Don;Ryu, Kang-Sun;Sohn, Bong-Hee;Jeong, Won-Bok;Jin, Byung-Rae
    • International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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    • v.1 no.1
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    • pp.9-17
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    • 2000
  • Genetic variation in the domestic silkworm strains (Bombyx mori) and phylogenetic relationships between domestic silkworms and wild silkworms (B. mandarina) were investigated by using a portion of mitochondrial CGI gene sequences. Ten geographic strains of B. mori we sequenced were identical in the 410 bp-section of mitochondrial COI gene. This sequence was also identical to the homologous sequence of the four Gen-Bank-registered strains, but one strain of B. mori differed a single nucleotide (0.2%) from others. MtDNA homogeneity in the B. mori strains appears to be resulted from fixation into the mast frequent mtDNA type during the course of breeding for new strains, in which an extensive indoor rearing and removal of unwanted individuals were accompanied. In the comparisons between domestic and wild silkworms, some wild silkworms were closely related to domestic silkworms (0.2%-1.2% of divergence), but the others were not (2.7%-3.7% of sequence divergence). This result was also reflected in the phylogenetic analyses, showing two independent phylogenetic groups: one including all B. mandarina sequences and the other including both B. mandarina and B. mori sequences. Thus, domestic silkworms may have been derived from the ancestor of B. mandarina, which belongs to this group, alto-ough more extensive study will provide better understanding on this issue.

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Screening of Domestic Silkworm Strains for Efficient Heterologous Protein Expression by Bombyx mori Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (BmNPV)

  • Jo, Sun Jung;Choi, Ji-Hyun;Kang, Ju-Il;Lim, Jae-Hwan;Seok, Young Sik;Lee, Jae Man;Kusakabe, Takahiro;Hong, Sun Mee
    • International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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    • v.29 no.2
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    • pp.185-192
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    • 2014
  • Recombinant proteins can be generated quickly and easily in large amounts and at low-cost in silkworm larvae by using Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV). We searched for high-permissive silkworm strains that have high production levels of heterologous proteins and are thus suitable for use as biofactories. In this study, we performed the analysis using a BmNPV vector expressing luciferase as a marker, and we confirmed protein expression by evaluating luciferase activity, determined by western blotting and luciferase ELISA, and confirmed transcription expression by semi- and quantitative real time PCR. For the selection of host silkworm strains, we first chose 52 domestic BmNPV sensitive strains and then identified 10 high-permissive and 5 low-permissive strains. In addition, to determine which hybrid of the high-permissive strains would show heterosis, nine strains derived through three-way crossing were tested for luciferase activity by western blotting, and luciferase ELISA. We found a correlation between luciferase activity and luciferase protein expression, but not transcription. There was no noticeable difference in protein expression levels between Jam313 as the high-permissive control strain and the three-way hybrid strains; however, the three-way cross strains showed lower luciferase activity compared with Jam313. In this study, luciferase protein production in the larvae of 52 domestic silkworm strains was elucidated using BmNPV.

Pathomorphological Peculiarity of Dometic Silkworm, Bombyx mori. Infected with Cordyceps, Paecilomyces tenuipes (동충하초 감염 누에의 병리형태학적 특성)

  • Yun, Jae-Su
    • The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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    • v.13 no.3
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    • pp.177-184
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    • 2009
  • This study was carried out to investigate infection process, symptoms and main component of the domestic silkworm, Bombyx mori. larvae and pupa infected with the entomopathogenic fungus Cordyceps, Paecillomyces tenuipes. The Cordyceps, Paecillomyces tenuipes, was highly infectious to the silkworms. A pathogenicities of Cordyceps, Paecillomyces tenuipes, may be highly virulent because of the low resistance or high susceptibility of the silkworms. The silkworm larva infected with Cordyceps formed phialospores on the phialides at the imperfect stage of the genus Cordyceps, But silkworm pupa infected with Cordyceps formed ascospores in the asci at the perfection stage of the genus Cordyceps. The results of analysis of health silkworm pupa and silkworm pupa infected with Cordyceps were obtained that amino acid, fatty acid, and nucleoside were very different.

