• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
• /
• 제18권2호
• /
• pp.173-199
• /
• 2008

A letter of credit transaction of the preexistence have been raising one's head fraud charge problem as a result of abusing the principles of independence and abstraction. Every society has certain rules and conventions which it regards as important and most of people in any society. The paper document means a document in a traditional paper form. The eUCP credit must specify the formats in which electronic records are to be presented. In these present times, the issuance of documentary credit are performed by the SWIFT(Society for Worldwide Inter bank Financial Telecommunication) system. The eUCP have been written to allow for presentation completely electronically or for a mixture of paper documents and electronic presentation. Presentation is deemed not to have been made if the Beneficiary's notice is not received. An electronic record that cannot be authenticated is deemed not to have been presented. The e-UCP is the supplement of current existing UCP but is superior to UCP under some circumstances. The document shall include an electronic record. The place for presentation of electronic records means an electronic address. The current e-UCP is not clear on this matter. We have to note followings in case of presenting the documents electronically and applying the e-UCP. There are three principles in the letter of credit transaction, that is to say, independence and abstraction, document dealing, strict compliance. IN the electronic letter of credit, these principles are called as independence and abstraction, electronic document dealing, strict compliance.

• 경영과정보연구
• /
• 제14권
• /
• pp.151-180
• /
• 2004

Owing to the digital revolution, Internet Commerce and Electronic commerce, revolutionize the way of doing business and making payment. The entrance of the Internet has a prominent for spread of Electronic Commerce and those phenomenons will result in paperless trading and cashless trade. By virtue of Internet, an increasing share of business transactions occurs online. Electronic payment is essential for the smooth progress of the electronic commerce as electronic payment plays the important role in the electronic commerce, that is, the value transfer restyling from the electronic commerce. Traditionally international settlement systems such as letters of credits, remittance and documentary collections operated as important and poplar method of payment, Now, information technology has made it possible to pay for the sale of goods and services over the internet. In international trade, there are service providers (bolero, TradeCard, BeXcom) to settle payment electronically through the Internet. The purpose of this study is to Conduct comparative analysis with approach manner functional respect systematic respect, role. It is shown which the Electronic payment system is better. In this study, the author attempts to find the problems is (bolero, TradeCard, BeXcom) and solutions in switching from the documentary payment system to the electronic one. This conclusion of this study can be summarized as followings. In resoect of the law, bolero should seek to prevert the users from being treated unfairly due to multilateral agreement on Rulebook. TradeCard, BeXcom do not have the proper law that users are governed. so far as the practice problems concerned, stability of computer's operation and security of message interchange should be warranted and improved continuously. Through the standardization of the electronic document and the development of software, the examination of the shipping occuments must be done automatically. Bolero should induce more banks to take part in Bolero, and make the carrier the cost and time in managing the traditional document which will be used for the time being. In respect of information technology and security, to deduce the risk in the electronic settlement system and positively uses the global authentication guideline(Identrus).

• 무역상무연구
• /
• 제49권
• /
• pp.139-164
• /
• 2011

Traditionally courts have been adopted over the years two standards of dealing with compliance of documents such as strict compliance and substantial compliance and the substantial compliance, which was somewhat less demanding than the strict compliance. However the new guidelines of ICC's international standard banking practice for the examination of documents under documentary credits set up how the UCP is to be applied in practice. The payment obligations of an issuing bank to a beneficiary are independence of the performance or the nonperformance of any contract underlying the letter of credit. However, strictly applying the principle of independence and abstraction could produce unfair results by operating unjustly enrich an unscrupulous beneficiary in case of fraud. Accordingly, when a beneficiary presents complying documents, the issuing bank is bound to honour the presentation unless the fraud rule applies on the facts of the case such as forged or material fraud. If it does, the issuing bank(issuer) needs not pay despite the complying presentation of documents by the beneficiary under the Uniform Commercial Code Article 5-109 and case law in America. However the fraud rule was not addressed in UCP 600. In conclusion, view in terms of legal principle and the court cases is variable and difficult to honour or dishonour the presentation in case of application of the independence principle and fraud rule such as the problems on burden of proof timely, possibility of granting injunction in order to protect against victim for bona fide applicant.

• 무역상무연구
• /
• 제13권
• /
• pp.631-655
• /
• 2000

This article is focused on the review of the judgement standard for compliance of the documents in international standard banking practice. Since the establishment of Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, The practices of the Credit transactions has been formed and developed with the rapidly changing progress of the international trade environment. but though the international standard banking practice have meaning to suggest a new examination standard, in practice, there are some problems on the judgement of the compliance of the documents. Therefore, for the useful judgement standard for compliance of the documents, the range of the standard should become concrete and simple so that all the related parties can forecast. and the opinions and interpretations published by ICC Banking Committee are recommended to be used, systematized and activated. and also with the change of the trade environment, the changed standard practice could be published annually for the useful use. and it will be necessary to consider to publish the publications in the form of the "White Book" Last, it is necessary to accept the changes by the needs of the times as the international standard banking practice promptly and analysis accurately its problems for the times of the electronic commerce, so that Credit systems should be settled and developed continuously as the useful means of the settlement of the proceeds conquering of the characteristics originated from the international transactions between the parties concerned.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
• /
• 제22권1호
• /
• pp.65-88
• /
• 2012

Even though there are some discrepancies in detail with the legal characteristic of the issuing bank's notice to the beneficiary of opening of the letter of credit, article 25 of "the Korean Private International Act(hereunder, 'KPIA')" can be applied to the legal relation between the issuing bank and the beneficiary or the negotiating bank. According to article 26 of the KPIA, if there is no agreement between the issuing bank and its opponent party as to the governing law issues, a state's law which has the closest relationship with the subject case may be applied. In the latter case, given the facts that the issuing bank plays important roles in every phasis of the sale of goods by the letter of credit, a law of place where the issuing bank's business premises is situated(the $lex$ $situs$) can be the applicable law. Meanwhile, "the Korean Supreme Court(hereunder 'KSC')" held that the beneficiary or the negotiating bank can claim any damages arising due to the refusal or deferred payment of the issuing bank, and the law which governs the above mentioned situation is the same law that is applicable to the legal relation between the issuing bank and the beneficiary or the negotiating bank. The main reason of the KSC's ruling is that the nature of the legitimate interest rate which is stated in article 3 of "the Act on Special Cases concerning Expedition etc. of Legal Proceeding(hereunder 'ASCELP')" is substantial matters, not procedural. Taking into account, however, that the main object of ASCELP lies in expedition of legal proceeding, prompt realization of people's rights and duties, and prevention of delayed legal proceeding, it is recommendable that ASCELP, instead of the law applicable to the legal relation between the issuing bank and the beneficiary or the negotiating bank, should be applied to the cases in which the malicious debtor's only and main purpose is delaying the legal proceedings. On the other hand, even if the issuing bank's duty of examination of the documents which were tendered by the beneficiary or the negotiating bank is restricted to the formality and strict conformity of the documents and not the substantiality of the documents, the issuing bank still has to examine the documents with due diligence that is required to the banks whose main business is sales of documents, not the real goods. In this regard, under the circumstances where the document lacked the regularity and/or the formality on its face because of the forgery of the document and where it was expected that an ordinary banker might have easily found any faults with the document, the issuing bank must compensate any parties for damages when it pays money without due diligence as a banker who engaged in the sales of documents.

• 통상정보연구
• /
• 제16권3호
• /
• pp.203-221
• /
• 2014

ISBP 745는 ICC 은행기술관행위원회에 의하여 개정된 화환신용장에 의한 서류심사에 관한 국제표준은행관행(International Standard Banking Practice for the Examination of Documents under documentary credits)으로서 2013년 4월 17일에 승인됨과 동시에 시행되었다. 이 ISBP는 신용장거래에서 환어음뿐만 아니라 환어음에 첨부되어 제시되는 모든 선적서류의 심사기준을 제시한 것으로서, 특히 이 중에서도 자유무역협정에 따라 그 중요성이 매우 높아지고 있는 원산지증명서에 관한 심사기준도 제시하고 있다. 따라서, ISBP 745의 원산지증명서조항이 종전의 ISBP 681의 원산지증명서조항과 비교하여 개정된 것이 무엇이며, 특히 원산지증명서와 관련된 조항에서 원산지증명서의 심사기준에 대하여 그 내용을 구체적으로 살펴보고, 신용장의 서류심사과정에서 발생하는 원산지증명서의 사례를 중심으로 불일치여 부에 대한 해석기준을 제시하였다.

• 정보학연구
• /
• 제4권3호
• /
• pp.1-17
• /
• 2001

국제무역부문에서 사이버무역거래가 활발하게 이용되기 물품운송 및 무역대금결제에 이르기까지 전통적인 방식에 의한 무역보다 전자환경에 맞는 안정되고 예측가능한 시스템구축이 필요하다. WTO, OECD, UNCITRAL, APEC등과 같은 국제기구에서 전자상거래 활성화를 위한 방안이 모색되고 있고, 무역 관련 국제규범에 사이버 무역 활성화를 위한 규칙을 마련하고 있으나 전자계약, 운송서류의 전자문서화, 전자결제 등에 이용하기에는 많은 문제점을 가지고 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 이들 문제점들을 규명하고 전자계약의 성립과 유효성 및 권리 구제에 대한 전자적 합의의 표준화, 전자선하증권 등을 중심으로 하는 운송서류의 권리이전문제, 전자결제시스템의 개발을 통하여 사이버무역을 활성화시킬 수 있는 방안을 제시한다.