Nutrition composition differences among steamed and freeze-dried mature silkworm larval powders made from 3 Bombyx mori varieties weaving different colored cocoons

  • Ji, Sang-Deok;Kim, Nam-Suk;Kweon, HaeYong;Choi, Bo Hye;Kim, Kee-Young;Koh, Young Ho
    • International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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    • v.33 no.1
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    • pp.6-14
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    • 2016
  • The mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori has been one of the most important domestic animals which have provided with silk fibers for weaving fabrics and a food for a protein and lipid source. In addition, various health improvement effects of diverse silkworm larval powders were reported. Recently we found that steamed and freeze-dried mature silkworm larval powder (SMSP) generated using white-jade (also known as Backokjam) silkworm variety extended healthspan and increased resistance to Parkinson's disease in animal models. Because the colors of cocoons in silkworm varieties were caused by altered signal transduction pathways transporting phytochemicals from intestinal lumens to silk glands, we performed the proximate, amino acid, mineral, carbohydrates, fatty acid, and cholesterol composition analyses of SMSPs of 3 silkworm varieties which were weaving light yellow, golden, and red cocoons. Although most of nutrient compositions among 3 SMSPs were similar, there were significant differences in certain amino acids, minerals, and fatty acid compositions. Red silk silkworm (RS)-SMSP had higher contents of crude proteins and total amino acids than other SMSPs. In addition, the ratio of n-3/n-6 unsaturated fatty acids were higher than the other SMSPs. In contrast Golden silk silkworm (GS)-SMSP had higher ratio of potassium/sodium than the other SMSPs. These nutrient analysis results suggested that 3 SMSPs might have common and unique health improvement effects. Thus, further studies in the functionalities of the 3 SMSPs will reveal unknown their health improvements effects.

Effects and Mechanisms of Silkworm Powder as a Blood Glucose-Lowerinly Agent

  • Ryu, Kang-Sun;Lee, Heui-Sam;Kim, Iksoo
    • International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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    • v.4 no.2
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    • pp.93-100
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    • 2002
  • Cocoon production, which is a representative of traditional sericulture shifted into silkworm powder production in the spring of 1995. This, infect, signifies the change from the dress-centered textile business to the bio-industry and the functional resource industry. One of the most outstanding shifting is utilization of silkworm larvae for anti-diabetic agent. In Asian countries including Korea, silkworm powder derived from the domestic silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) has long been favored for anti-diabetic agent, but its efficacy was not tested until last decade by modern scientific methods. In this article, we reviewed the major researches on the silkworm powder as a blood glucose-lowering substance. After the beginning test of the efficacy of silkworm powder by a cooperative research between Department of Sericulture and Entomlogy, NIAST, RDA and Kyung Hee University, substantial data have been accumulated so far, In a serial experiment to select best condition, the fifth instar larvae prepared by freeze dry method turned out to have the best blood glucose-lowering effect. In the pharmacological experiment to understand the mechanism of silkworm powder in small intestine, the silkworm powder turned out to inhibit the activity of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase, by competitively binding to $\alpha$-type disaccharides. The animal experiment showed that the extract of silkworm powder prevents a rapid increase of blood glucose level after meal and prevents hunger and law blood glucose level during empty stomach. In the experiment to isolate the major component of silkworm powder, which exerts blood glucose-lowering effect, 1-deoxynojirimy-cin (DNJ) was eventually mass-purified, and it turned out that DNJ isolated from silkworm powder was excellent in its blood glucose-lowering effect. In the experiment to understand the personal difference of the efficacy of the silkworm powder, clinical candidates were divided on the basis of the criterion of traditional Chinese medicine: Tae-Yang, Tae-Um, So-yang, and So-Um. The result showed that silkworm powder has a tendency to reduce blood glucose level at fasting and at 2 hours after meal, and this trend was somewhat obvious in the Tae-Um body type. In summary, we reviewed scientific papers on the efficacy of silkworm powder and its purified DNJ as a blood glucose-lowering agent. These suggest that silkworm powder truly possesses blood glucose-lowering effect as documented in the traditional Chinese medicine, although further researches will be required to develop them as "medical" resource instead of functional food.

Studies on Infectivity of Cordyceps, Paecillomyces japonica, on the Domestic Silkworm, Bombyx mori. (눈꽃 동충하초균의 누에감염에 관한 연구)

  • Yun, Jae-Su
    • The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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    • v.4 no.4
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    • pp.77-80
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    • 2000
  • This study was carried out to investigate infection process, symptoms and $LD_{50}$ values of the entomopathogenic fungus cordyceps, Paecillomyces japonica, on the domestic silkworm, Bombyx mori. Susceptibility of infection in the silkworms by cordyceps, Paecillomyces japonica, was 100% in $10^{7}$ block, 96% in $10^{6}$ block, 76% in $10^{5}$ block, 44% in $10^{4}$ block, 28% in $10^{3}$ block and 8% in $10^{2}$ block. Cordyceps, Paecillomyces japonica, was highly infectious to the silkworms. A pathogenicities of cordyceps, Paecillomyces japonica, may be highly virulent because of the low resistance or high susceptibility of the silkworms. Dosage of the pathogen of $LD_{50}$ was $3.78{\times}10^{3}\;spores/mm^{3}$.