• 무역상무연구
• /
• 제17권
• /
• pp.7-35
• /
• 2002

In many international financing transactions Korean companies are required to issue a guarantee. Thus far, however, legal issues on international guarantees have not been fully discussed in Korea. This is partly because most of the international guarantees are governed by a foreign law such as English law or the laws of the State of New York. In this articles the author examines major concepts or terms and conditions of a typical international guarantee, e.g., language on consideration, primary obligor, joint and several guarantee, unconditional and irrevocable guarantee, continuing guarantee, right of subrogation, representations and warranties, covenant or undertaking, currency indemnity, assignment, participation, governing law and jurisdiction clause, etc. For reference, standard forms of a guarantee and a standby letter of credit are attached to the article. In examining the terms and conditions, the author compares them with similar or equivalent concepts under Korean law. The author further discusses some Korean law issues that may arise under international guarantees governed by a foreign law. These issues include the application of the ultra vires doctrine under Article 34 of the Civil Code of Korea, the validity of an international guarantee which a Korean company has issued in violation of the guarantee ceiling set under Article 10 of the Law on Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade of Korea and the validity of an international guarantee which a Korean party has issued in violation of the Foreign Exchange Transaction Law. In addition, the author discusses some issues under a so-called independent guarantee and a standby letter of credit. In this regard, reference is made to the Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantee (URDG), International Standby Practices (ISP98) and the Convention on Independent Guarantees and Stand-by Letters of Credit adopted by the United Nations in 1995. Finally, the author examines major terms and conditions of typical comfort letters and discusses some legal issues, such as the binding force of the comfort letter. In dealing with the issues the author underscores that to the extent the issues are not properly dealt with by an international norm such as Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits or ISP 98, the issues must be analyzed by reference to the governing law of the relevant instrument.

• 한국기록관리학회지
• /
• 제5권2호
• /
• pp.27-48
• /
• 2005

이 논문은 한국의 세계기록유산에 대하여 먼저 그 의미와 가치를 재확인하고, 이들 세계기록유산에 대한 보존 관리 및 그 현황을 조사하며, 한국의 기록유산을 디지털화 하는데 있어서의 문제점과 해결책을 모색하고, 추후 한국의 기록유산 중 세계기록유산으로 등록되기를 희망하는 4종의 기록물들에 대한 가치와 의의를 고찰한 연구이다. 본 연구의 상세 사항은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 제2장에서는 한국의 세계기록유산에 대한 가치와 의의를 고찰하였다. 먼저 세계기록유산의 선정기준과 절차 등을 먼저 파악하고, 한국의 세계기록유산인 "훈민정음" "조선왕조실록" "승정원일기" "직지(백운화상초록불조직지심체요절(白雲和尙抄錄佛祖直指心體要節))"에 대하여 각각 그 가치와 의미를 분석하였다. 둘째, 제3장에서는 '한국의 세계기록유산 보존 관리 현황'에서는 세계기록유산을 보존하고 있는 <서울대학교 규장각> <국가기록원 부산기록정보센터> <간송미술관>의 기관별로 그 보존 관리 현황을 고찰하였다. 그 결과, 이 3기관 모두 세계기록유산 보존 관리 현황은 '매우 우수하다'고 평가할 수 있었다. 즉, 1)그 세부적인 보안대책이 완벽하다. 2)그 보존방법에 있어서도 항온 항습의 특별한 서고를 별도로 마련하고, 이 서고 내에서 다시 '오동나무 상자 서장(書欌)'을 설치한 후, 이들 상자와 서장 속에 세계기록유산을 납입하여 보존하고 있다. 3)방화장치와 서고조명 및 소독 등에도 철저를 기하고 있음 등을 파악하였다. 셋째, 제4장에서는 '한국의 기록유산 디지털화 과제'에 대하여 개괄적으로 고찰하였다. 그 결과, 한국 기록유산의 디지털작업 및 DB구축에서 '디지털화 표준'이 가장 중요한 문제이며, 이 문제의 해결을 위해서는 디지털화(Digitization)에 대한 총체적이고 표준적인 시스템의 개발이 시급함을 지적하였다. 그리고 국가기록관리시스템을 개발한 경험이 있는 <국가기록원>과 한국학 고기록물의 디지털화에 많은 관심을 가진 <문화재청>이 공동으로 노력하여, 한국학 관련 기록유산의 디지타이제이션(Digitization)에 대한 총체적이고 표준적인 시스템의 개발이 요구됨을 파악하였다. 넷째, 제5장 '세계기록유산 등록을 추후 희망하는 한국의 기록유산'에서는 한민족의 기록유산 중에서 차후 세계기록유산으로 등재되기를 희망하는 4종 즉, 1)<해인사 고려대장경 경판>, 2)"동의보감", 3)"삼국유사", 4)"무구정광대다라니경"의 기록물에 국한하여, 그 어떤 의미에서 세계적인 가치와 의의가 있는가를 고찰하였다.