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Biochemical Performance and Quantitative Assessment of F1 Hybrid of Two Ecoraces of Tropical Tasar Silkworm Antheraea Mylitta Drury (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

  • Lokesh, Gangadharaiah;Tirkey, Sushma Rani;Srivastava, Ashok Kumar;Kar, Prasant Kumar;Sinha, Manoj Kumar
    • International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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    • v.26 no.2
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    • pp.67-73
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    • 2013
  • Antheraea mylitta Drury is basically a crossbreeding species, as such it seems to be potentially a good material for the exploitation of heterosis. In the present study F1 hybrid of wild ecorace Laria (L) and semi-domestic Daba (D) was raised and evaluated for various quantitative traits and biochemical parameters during larval stage. Improved fecundity ($+18{\pm}1.8%$ and higher egg hatching rate ($+10.96{\pm}1.3%$) was recorded in the F1hybrid ($L{\times}D$). Biochemical parameters studied in the hemolymph, midgut and fatbody of the larva showed significantly higher (P<0.05) total proteins and carbohydrate concentration besides digestive enzyme activity. Correspondingly SDS-PAGE revealed more number of protein bands in the hemolymph sample of F1s, ranging between 29 kDa to 66 kDa compared to parental lines. The present study demonstrates the positive heterosis effect in the F1 hybrid of Laria ${\times}$ Daba. Biochemical analysis indicates that, there is possibilities of exploitation of hybrids with specific parents targeted for desirable commercial traits (silk yield and fecundity). Moreover, most of these biochemical parameters can be used as markers to analyze the genetic improvement in the tasar silkworms.

Study on the pathogeniety of aspergilli to silkworm, Bombyx mori L. in Korea (한국산 Aspergilli의 누에에 대한 병원성에 관한 연구)

  • 한계영
    • Korean Journal of Microbiology
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    • v.7 no.2
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    • pp.63-85
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    • 1969
  • This study was carried out in order to obtain clear knowledge about the effects of Aspsulphueus which is parasitic on the bean paste ball, meju, made to brew soy sauce and bean paste for domestic uses in the general silkworm rearing farmhouseholds in Korea. The major research carried by the author during the past five years (1965-58) includes, 1) the cause of disease, 2) symptoms, 3) morphological and chemical changes of the larval body tissues and 4) methods to prevent the contagion of the disease.

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Biochemical Changes during Embryonic Diapause in Domestic Silkworm, Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)

  • Singh, Tribhuwan;Saratchandra, Beera
    • International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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    • v.5 no.1
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    • pp.1-12
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    • 2002
  • Ecophysiologically diapause represents a syndrome of physiological and biochemical characteristics, all of which ensure survival during a long period of dormancy. Since, silkworm enters diapause as embryo at the early embryonic stage, the duration of egg life depends on the duration of embryonic diapause. The nature of diapause in silkworm, Bombyx mori, is primarily determined by genetic characters and endocrinologicnl mechanisms, mediated by environmental factors such as temperature and photoperiod. Hibernating potency value besides nucleic acid and carbohydrate metabolism, production and utilization of sorbitol are also equally responsible for induction, initiation, determination, maintenance and termination of diapause. Embryonic diapause in Bombyx moir, induced by active secretion of sub-oesophageal ganglion is attributed to hormonal system and metabolic adjustment, which serves to bring about a new physiological state. Metabolic conversion of trehalose to glycogen at induction, glycogen to sorbitol at initiation and sorbitol to glycogen at termination of diapause is correlated and in each metabolic shift a key enzyme becomes active in response to hormonal and environmental stimulation. An attempt has been made in this review article to discuss briefly the nature of embryonic diapause, influence of various factors on diapause nature, hormonal mechanism of diapause besides biochemical composition of egg, nucleic acid and carbohydrate metabolism, production and utilization of sorbitol in relation to induction, determination, maintenance, initiation and termination of diapause in the silkworm, Bombyx mori.